[Date of Issue: 2005-1119: 32: 35] Number of visits: 1846 13.
1949 On September 30th, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference decided to build a monument to the people's heroes in Beijing. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, all CPPCC representatives held a groundbreaking ceremony for the monument in the front square of Tiananmen Square. The first person to shovel the earth with a spade was Chairman Mao Zedong. Chairman Mao also wrote eight characters for this stone tablet from Fushan Mountain in Qingdao, Shandong Province: "People's heroes are immortal".
Stone materials such as the monument, pedestal and some railings of the Monument to the People's Heroes were also collected from Fushan.
Laoshan Mountain in Qingdao, the first famous mountain in the sea, is famous all over the world. Speaking of Fushan, not many people know it. Fushan Mountain is the nine peaks at the westernmost end of Laoshan Mountain. Because Jiu Feng tied together, Qingdao was formerly known as "Fushan Jiufen". In the early Ming Dynasty, Fushan House was established to the west of Fushan, which was an important residence under the jurisdiction of Aoshanwei. In Qing Dynasty, it was renamed as "Floating Village". Kang Youwei's tomb, known as "the heavyweight next to Dr. Sun Yat-sen" in China's modern history, was also built in the southwest of Fushan.
* * * The First Monument of the Republic of China
1949 On September 30th, the eve of founding ceremony, China, the whole country was excited about the coming Republic of * * *. On this day, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference passed a resolution to build a monument to the people's heroes in the capital to commemorate the people's heroes who died in the People's Liberation War and the people's revolution, national liberation and democratic movement. At 6 pm that day, Mao Zedong led all CPPCC members to hold a groundbreaking ceremony in Tiananmen Square to lay the foundation stone for the People's British Monument.
Construction of the "First Monument of the Republic of China" started. The Beijing Municipal Planning Commission issued a notice on the planning and design of the memorial hall to all architectural design units and architectural departments of colleges and universities across the country. The Committee conducted a nationwide field survey for more than three months. After repeated sampling, analysis and comparison, Fushan was finally selected, because it has more time, less mica, weathering resistance, hardness and elegant color, and the management test meets the requirements of stele. When investigating the stones in Fushan, we have poured water on the sample stones many times to check whether there are cracks, whether the colors are consistent after meeting with water and so on.
Fushan was born in Cretaceous, at least 6.5438+0.3 million years ago. Geologists call it "Qingdao Rock". The meat is mainly red and gray. The core stone of the monument collected from Fushan, Qingdao is the most important stone in the building materials of the monument, and it is also a rare complete granite in the architectural history of New China.
Fushan stone, which was later rated as "the world's four famous brand stones" by the World Stone Organization, was produced here. Although Fushan Mountain is connected with Laoshan Mountain, Laoshan Mountain is also rich in famous stones, but compared with Fushan Mountain, it is slightly inferior. In the national stone number sequence table, the number of Fushan stone is different from that of Laoshan stone. Fushan is 3706 and Laoshan is 3709. Fushan is called "China Grey" and Laoshan is called "Laoshan Red".
Witnesses said quarrying
The old man who personally participated in the quarrying of the Monument to the People's Heroes is now only the old factory director in Wang Wenjian. Director Wang said that another old worker died last year, and now he is the only one who witnessed the quarrying in those years.
1in March, 953, Qingdao Stone Factory was informed to officially mine the stone of the Monument to the People's Heroes. Ordinary stones are easy to grow flowers, while pumice stones do not have this problem because of their strong acid and alkali resistance. However, based on the principle of selecting the best among the best, the quarrying location is set at Dajinding, Fushan. Wang Wenjian said that although Fushan stone was very good, the quarrying technology at that time was very backward. The mining and transportation started on April 1953+0 1 day, and the stone arrived at Tiananmen Square on April 10/6, which lasted more than six months. According to statistics, from more than 30 backbone craftsmen "ants gnawing at bones" to the successful delivery of stone to Tiananmen Square in Beijing, about 7,000 people devoted themselves to this unprecedented project.
