Mastitis, also known as mastitis, is breast inflammation caused by various reasons. Its main characteristics are the physicochemical properties and bacteriological changes of milk and the pathological changes of breast tissue. The most important change of milk is the change of color. There are blood clots and a lot of white blood cells in milk. When mastitis occurs, although the breast is swollen and painful in many cases, it is difficult to find abnormalities by touching the breast with hands in most cases. It is also difficult to observe the lesions by naked eye examination of milk. It is generally believed that among the economic losses caused by mastitis, 70% is due to the reduction of milk production, 65,438+04% is due to the early elimination of dairy cows due to illness, 7% is due to waste milk, and 8% is due to treatment and veterinary expenses.
① Preventive measures
Breast is threatened by pathogenic microorganisms anytime and anywhere because of its anatomy, physiology and milk production. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate more reasonable defense measures and stick to them for a long time in order to control the incidence of mastitis to a minimum. Specific measures to control subclinical mastitis in developed dairy countries are as follows:
A. Milking hygiene
Cows should be clean as a whole, especially their breasts should be clean and dry. Rinse with the least amount of water, clean and dry with a paper towel before putting on the milking cup.
B. nipple bath
After each milking, the amount of immersion liquid should be small, but it should be able to immerse the whole nipple.
C. Prevention of dry milk period
At the end of lactation, antibiotics should be used in all milk producing areas of each cow. Before injecting liquid medicine, the nipple should be cleaned, and there should be no infection at the end of the nipple.
D. eliminating cattle with chronic mastitis
These sick cows not only produce low milk, but also constantly excrete pathogenic microorganisms from milk, which becomes the source of infection.
E. protect the "closed" state of cattle.
In order to avoid new sources of infection caused by the introduction or import of cattle.
F. regularly evaluate the performance of the milking machine.
Although the influence of milking machine only accounts for about 5% of mastitis, it is necessary to keep the vacuum degree of milking machine stable and normal pulse frequency so as not to destroy the protective function of nipple tube. To keep the teatcup clean, replace the easily damaged teatcup "lining" in time, because it is easy to "slide down" and cause infection.
G. regularly carry out SCC detection on barreled milk or individual breast milk.
So as to take corresponding preventive measures according to the cell number.
With the increasing awareness of the harm of subclinical mastitis in China, a lot of work has been done in prevention and treatment, such as the selection of nipple bath solution, curative effect test and application; Development and application of prevention and treatment drugs in lactation and dry lactation, and formulation and trial implementation of comprehensive prevention and treatment measures for mastitis in dairy cows.
H. Prevention of lactation
Using nipple immersion bath during lactation can kill microorganisms attached to nipple mouth and its surroundings and invading nipple canal, which is especially effective for streptococcus and staphylococcus infections. 65438+ 0 ~ 2 hours after milking, the nipple tube is loose and easy to be infected with bacteria. Bathing the nipple after each milking can reduce the new infection rate of breast by about 75% and clinical mastitis by about 50%. Taking a bath before and after milking can reduce the detection rate of bacteria by 45.8% compared with taking a bath after milking.
Cow breasts go through three stages: automatic denaturation (3 weeks after air drying), stable denaturation (about 2 weeks) and lactation (about 2 weeks before calving). Automatic degeneration period and lactation period are susceptible periods of microorganisms. Therefore, the sudden onset of postpartum acute mastitis in dairy cows has actually been infected during the dry milk period. The infection rate of perinatal mastitis can be reduced by soaking dry cow nipples twice a day 10 and before delivery 10. When soaking the nipple, it is best to soak the nipple and the whole milk base in the liquid medicine.
Commonly used and effective nipple baths include 0.5% chlorhexidine, 3% ~ 4.0% sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid. It can also be soaked or sprayed with 0.5% ~ 1.0% diazepam iodine solution, or soaked with iodonium. Yixiaoling is an organic iodine preparation, which is formed by the reaction of non-surfactant with iodine. Containing available iodine 1.5% ~ 2.0%, diluted with water to 0.5% solution, no irritation to nipple.
The nipple protection film is a propylene solution. After dipping the nipple, it can form a film on the nipple skin, seal the nipple mouth, prevent bacteria from invading, and fix and kill pathogenic bacteria attached to the nipple epidermis. After using the nipple protection film, mastitis caused by Escherichia coli can be reduced by 76%, and infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus can be reduced by 28%.
