Little knowledge of ginkgo seedlings 1. How to Cultivate Ginkgo Seedlings Correctly
1 Select the seedling base.
Ginkgo trees are not strict with soil, as long as the soil layer is deep and the groundwater level is below 1. Sm, neutral or slightly alkaline and slightly acidic soil with good drainage can be used as seedling base.
2 seedling raising
Mu (1 mu =666.67㎡) contains 50-75 kg of seeds (germination rate over 70%), regardless of size. Before seedling raising, about 2500 kg of fully fermented soil miscellaneous fertilizer or chicken manure is applied per mu, and 30 kg of compound fertilizer for human use is added. In order to prevent underground pests, add 2.5-3.5 kilograms of zinc and phosphorus particles and fertilizer per mu, and it will immediately become a human bed. When raising seedlings, accelerate germination, ditching, watering and sowing, with the row spacing of 30cm. Spray water continuously after emergence to keep the edges moist. After the seedlings come out, irrigate them with small water, water them 6-8 times a year, and loosen the soil and weed them in time. If pests are found, water them along the ditch with zinc-phosphorus emulsifiable concentrate for about 2 times (see the instructions for details). In the middle and late May, 20 kg of urea was applied after ditching per mu. Water in time after topdressing to prevent fertilizer damage.
3 transplantation
After 1-2 years, the seedlings of Ginkgo biloba L. should be transplanted at one time or by drawing plants, so as to reduce the transplanting times and speed up the cultivation of large seedlings.
4. Suitable density for cultivating large seedlings with different specifications.
The suitable density for cultivating large seedlings with different specifications is constantly adjusted according to the size of rice diameter. The principle is ventilation and light transmission, which does not affect each other and makes the seedlings grow fastest. According to the diameter of rice, the suitable density of seedlings with different specifications can be divided into the following grades: 5 -8cm11plant, 74 plants in 9-12cm, and 42 plants in 13- 16cm.
5. Fertilizer and water management of big seedlings
Ginkgo biloba is a deep-rooted tree species, and its main roots are distributed in the soil below 15cm to 80cm deep. The whole garden is covered with roots, which is easy to harden the soil and is not conducive to growth. In order to prevent soil hardening, increase the application of organic fertilizer, improve soil, and improve soil water and fertilizer conservation capacity. Every two years, after the soil is thawed in late autumn or early spring, soil miscellaneous fertilizer or chicken manure with a dosage of more than 50,000 kg is mixed with compound fertilizer of 50-75 kg/mu, and it is spread on the ground, gradually deepening outward from the root diameter to below 25 cm, without damaging the roots, with a thickness of more than 2 cm. Topdressing nitrogen fertilizer twice a year in April and June, each time more than 50 kilograms per mu.
Frequency and quantity of watering: watering depends not only on the surface humidity, but also on the soil water content at a depth of 30cm. Spring and summer grow vigorously, and the water demand is large, which will suck up the deep water. Therefore, it is necessary to water it in time and thoroughly. In the dry season, 7. Once every 10 day. Don't stop watering in moderate rain, slowly and continuously water the ground, and thoroughly re-water the ground to make the water wet to the soil below 30cm. And loosen the soil in time to conserve moisture.
6 shaping and pruning
After defoliation in autumn, the best time for shaping and pruning is before germination in spring. Honeycomb branches, crowded branches, competitive branches and dead branches should be drained in time to maintain the advantage of middle trunk. For the side branches with small angles, use hooks to pull the branches to open the corners, so that the branches are evenly distributed.
7 pest control
(1) After ginkgo seedlings are planted, crickets gnaw their roots, and 1000 times dichlorvos EC can be sprayed in July and August, which has a good killing effect.
(2) Don't apply organic fertilizers, such as soil manure or chicken manure, in the first year, because these fertilizers will cause nematodes to multiply in large numbers, damage the roots, and cripple the seedlings to death. A small amount of compound fertilizer can be applied to restore the tree as soon as possible.
(3) The best way to control thrips is to strengthen the management of ginkgo orchards, especially in the spring and summer drought, to keep the soil in a high water content state, to ensure the vigorous growth of ginkgo trees, and to enhance the ability to resist pests and diseases. In addition to strengthening watering, 1000 times dichlorvos EC or omethoate should be sprayed alternately in May and June to reduce the harm.
