According to the Book of Rites, the order of concubines in the Zhou Dynasty is: the son of heaven has a queen, a wife, a common woman, a concubine, a wife and a concubine. The hierarchical structure of the emperor's court corresponds to the bureaucracy of the emperor's court. The son of heaven appointed six hundred, three public officials, nine ministers, twenty-seven doctors and eighty-one scholars to listen to the son of heaven and teach men on earth in order to achieve the goal of governing the country from outside. After the Emperor of Heaven, six officials, three wives, nine wives, twenty-seven wives and eighty-one concubines were established to obey the internal governance of the world, be obedient to women, make the world harmonious and put family first. From this point of view, in the traditional society of the unity of family and country, the queen of the son of heaven, as the spouse of the son of heaven, is the "king of the same body" and occupies a place in the monarchy. Their duty is to obey the internal governance of the world to cooperate with the external governance of the son of heaven.
Although the names and orders of Zhou empresses in pre-Qin classics and annotations are not incredible, they have a great influence on later generations. Wang Mang's New Deal advertised the restoration of the Rites of Zhou, so his harem system completely adopted the statements of the Book of Rites and the Rites of Zhou. Other dynasties also increased or decreased on this basis.
Qin died in six countries, and those concubines and princesses who died in the country "resigned from the downstairs hall, came to Qin, and sang at night for Qin Gongren". Therefore, in the harem of the Qin Dynasty, there are seven countries in the palace, and there are eight products in the rank. Every time Qin Shihuang broke the vassal, he imitated his palace in North Osakanoe in Xianyang, enriching the captured vassal beauty and the vocal music of the bell and drum. Therefore, Du Mu's Ode to Abang Palace said that the water washed by the beauties in the harem of many Qin emperors dyed Weishui red, showing that there were many women in his harem. Qin Huang's first wife was called the queen, and she was called the wife. There are beauties, lovers, eight sons, seven sons, long ambassadors, and few ambassadors. Unfortunately, although there were many concubines in the Qin Dynasty, no one left a name in history except the mother of Qin Shihuang, Empress Zhao.
After the Qin Dynasty, the number of concubines of Ye Ting increased to fourteen except the first wife, the queen. Zhao Yi 1, 2, hydrocarbon 3, 4, beauty 5, bazi 6, Fei Yi 7, qizi 8, lover 9, big ambassador1,little ambassador1,facial features 12, Shunchang/kloc. These people either have titles, positions or ranks. However, unless their deeds are particularly outstanding, they will generally not be included in the history books.
The Eastern Han Dynasty thought that the previous women's system was unreasonable, so it adopted the old system, and the names of harem were only queen and aristocrat. In addition, it is also listed as beauty, imperial secretary and cainv, but there is no grade. Liu Xiuxian, Guangwu Emperor, married Yin Lihua, and later married Guo Shengkun for political needs. They are all noble people. On the question of who should be the queen, due to Yin Lihua's refusal, Guo Shengkun became the queen. Emperor Han Ming, Emperor Han and Emperor Deng were famous queens in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and they were all promoted to queens by nobles.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the names of the harem increased and decreased frequently, including Chen Baxian, who was proud of simplicity, and the Emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, who was "a layman's ambition to satisfy his desires and never tire of choosing", so that the names of the harem could not be recorded in detail. Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty took the place of Northern Zhou Dynasty, thinking about the disadvantages before the political reform, so the harem only took the queen as the room and did not seek personal gain. There are no three disciplines to avoid being forced. There are 60 people below. After the death of Queen Dugu, three nobles, nine nobles, twenty-seven wives and eighty-one imperial daughters were placed. After Yang Di ascended the throne, "the empresses don't marry, but only decorate their beauty and accompany the banquet." Moreover, Yang-ti referred to allusions in detail and found a new way, giving names to the imperial concubine, nine concubines, secular wives and imperial daughters, each with its own level. The imperial concubine includes the imperial concubine, the Shu princess and the De princess, which are the first products of the three ladies. Nine: Shunyi, Shunrong, Shunhua, Yixiu, Xiurong, Xiuhua, Chongyi, Chongrong, Chonghua and Erpin; There are twelve women in the world and three products; Fifteen beauties and talented people, the fourth product; In addition, royal women include Lin Bao, royal women and vegetable women.
Tang inherited the Sui system and made some changes. By the time of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, the Empress had three concubines, namely Hui, Li and Hua, six wives, beauties and gifted scholars. Wu Zetian was promoted by talented people. When she killed her daughter and framed the queen, Emperor Gaozong wanted to upgrade his rank to "Chen Fei", which was opposed by Han Zhongyuan and others. He thought that "the number of concubines is fixed, so it is not yet possible to set up a rank." Wu Zetian did not set up a princess, further framing the queen, so Emperor Gaozong simply abolished the queen and changed to Wu Zetian, crossing the level of the princess.