Levamisole (LMS) is a cellular immunomodulator, which can repair the immune function of cells and enhance the body's disease resistance. Chinese cabbage rape has the ability to destroy some enzymes in bacterial cell walls and promote PMN phagocytosis. Both drugs can reduce the positive detection rate of CMT in milk of subclinical mastitis.
First, the prevention of dry milk period
Dry lactation is an important period of vulnerability to microbial infection because of the automatic degradation of breast and the second lactation, and the defense function of nipple duct and breast is reduced. The curative effect of treating mastitis in dry milk period is higher than that in lactation period, and there is no loss such as abandoning milk. Therefore, prevention and treatment of dry breast stage is an important link to control mastitis, which plays a dual role in treating infection and preventing new infection. Drugs and dosage forms used to prevent and treat dry milk should have two conditions: broad antibacterial spectrum and long effective concentration (more than 3 weeks). Generally, slow-release substances are used as auxiliary materials.
The research on prevention and treatment of dry milk period began in 1950s, and the dosage forms have been injected into disposable hoses from water and oil agents. The maintenance time of effective concentration also changed from 1 ~ 2 days and 1 ~ 2 weeks to 4 ~ 8 weeks. Commonly used therapeutic drugs are:
Compound (long-acting) penicillin oil contains sodium chlorobenzoxazole, penicillin and benzathine penicillin. Mainly vegetable oil, there are two kinds of injections: 10 ml and 20 ml, which are only suitable for dry milk period. If redness, swelling and heat pain are found in the breast area after injection, it can be injected again 1 time. After delivery 1 week, penicillin residues in milk samples were detected.
Gannaian is a compound oil suspension composed of various antibiotics, which has the best bacteriostatic effect on Streptococcus agalactiae. 40 ml bottle, which is the dosage of one cow, and each milk area is injected with 10 ml.
Traditional Chinese medicine compound injection is an injection made of honeysuckle, wild chrysanthemum, viola yedoensis and green tangerine peel. Injection of 15 ml into each breast area is effective in treating staphylococcal infection.
Compound norfloxacin preparation is 10 ml injection, containing norfloxacin 250 mg and TMP (trimethoprim-antibacterial synergist) 100 mg. Injection of 10 ml into each breast area has a good effect on the treatment of Escherichia coli infection, especially in cattle farms where Escherichia coli mastitis is aggravated after extensive use of penicillin.
② Treatment methods
The treatment of mastitis is mainly aimed at clinical mastitis. For recessive mastitis, it is mainly to control and prevent. The criteria for judging the curative effect of clinical mastitis are: the clinical symptoms are relieved and disappeared; The somatic cell number of milk decreased to the normal range (below 500 thousand cells /ml); Negative conversion rate of pathogenic bacteria in milk. The latter two are also the criteria for judging the prevention and treatment effect of recessive mastitis.
Antibiotics are still the first choice to treat mastitis, followed by sulfonamides. Drug therapy still adopts local intramammary administration and systemic administration through muscle or vein. Intramammary administration is performed after each milking. Generally, for subacute cases, intramammary administration is enough, but it lasts for 3 days; For acute cases, it must be administered intramammary and systemically for at least 3 days; In the most acute cases, systemic and intramammary administration, combined with intravenous infusion, and other anti-inflammatory drugs and symptomatic treatment are needed.
Antibiotics commonly used to treat mastitis include penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, cephalosporin, erythromycin and oxytetracycline. After extensive investigation, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus are the main pathogens of mastitis in dairy cows in China. Penicillin and streptomycin are the first choice for mastitis caused by streptococcal infection. Penicillin and erythromycin, cephalosporin and neomycin can be used for staphylococcus aureus infection; Large doses of dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin and neomycin can be used for Escherichia coli infection, but it is necessary to persist until the inflammation is completely cured, otherwise it may recur.
A. Systematic therapy
For all mastitis with systemic reaction, systemic antibiotics should be used to treat breast infection and control or prevent sepsis or bacteremia. Using standard doses of antibiotics can effectively control systemic symptoms, but the diffusion of antibiotics from blood to breast is extremely slow, so it is very difficult to completely eliminate breast infection, but when the breast is damaged, it will spread rapidly. When the breast swelling is serious and it is difficult to inject into the breast, systemic therapy can also be used.