2. Methods to promote the germination of ginkgo trees
Cultivation techniques Ginkgo biloba [1] is a rare and precious tree species and a special economic fruit tree. In recent years, the purchase price of ginkgo has been increasing, which has aroused the enthusiasm of the people to plant ginkgo.
Ginkgo biloba grows slowly, generally taking more than 20 years to bear fruit (male trees bloom and female plants bear fruit), and its yield is low. By grafting, selecting excellent varieties, reasonable close planting and strengthening management, Ginkgo biloba will bear fruit early and have high yield (it can bear fruit in 3-5 years after grafting).
There are a large number of improved varieties in Ling Jun nursery in Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province. We should vigorously develop excellent varieties of Ginkgo biloba for high-yield cultivation. At present, the giant Buddha finger, bergamot and Dongting emperor in Jiangsu; The bergamot at the bottom of the garden in Guangxi, Zhejiang, the Daikin pendant in Shandong and Dayuanling are all famous varieties. When selecting varieties, we must follow the principle of regionalization, comprehensively consider climate factors and site conditions, and can't introduce blindly.
Seedling propagation 1. Sowing and seedling raising 1. Selection of nursery sites Choose places with flat terrain, sunny and leeward, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, water source and good drainage as nursery sites. Carry out full cultivation and deep ploughing on the nursery land, and apply 2000-3000 kilograms of ring fertilizer or soil miscellaneous fertilizer mixed with calcium superphosphate per mu.
2. Accelerate germination and sowing. Sowing in autumn can be done immediately after seed collection, and there is no need to accelerate germination.
If you sow in spring, germination should be accelerated. Before the vernal equinox, take out the seeds stored in the sand, put them in a plastic shed or greenhouse, pay attention to moisture retention, and sow after more than 60% of the seeds germinate.
Ginkgo biloba can be sown by drilling, sowing, seed sowing and drilling, and the effect is good. Ditching in the nursery according to the row spacing of 20-39 cm, the ditch depth is 2-3 cm, and the sowing width is 5-8 cm. When sowing, the seeds should be placed north and south, the radicle is downward, the seed suture line is vertical or parallel to the ground, and the seed tip is horizontal, so that the seedling emergence rate is high, the root system is normal, and the seedlings grow healthily.
The plant spacing is 8- 10c m. After sowing, cover with fine soil and plastic film, and clear the plastic film in time after emergence, which can make the emergence early and orderly.
3. The seedling management growth period is short, the growth stops early, and the root system is underdeveloped. Topdressing can obviously promote the growth of seedlings. Fertilizer can be applied once in mid-April, mid-May and mid-July, and the annual fertilizer application rate is per mu10-12kg of urea.
When applying fertilizer, measures should be taken to ensure that the fertilizer is not too close to the seedlings to avoid burning the roots and leaves. Ginkgo biloba is afraid of waterlogging and drought, so it should be well drained and irrigated.
Ginkgo biloba seedlings grow slowly and have poor competitiveness with weeds, so it is necessary to loosen the soil and weed in time. 2. Cutting is to apply foot fertilizer on loose soil with good drainage, and dig the soil into small pieces to make a cutting seedbed with a bed width of 1- 1.
2 meters, the length varies from place to place. 1. the l-3-year-old branches of cuttings are selected from excellent ginkgo trees, cut into cuttings with the length of 10- 15 cm, and the lower end is treated with rooting powder and dipped in 10 second.
2. Management: Cutting in early March, with row spacing of 8- 10cm, plant spacing of 3-5cm, and 2-3 buds left on the ground. Water it in time after insertion.
Close the soil and cuttings. When cutting in the open field, an arched plastic film shed should be built to keep it warm and moist. Keep the temperature in the shed at about 20℃ and water it twice a day.
Cuttings can take root about 4 0 days after cutting, and then gradually increase the light transmittance. When the new branches grow to 3-4 cm, they can be transplanted. Transplanting should be carried out on cloudy days, and attention should be paid to shading and moisturizing. The survival rate of cutting can reach more than 90%.
Planting techniques 1. Choosing a place for ginkgo biloba has a long life and a long benefit time, so choosing a place is very important. Ginkgo biloba is a light-loving tree species, so it is advisable to choose sunny slope with small slope as afforestation site.
The requirements for soil conditions are not strict, but neutral or slightly acidic soil with thick upper layer, moist and fertile soil and good drainage is better. 2. Planting 1. Rational allocation of pollination trees Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious plant. In order to achieve high yield, pollination trees should be rationally allocated.
