At all times and in all countries, all photography involves water. Water is the main factor in the creation of environmental art space, which can form various patterns of garden landscape and reproduce nature artistically. There are four basic forms of water: one is running water, which is divided into rapidity and depth; The second is falling into the water. If water falls from a height, it will fall through wire, cloth, suspension, strips, etc. , can be gurgling leisurely, can also be magnificent. The third is still water, peaceful and quiet, crystal clear; The fourth kind is pressure water, which shows a dynamic beauty, such as splashing, surging, overflowing and intermittent water. Landscape with water, dynamic and static complement each other, sound and emotion set each other off, virtual and real set each other off, with rich levels. After getting water, ancient trees, pavilions and rocks are inseparable and will have a special charm. Water bodies such as pools, streams, rivers and lakes, waterfalls, fountains, etc. often give people a strong appeal of moving in silence, making sounds in silence, winning more with small ones and making people memorable. The main tasks of urban water system planning are to protect, develop and utilize urban water system, regulate and control flood and sediment deposition, open up artificial rivers and lakes, promote urban water conservancy, prevent and control floods, and integrate urban water bodies into a complete water system.
Urban water bodies have the functions of flood discharge, water storage, organization of shipping, water transport and sightseeing. Adjust the urban climate and other functions. The short-term and long-term planned water levels of rivers and lakes include the highest water level, the normal water level and the lowest water level, and are also the basis for determining the type of revetment, the elevation of dike top and the elevation of lake bottom. The tasks of rivers and lakes in urban water system, such as flood discharge, water storage, transportation, humidity control and sightseeing. The location, planning and requirements of hydraulic structures should be reflected in the water system planning. In addition to meeting these requirements, garden waterscape projects should also be landscaped as much as possible, so as to coordinate hydraulic structures with landscape and unify the contradiction between hydraulic structures and waterscape. 1) Water pools in urban gardens can improve microclimate conditions, beautify the city and play a key decorative role. There are many kinds of pools, and the depth, wall and bottom materials are also different. Regular square pools look solemn, while free layout and compound staggered pools can make the space vivid and changeable. The embedded paintings, hidden carvings and underwater colored lights at the bottom of the pool, with the cooperation of the project, make the waterscape get all kinds of wonderful landscapes, no matter day or night. The pool design includes plane design, elevation design, section design and pipeline design. Its plane design mainly shows its plane and scale, and marks the elevation of bottom, wall top, water inlet, overflow outlet and drain outlet, planting pool and the position of selected section. The elevation design of the pool should reflect the elevation change and elevation landscape, and the section should be representative enough to reflect the material thickness from the foundation to the top of the wall.
The pool materials include concrete pool, brick pool and flexible structure pool. Different materials, shapes and requirements have different designs and constructions. In the garden, the pool can be made of brick (stone), with simple structure, saving formwork and steel, convenient construction and low cost. With the emergence of new building materials, pool structure emerged as a flexible structure, which is a new way of combining rigidity with flexibility. Commonly used in engineering practice are: concrete pool, brick pool, glass cloth asphalt cushion pool, recycled rubber film pool, linoleum waterproof layer (two felt and three oil) pool, etc.
The appearance of various landscaping pools, such as pavilions, diving stones, falling water steps and fish ponds, also reflects the diversity of people's demand for waterscape projects. Various artificial fountains are equipped with various colorful underwater lights in festivals, which are varied and add to the festive atmosphere. The large musical computer fountain in front of Tiananmen Square is undoubtedly the embodiment of contemporary high technology.
2) The water body of the revetment and the revetment garden shall have a stable and beautiful waterfront, and a certain ratio of land to water surface area shall be maintained to prevent the land from being flooded or the waterfront from collapsing, or the water body and the shore wall from collapsing due to frost heaving, anchorage, wind and waves, etc., thus undermining the original design intention. Therefore, it is necessary to build bank protection and slope protection on the edge of water body. Garden revetment can be divided into natural type and integral type according to section shape. Large water bodies or regular water bodies often adopt the form of integral straight revetment, which is composed of bricks, concrete and stones. However, small water bodies or water bodies with stable water level in gardens often adopt natural rock revetment to make them into shapes such as rocks, stones, cliffs and caves.