When systemic therapy is adopted, high-dose antibiotics can be used, and the dosage per kilogram of body weight is as follows: penicillin 16500 units, oxytetracycline 10 mg, tylosin or erythromycin 12.5 mg, and sulfamethazine 200 g, among which tetracycline and tylosin have strong diffusion ability and good effect. Penicillins are less effective than streptomycin and neomycin.
B. Breast perfusion
Breast perfusion therapy is convenient and effective, and it is an effective method to treat mastitis. However, strict attention must be paid to disinfection during the treatment to prevent bacteria and fungi from entering the breast area.
Inflammation of the breast will hinder the diffusion of drugs, so for acute mastitis, oxytocin can be injected before perfusion treatment to completely empty the breast area. After breast perfusion, in order to make the medicine stay in the breast as long as possible, it can be perfused after milking at night. Commonly used perfusion drugs and dosages for lactating cows are: penicillin 100000 unit, o-cloxacillin 500 mg, o-cloxacillin 200mg+ ampicillin 75 mg, spiramycin 250 mg, rifamycin 100 mg, streptomycin 1mg+ penicillin 10000.
C. dry cow therapy
Chronic mastitis, especially chronic mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, can be treated in dry lactation period, which often achieves good curative effect and has preventive effect. However, due to the thick secretion of breast in dry milk period, it will interfere with the diffusion of perfused drugs, so it is suggested to perfuse at the beginning or end of the last milking period. In addition, dry milk treatment is also one of the most important measures to prevent mastitis.
D. Adjuvant therapy
Adjuvant treatment of mastitis includes intravenous injection of large doses of isotonic fluids, especially those containing glucose and antihistamines. In addition, you can also use ice around the breast to reduce the absorption of toxins.
E. Other drug therapies
Hexalizarin: It is the effective component of Chinese herbal medicine Rubia, with broad antibacterial spectrum and high efficiency. It has special effects on mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus lactis, but the disadvantage is that the negative rate of bacteria is still lower than that of penicillin.
Dandelion: It is the main component of many traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for treating mastitis. For example, Ding Shuang injection (dandelion, Herba Violae) and compound dandelion soup (containing dandelion, honeysuckle, Radix Isatidis, Scutellariae Radix, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, etc. ), as well as Breast Enhancement Ning 1 (including 9 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines such as dandelion).
Chlorhexidine: it has a strong bactericidal effect on gram-positive bacteria, negative bacteria and fungi, and does not produce drug resistance. In addition, it is also effective for yeast, Aspergillus and white mold.
CD-0 1 solution: mainly composed of chlorhexidine acetate and other drugs, without antibiotics, without affecting dairy hygiene, and pathogenic bacteria are not easy to produce drug resistance. The combination of CD-0 1 solution and compound dandelion decoction can improve the negative conversion rate of pathogenic bacteria.
Propolis: It has antibacterial, disease prevention, antifungal, analgesic, anti-tumor and nonspecific immune stimulation effects. It has a certain curative effect on clinical mastitis that is ineffective in antibiotic treatment. After taking 1 ~ 2 times, it is obviously improved, and it generally needs continuous treatment for 5 ~ 1 1 day.
(2) Breast edema
Breast edema is serous edema of the breast, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of liquid in the interstitial tissue of the breast. There are many cows, especially the first-born high-yield cows. It can lead to the reduction of milk production, and in severe cases, it can permanently damage the suspensory ligament and tissue of the breast, make the breast droop, and induce breast dermatosis and mastitis.
There are two types of breast edema: acute physiology and chronic disease. The former occurs before labor, and the latter occurs during lactation. What happened before labor can generally dissipate in postpartum 10 day, without affecting milk yield and quality.
① Preventive measures
A. Improve the level of nutrition
Primiparous cows with poor health are prone to edema at the end of pregnancy, so the feeding management of primiparous cows should be strengthened, especially after 3 ~ 7 months of pregnancy. Change the old traditional production mode and adopt scientific and reasonable feeding methods to improve the nutritional level of pregnant cows. At this time, we should provide high-quality diet with balanced nutrition to meet the pregnancy and metabolic needs of fetus and mother, raise the feeding standard appropriately and feed more concentrate. According to the physical condition of pregnant cows, concentrate can be supplied at the ratio of 4 ~ 6 kg/(head/day) or concentrate to roughage of 35∶65, and it will be reduced to 3 kg/(head/day) from 1 month to 15 before labor, so as to ensure the nutrition of pregnant cows, control the deposition of breast fat and avoid the occurrence of breast dysplasia and edema.