Male plants with the same variety and flowering period as female plants were selected, and the ratio of male to female plants was 25~50: 1. The configuration mode adopts 5 or 7 square centers, and can also be configured at the four corners.
2. Reasonable close planting of Ginkgo biloba grows slowly in the early stage. Close planting can improve the land utilization rate and increase the yield per unit area. Generally, the plant spacing of 2.5×3m or 3×3.5m is adopted, and 88 or 63 plants are planted per mu. After the lines are sealed, they are transplanted. First, move a row from the plant spacing to the plant spacing of 5X3m or 6X3m, with 44 plants per mu or 3 1 plant. Transplant one row from the original row spacing to 5X6m or 6X7m plant spacing every few years, with 22 plants per mu or 6x7m plant spacing.
3. Improved varieties and strong seedlings are the material basis for early fruiting and high yield of Ginkgo biloba, and seedlings with height-diameter ratio above 50: 1, taproot length of 30cm and even lateral roots should be selected for planting. In addition, seedlings must have strong terminal buds, full lateral buds and no pests and diseases.
4. Planting time: Ginkgo leaves mainly in autumn, and is planted before the leaves come out in spring. Planting in autumn in 10- 1 1 month can make the roots of seedlings have a long recovery period, so as to prepare for the germination of bamboo shoots in the next spring. Planting before germination in spring is not as good as planting in autumn because the aboveground parts germinate quickly and the roots don't have enough time to recover.
5. Planting method Ginkgo planting should dig the planting nest according to the designed plant spacing, and the specification is 0. 5~0。
8× 0.6 ~ 0.8 meters. After digging the nest, the topsoil should be filled and fermented fertilizer containing calcium superphosphate should be applied. When planting, the roots of seedlings should be naturally stretched, aligned with the front, back, left and right seedlings, and then filled with topsoil.
The planting depth should be 2-3 cm from the soil to the original soil of seedlings, and the buried depth of seedlings should not be too deep. After planting, root water should be poured in time to improve the survival rate.
Fertile soil management (-) fertilization 1. During the fertilization period, Ginkgo biloba is only topdressing 1 time in the current year, fertilizing 3 times a year from the second year to before fruiting, and fertilizing 4 times a year after fruiting. The first fertilization is long foliar fertilizer, which is carried out at the initial stage of root activity when the ground temperature rises, usually in mid-March.
The second fertilization is long fruit fertilizer, which is carried out from late June to early July. The third time is to strengthen wood fertilizer, which will be carried out in the middle and late July.
The fourth time is health-care fertilizer or Xie Guo fertilizer, which will be carried out from September to 10. 2. Fertilization method 1. Soil fertilization Dig a fertilization ditch 30cm away from the vertical projection edge of the crown, apply fertilizer, and cover the fertilization ditch with loose soil.
You can also spread fertilizer evenly between trees when the trees grow up and the roots are all over the woodland, and then plow them into the soil. 2. Spraying foliar fertilizer on leaves saves labor and time, and the effect is good. Can be combined with pesticide spraying and sprinkler irrigation, 100 kg water plus 0.
2-0。 5 kg of urea, dissolved and sprayed on the leaves.
3. The amount of fertilization for young trees is 0 per plant at a time. 1-0.
Apply 0.5- 1.0 kg urea to each adult tree at one time. In addition, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer should be applied.
3. How to cultivate ginkgo trees
Ginkgo seed propagation: seed propagation is mostly used for clumping large-scale green seedlings or making bonsai.
After harvesting the seeds in autumn, remove the seed coat and dry the seeds with the peel for sowing in the next winter or spring. If you sow in spring, you must first carry out mixed sand stratification to accelerate germination.
When sowing, put the seed germ into the sowing ditch horizontally, cover the soil 3 cm ~4 cm thick after sowing and compact it. The seedlings can grow to the height of 15 cm ~25 cm. All poplars can be transplanted after falling leaves in autumn.
However, it should be noted that the seedbed should be selected in a well-drained place to prevent the accumulated water from rotting the seedlings near the ground. Other modes of transmission: 1. Cutting propagation: Cutting propagation can be divided into old branch cutting and tender branch cutting. Old branch cutting is suitable for the propagation of large-scale green seedlings, and tender branch cutting is suitable for the propagation of a small number of seedlings in families or garden units.