When designing a barge, it is necessary to determine the plane position and the elevation of the top of the dike. The revetment adjacent to the urban river is constructed according to the plane position specified by the urban water system, while the position of the revetment in the park is determined according to the architectural design of the lake. The constant water level line on the plan shows the position of the water surface, and the elevation of the dike top should be higher than the highest water level to ensure that the lake will not flood into the shore and land surface due to wind and waves, but the specific situation depends on the actual situation. When laying, it is required to be firm and stable, and the revetment is mainly driven by piling or firewood sinking, often with lath, rubble concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete, with mortar lath or mortar rubble jointing, brick plastered with waterproof mortar, reinforced concrete and rockfill as the wall, and lath, rock, concrete block and vegetation as the roof.
Slope protection is mainly to prevent landslides, reduce the erosion of surface water and wind waves, and ensure the stability of bank slopes. Common methods are: riprap slope protection plus willow trees and paving stones. Sluices are widely used in gardens. Sluice is a hydraulic structure that controls the flow in and out of a certain section. According to their functions, sluices are generally divided into intake sluices (located at the entrance of water body to connect the upstream and control the water output), control sluices (located at the exit of water body to connect the downstream and control the water output) and sub-sluices (used to control the water output of tributaries of water body). When selecting the gate position, we should know the topography, geology and hydrology of the gate position, especially the design parameters, so as to determine the gate position.
Sluice structure can be divided into three parts from bottom to top: foundation, sluice bottom and sluice superstructure. When determining the structural size of a small sluice, the data to be understood include: external water level, internal water level, lake bottom elevation, safe superelevation, linear distance from the farthest bank in front of the sluice, soil type and engineering properties, ground elevation near the sluice and flow requirements.
The required data are calculated through design: gate hole width, gate top elevation, gate wall height, gate bottom plate length and thickness, gate pier size, gate, etc. Artificial springs are emerging in the domestic waterscape layout. With the development of science and technology, various fountains, waterfalls, spewing springs, overflowing springs and falling into the water have appeared, which not only greatly enriched the waterscape of modern gardens, but also improved the microclimate. Waterfalls, geysers, fountains and falling water are also landscapes that reproduce the natural form of water in waterscape projects. Their key is not their size, but their true reproduction. Used in water management projects, such as bank protection, islands, beaches, river bends, ponds, streams, etc. First-class techniques, such as source and flow, movement, contrast, setting off, melody, light and shadow, and hiding, should be used to reproduce the water potential in line with nature, so as to achieve the goal of seeing the big with the small, winning more with the few and broadening the mind.
There are many types of fountains, the common ones are:
(1) Common decorative fountain: a fixed water-spraying type that is often composed of various flower-shaped patterns.
(2) Sculpture Decorative Fountain: The water spray modeling of the fountain combines sculpture and sketch.
(3) Artificial water landscaping: such as artificial or mechanical waterfalls, water curtains and other large water columns.
(4) Self-control fountain: Using advanced computer technology or electronic technology, sound, light and electricity are integrated into the fountain technology to create colorful water features. Such as music fountain, computer-controlled fountain, geyser, etc.
The size and planning of the fountain mainly depends on the functions given to it in the planning, but it has a great relationship with the wind direction, wind force and climate temperature of the fountain's geographical location, which directly affects the area and shape of the fountain. Besides meeting the layout requirements of nozzles, pipes, pumps, water inlets, water outlets, overflow ports, suction pits, etc. The plane size of the fountain should also prevent water from being blown out of the pool by the wind at the design wind speed, so the plane size of the fountain should generally be increased by 0.5- 1.0m per side than the calculation requirements.
The depth of the fountain should be determined according to the layout requirements of pipelines and equipment. When installing a submersible pump, the submerged depth of the suction port should be no less than 0.5m, and when installing the suction port of a water pump, the submerged depth of the suction port should be no less than 0.5m. The pump house is mostly underground or semi-underground, and the ground drainage should be considered. The ground should have a slope of not less than 5‰, facing the sump. Ventilation should be strengthened in the pump room. In order to solve the coordination problem between the semi-underground pump house and the surrounding landscape, the pump house is often designed as a pavilion, platform, waterside pavilion or hidden under cliffs and waterfalls.
The common nozzle forms of fountain are: single nozzle, spray nozzle, annular spray chamber, rotating nozzle, fan nozzle, porous nozzle, special nozzle, combined nozzle and so on. When designing a fountain, the nozzle flow, the total flow and the total lift of the fountain should be calculated. Because there are many factors that affect the fountain design, it needs to be properly adjusted or even partially modified during installation and operation.
Underwater lamp in fountain is a necessary measure to ensure the effect of fountain, especially in today's advanced modern technology, the comprehensive application of light, machine, electricity and sound will make fountain technology more attractive in garden landscape.