B. Improve immunity
Pregnant cows should be supplemented with minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in a reasonable proportion, accounting for about 0.2% of the dry matter of the diet, supplemented with trace elements such as iron, copper and selenium, and fed with vitamin-rich feed; Especially in winter, we should feed a proper amount of green and juicy feed every day, such as carrot 1 ~ 2kg/ (head day), silage corn 5kg/ (head day), high-quality green hay and clean drinking water. Adding 5 grams of multivitamin, 0/25 grams of vitamin B/KLOC-,25 grams of vitamin B2, 30 grams of sodium selenite-vitamin E and 50 grams of trace elements to 50 kilograms of feed can reduce or avoid the disease. Once edema occurs, immediately stop feeding salt and reduce the level of protein in the diet, and then gradually restore the supply after the edema disappears one week after delivery.
C. Scientific breeding
In order to prevent edema of primiparous cows, it is necessary to avoid premature pregnancy of backup cows. In general, breeding cows in good health are suitable for initial breeding when they are 18 ~ 22 weeks old or weigh about 375 kg. For the reserve cattle with individual dysplasia and breast dysplasia, it is necessary to eliminate them in time or raise them for a short time, and then breed them after reaching the standard. Cows with chronic diseases are not suitable for feeding.
D. Maintain environmental sanitation
Strengthen management, do a good job in ventilation, drying, heat preservation, control humidity, remove feces in time, keep the cowshed clean, and disinfect every 5 ~ 7 days 1 time. Cattle should comb their hair frequently, and can be brushed with 2% Lysol solution or 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution before labor to promote blood circulation. Cows fed in the house should exercise for 30 minutes every morning and evening before and after delivery, and check and massage their breasts 2-3 times a day from 2 weeks before delivery.
② Treatment methods
In most cases, the swelling can be gradually reduced without treatment after delivery. Appropriately increasing the amount of exercise, massaging breasts three times a day and alternately scrubbing with hot and cold water, reducing concentrated feed and juicy feed, and reducing drinking water in moderation will all help edema to subside.
Cases with a long and serious course of disease need medical treatment, but it is not allowed to puncture the skin and release fluid. It is reported that taking hydrochlorothiazide orally is very effective. 2.5g twice a day, 1 ~ 2 days. Chlorothiazide can also be taken orally. The effect of diuretics alone is not obvious, but the combination with corticosteroids can improve the curative effect, but at the same time it can temporarily reduce the milk production. Furosemide (furosemide) is a new drug with high efficiency, rapid action and no accumulation. 500 mg intramuscular injection or 250 mg intravenous injection every day (twice). 65438 0 g of chlormadinone was taken orally or 40 ~ 300mg was injected intramuscularly every day for 3 days. Or apply diethylstilbestrol 200 mg and corn oil 10 ml locally one or two days after delivery, all of which have curative effects.
(3) Breast trauma
Breast trauma in dairy cows can be divided into the following categories according to the degree of tissue damage. The superficial tissue of the breast is slightly damaged, and only a small amount of bleeding can be seen in the subcutaneous tissue. Generally, you can recover quickly with or without treatment. There is a serious laceration at the edge of the injury, even the breast vein is torn and there is a lot of bleeding, or the breast is damaged by edema in the third trimester of pregnancy or newborn cows, and the tissue fluid may continue to overflow; Sharp foreign bodies cause penetrating damage to deep breast tissue, which may lead to the outflow of milk mixed with blood from the wound and even secondary tetanus; Blunt trauma often has no wound on the surface of the breast, but due to severe contusion, tissue necrosis, blood vessel rupture, and sometimes thrombosis or hematoma, the milk is pink or crimson.
Mild injuries can be cured quickly after general treatment. The seriously injured should be washed, disinfected, stopped bleeding and sutured in bed, and the laceration of the big nipple should also be treated in the same way to achieve primary healing. If the tissue is severely suppurated and necrotic, it must be expanded. Besides local treatment, systemic treatment is needed. If it is a mild contusion, it may be suitable for local hyperthermia. If it is a serious contusion, a hemostatic agent, such as phenylethylamine injection, should be applied, and 20 ml should be injected into muscle or vein every time, twice a day. Insert the nipple into the sterile breast guide needle and continuously discharge the rotten blood. If the breast vein tears and bleeds, the blood vessels should be ligated immediately. Deeply penetrate the wound and inject tetanus antibiotics. Pay attention to the environmental safety and activities of cattle in daily management to prevent breast trauma.