Generally, in March and April in spring, old cuttings are picked from the completed nursery or high-quality branches of trees 1 ~ 2 years old, and cut into cuttings 1.5cm ~ 20cm long. The upper cut should be smooth and the lower cut should be horse-eared. After cutting, every 50 roots are tied into a bundle, washed with clear water, soaked in ABT rooting powder 100ppm/hour, and cut into fine yellow sand or loose seedbed soil.
After cutting, water is poured enough to keep the soil moist and take root in about 40 days. Normal management after survival can be transplanted in the next spring.
From late May to mid-June, unglignified cuttings (about 2 cm long and with 2 leaves) around the rhizosphere or branches of Ginkgo biloba were cut, inserted into a container, placed in scattered light, and changed water every 3 days or so until the callus grew, so as to be transplanted into yellow sand or seedbed soil. However, it is necessary to shade the sun and spray leaves for 2-3 times around noon on sunny days, and then enter normal management after surviving. 2. ramet propagation: ramet propagation is generally used to cultivate rootstocks and green seedlings.
Ginkgo biloba is easy to germinate, especially for 10 ~20 years old trees. Remove the soil around the rhizosphere, cut the tillers with fibrous roots from the mother plant with a knife and plant them separately. All Populus euphratica can be propagated by tillering in spring.
Female plant sprouting can lead to early fruiting age. 3. Grafting propagation: Grafting propagation is mostly used for fruit production.
Green branch grafting can be carried out from late May to early August, but not in hot and dry weather conditions, especially at noon on sunny days and rainy days. The specific method is as follows: firstly, collect well-developed perennial branches from the mother plant of Ginkgo biloba, cut a leaf on the scion, leaving only the petiole, and cut a section every 2-3 buds, then immerse the lower end of the scion in water or wrap it with wet cloth, preferably the same as the collected material.
Grafting rootstock can choose 2-3-year-old sowing seedlings and cutting seedlings. In early stage, the fruit should be planted closely, and the grafting position should be around 1 m.
All Populus davidiana generally adopts chopping, cutting the scion inward, inserting the rootstock incision to make it overlap, aligning with the cambium, binding the joint with plastic film tape, and starting to bear fruit 5-8 years after grafting.
4. How to plant ginkgo seedlings?
Planting method of ginkgo seedlings: Ginkgo is also known as Ginkgo, Gongsun Tree, Duck Foot Tree and Pufan.
Gymnosperms of Ginkgo and Ginkgo. Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest tree species in the world.
Ginkgo biloba is a kind of relict plant. All other plants related to it are extinct.
Ginkgo biloba is widely distributed geographically. From the perspective of horizontal natural distribution, the east-west distance is the longest with 30 degrees north latitude as the axis. With the increase or decrease of this latitude, the east-west distance of Ginkgo distribution gradually shortens. The higher the latitude, the more inclined the distribution of Ginkgo biloba to the eastern coast, and the lower the latitude, the more inclined the distribution of Ginkgo biloba to the plateau and mountainous areas in the southwest.
Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree with a DBH of 4m. Ginkgo biloba takes more than 20 years from planting to fruiting. After 40 years, it will bear a lot of fruits, and it can live to be over 1000 years old.
Ginkgo blossoms in May, ripens in June at 5438+ 10, with orange drupe. Seedling raising of ginkgo biloba.
The embryo is dormant. Sow in winter or early spring after stratification.
When the height of seedlings exceeds 1 m, they can be planted. Male trees should be selected for street trees.
It can also be propagated by cutting and tillering. In order to promote early fruiting and cultivate excellent clones, bud grafting or branch grafting can be used for propagation.
1. The seedlings should be large, and the mother tree with a tree age of about 80 years is the best. The harvested seeds should be peeled and dried in the shade. Autumn sowing can be done in the south, and spring sowing is suitable in the north.
The seedbed should be sandy loam with good water permeability. About 2.2 months (after thawing in the north), half of the sprouting branches with roots were dug and planted in the nursery, with a diameter of 1cm ~ 4cm.
This method is easy to survive. Flowering and fruiting after about 10 years.
3. In May and June, soft branches of the current year were selected and cut into 10cm ~ 15cm, leaving 3 ~ 4 leaves on them. Half of the cuttings are often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves are not dry and can take root in about one and a half months to two months. 4. Transplanted ginkgo seedlings can be planted with bare roots below 5 cm in diameter, and generally cultivated with soil above 6 cm.