According to the architectural design, the length of the stone tablet surface is 14.4m, the upper width is 2.48m, and the lower width is 2.72m Its thickness depends on the needs of the structure and construction (it is finally set at 0.6m). Considering the transportation safety, the stone blank in the mining area needs to be as thick as 3m (that is, the blank will weigh more than 320 tons). It is quite difficult to obtain such a huge boulder. After many experiments, the workers climbed to Dajinding and chose a large flat rock mass. According to the required size, first dig a groove more than 5 meters deep around the rock, and after treating the surrounding part to make the stone tablet protrude, make holes at the bottom of the stone tablet every 40 cm or so, and cut wedge holes in the middle of the cross holes. Then put a wedge with a wide bottom and a narrow bottom in it, and dozens of people press it down one by one with a sledgehammer to make the stones expand and crack, and separate them according to the predetermined peeling surface. Then hang the big stone to the top of the head, install rails and railings below, hang cables and pulleys on the upper and lower slopes, and let the stone slowly slide down the flat ground under the slope for the first time, so as to reduce its weight to 280 tons.
Stone into Beijing
It is about 15km from Fushan quarry where the stone is located to Qingdao Railway Station. At that time, it was originally planned to build a temporary heavy rail railway, but the time, manpower and material resources could not meet the requirements. Later, Zhang Hefu, the old rigger of Angang, suggested adopting the old method, pulling and rolling by road rollers and bulldozers step by step, and filling some small bridges with wooden cribs (road rollers are the initial blank of seamless steel pipes supported by Angang). In this way, the huge tablet blank starts from Wangjiamai Island under Fushan Quarry Factory, passes through Xujiamai Island, Xinjiazhuang and Fushan Station, and a corner of a private house is demolished by Damai Island. If you don't tear down this corner, you can't pass. The villagers knew the significance of this stone and actively cooperated. According to the villagers who saw the stones being transported to the monument in Wangjiamai Island at that time, they walked for one day and only walked one kilometer. They stop at night and have guards on duty. Finally, 280 tons of stones were safely sent to the railway station.
In order to let the stone reach Beijing safely, the railway department finally adopted the simplest and safest method after many considerations. According to the budget of overloading 90 tons of wagons 10%, firstly, 280 tons of big stones are loaded with 90 tons of wagons, and then the stones are stabilized, and then processed for the second time to 103 tons, so that the middle of the stones is slightly thicker and the two ends are slightly thinner. At this time, the monument is 1 4.7m long, 2.9m wide, 1 m thick,1m thick in the middle and 0.84m thick at both ends. Then, the stone is transported directly to Qianmen West Station and then to the square construction site. The final processing is to make the thickness of the stone reach 0.6 meters. According to the specified size, plus the width of the pressure joints on both sides, the weight of * * * is 60 tons.
According to the data, the stone tablet was transported to the railway station, borrowed from Angang's hoisting technology and used Angang's tools. When the stone tablet was transported to Beijing, Northeast Electric Power Bureau called a 90-ton platform. Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant helped overhaul two lifting booms, each of which can safely lift 50 tons and 40 meters. The hoisting method of the whole100t stone was once one of the projects repeatedly studied by the Monument Construction Committee.
Later, the base of the Monument to the People's Heroes 138 58.6 cubic meters of granite was completed in two batches. Director Wang Wenjian said that it is said that after the stone tablet entered Beijing, Zhu De personally went to the scene. 1958 On April 22nd, the Monument to the People's Heroes was officially completed, and the unveiling ceremony was held on May 1 day. At the same time, it became the first large-scale comprehensive architectural design in New China. "People's Heroes Monument Construction Committee" awarded Qingdao Stone Factory 14 red cloth as a reward.
According to the author's understanding, Hero Mountain Martyrs Monument in Jinan, Lei Feng Monument in Lushun, Huaihai Campaign Monument in Xuzhou, China's Antarctic Research Station and other famous building stones all come from Fushan. Since 2000, Fushan stopped quarrying, the pit was backfilled to plant trees, and the Fushan stone became "out of print".