The seedlings planted with bare roots are in a slow seedling stage. Seedlings with clods can grow in the same year.
After the seedlings are planted in rows, they are flooded. When planting a big tree, it is best to fill the pit with water before planting it. After the water in the pit infiltrates, plant big trees in the pit and tamp them so that the water in the pit can come back to moisten the roots.
The next watering should be to dig a diversion ditch beside the pit and fill it with water, so that the water can slowly penetrate into the roots of Ginkgo biloba. Overflow irrigation suffocates and suffocates the roots, so that new roots cannot be produced and the roots gradually rot.
Some ginkgo leaves can disperse even after death, and even germinate in the second and third years, but the leaves are very small, and they will not grow until the nutrients in the body are exhausted. This is the "fake living" phenomenon of ginkgo biloba.
However, some ginkgo leaves do not appear in the first year after planting, or even in the second year. If you pinch the skin, you will find that the skin is fresh and the branches will not shrink. This kind of tree may not be dead, but it may appear again in the third year. This phenomenon is also known as the "suspended animation" phenomenon of Ginkgo biloba.
To determine whether Ginkgo biloba is a fake death or a fake life, we should not only look at the leaves, but also look at the roots. Therefore, buying big seedlings, especially those from abroad, must depend on whether the roots are black. If it is, it means that this seedling is a fake live seedling, no matter how cheap it is.
The xylem of fresh seedlings should be white, the bark slightly red and the xylem tight. 5. Seedling management (1) Ginkgo biloba does not need to be watered frequently after it survives. In the northern region, water once after thawing and before germination. In May, if the weather is dry, you can water it once, because this is the peak growth period of Ginkgo biloba.
Autumn and mid-August are the second growth peak of Ginkgo biloba in a year, which can be watered once and combined with fertilization twice. (2) Fertilization: Fertilization in nursery can be carried out in spring and summer. In spring, apply 5000 kg to 10000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu between two rows, and then plough it once with a small rotary tiller to evenly ram the fertilizer into the soil. Large seedlings can open several radial ditches, and organic fertilizer and topsoil can be evenly mixed and filled into the ditches. If the amount of fertilization is large, it can be applied once a year in spring, but if the amount is small.
(3) Pruning: Ginkgo biloba generally does not need pruning, because there are few new shoots of Ginkgo biloba, even the seedlings in the nursery should leave as many branches and leaves as possible to accelerate their thickening. Cut off the branches below 1.8 meters one year before the seedlings are sold. After growing for one year, the cut is full, the skin is smooth and the branches are upright.
(4) intertillage: Appropriate intertillage can improve the permeability of soil, and intertillage can trim the fibrous roots of Ginkgo biloba and make more fibrous roots germinate. Tillage can be done once in spring and once in autumn. (5) Disease prevention and insect control: The disease of Ginkgo biloba is mainly seedling damping-off.
The main pest of field seedlings is beetle larvae (grubs). Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification at seedling stage, loosen topsoil and spray bordeaux mixture to prevent wilting.
The way to control grubs is to apply decomposed organic fertilizer as far as possible. When applying fertilizer, the whole garden is sprayed with 500 times of 39 1 1 pesticide solution once, and then rotated again to rotate the sprayed fertilizer into the soil. Another method is to wet bran and rice bran, mix them with trichlorfon, use them in a bucket for two days to fully absorb the pesticide, then sprinkle them into the ground and then cultivate them.
Another method is to bury a pile of hay every 10 meter, often pour some water on the hay, open the hay every two months, and there will be many grubs under it, which will be killed in a concentrated way. (6) Cultivation of fruiting trees: Ginkgo biloba is dioecious and cross-pollinated, so the fruiting trees should be matched with pollinated trees. Ginkgo biloba has a strong pollination ability, and 25 kilometers downwind in the breeze is the effective pollination area. The difference between male and female trees is that the female branches rotate obviously, the branches grow horizontally, the leaves are thicker, and the male branches are upright and alternate.
Ginkgo orchards are planted at a spacing of 4m * 6m, and the seedlings grow rapidly. Select DBH 3cm-4cm seedlings, cut and graft. Generally, scions with 3-year-old, shiny skin and 3-6 short branches are selected, and the fine varieties with large grains are better. It can bear fruit in 3-4 years after grafting.