After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, the numbering of empresses' titles began with the system of the Five Dynasties, and gradually began in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In addition to the Empress, there were empresses, concubines, concubines, nobles, talented people, waiters and maids in the Ming Dynasty. The Yuan and Qing Dynasties occupied the Central Plains with their neighboring nationalities, so they kept their original customs to some extent. Naive Kangxi gradually established a hierarchical post-discipline order. In addition to the imperial concubine, concubines, concubines and nobles, there have always been promises.
These harem ladies also have the right to hold titles and use maids. Empress is the wife of the emperor, and concubines with titles are the concubines of the emperor, which is a minority with high status in the palace.
An analysis of the hierarchy of harem women
It has become a historical fact that Emperor China liked many daughters. The question is, how to manage a large number of women in the imperial harem? Who has the most say except the emperor? What is the distribution standard of means of subsistence? How to arrange seats for major events in the palace? In the words of veteran cadres with modern management style, what is their treatment?
In different dynasties of China's long feudal society, there was a gradually mature feudal officialdom hierarchy that was always in operation. Similarly, in the harem of different emperors, an equally hierarchical hierarchy of harem women is quietly running.
In the Qin dynasty in the third century BC, the treatment of harem women was divided into eight grades. Among them, Super: The Queen. Level 1: "Madam". The second level: "beauty." Level 3: "lover". Level 4: "Eight sons". The fifth level: "seven sons". Level 6: "Dragon Ambassador". The seventh level: "Less envoy". My personal understanding of the original intention of rank names without special professional training is: the mistress of the emperor's harem, the woman of the emperor's husband, the beautiful woman, the kind woman, the woman who can give birth to eight boys, the woman who can give birth to seven boys, the woman often used by the emperor, and the woman not often used by the emperor. There is no limit to the number of girls in each of the eight grades. In modern terms, these levels should be similar to a professional "title". Of course, people with professional titles do not necessarily have formal positions, which has become the basic common sense in the modern personnel system.
With Emperor Hanwu, the level of harem women began to be rich and colorful.
The old man's house of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty cancelled the first-class "madam" among the eight women in Qin Shihuang's harem and replaced it with other four-level names. They are the first level: "Jieyu". The second level: "Jingwu". The third level: "Glory". The fourth level: "mending clothes". Perhaps, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty chose women's rank names because of some artistic appreciation factors. Grade five to ten are exactly the same as the names of women in grade two to seven in Qin Shihuang's harem. In this way, the post-official women in the Han Dynasty still enjoy the 1 1 grade hierarchy with the hierarchy of women in the Qin harem as the main content. This also proves that the so-called people who overthrew the old emperor only want to be emperors themselves.
It is particularly interesting that since the Han Dynasty, harem women began to have a clear concept of "treatment". Their "treatment", like other officials in the feudal dynasty, was measured by their food intake at that time.
For the convenience of narration, please allow me to illustrate the following ancient facts with two modern concepts of "professional title" and "position". Among them, "professional title" is equivalent to the treatment measured by the quantity of grain. "Position" is equivalent to comparing the rank of male officials in the ancient feudal dynasty government at that time.
Super: "Empress", whose title and position are equivalent to the emperor, and whose living conditions are exactly the same.
Level 1: "Festival", the title is equivalent to "Prime Minister", and the position is the same as that of the emperor's younger brother "Prince".
Second class: "Jing E", the title is equivalent to "Shangqing", and the position is the same as that of the emperor's relatives.
Grade III: "Hua Rong", whose professional titles are equivalent to "Deputy Prime Minister" and "Zhong" (one stone and ten buckets, one bucket is about 10.4 liter). The position is equivalent to the emperor's relatives.
Level 4: "mending clothes", the title is equivalent to "Minister" and "Real 2000 Stone". The position is equivalent to "civil servant".
The fifth level: "Beauty", whose professional titles are equivalent to "Governor" and "Two Thousand Stones". The position is quite "civil servant".
Level 6: "Lover", with titles equivalent to "Governor" and "Shifting Time". The position is quite "civil servant".
The seventh level: "Eight sons", whose titles are equivalent to "Governor" and "Thousand Stones". The position is quite "civil servant".
Grade 8: "seven sons", the title is equivalent to "deputy commander-in-chief" and "eight hundred stones" The position is quite "civil servant".
Grade 9: "Dragon Ambassador", the title is equivalent to "Deputy Commander-in-Chief" and "Eight Hundred Stones". The position is quite "civil servant".
Level 10: "Shao Shi", the title is equivalent to "county magistrate" and "six hundred stones". The position is quite "civil servant".
You see, as long as ancient women had beauty, they were valued by the emperor, even if they were awarded the lowest level, which was equivalent to the county magistrate of Qipin at that time. Such treatment, for women, may be an appropriate honor to borrow the wind and clear the sky; However, for men who are frustrated in their studies, perhaps the fatal sadness is not as good as the daughter's honor and disgrace. According to historical records, the women's hierarchy in the eleventh harem of the Western Han Dynasty was implemented for 70 years. There were more than 20,000 harem women in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, in a place like Beijing, it is not surprising that ordinary people will meet someone who can be called "director" if they walk carelessly. Because people of this level have existed since ancient times.
By the eleventh emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty had greatly increased, and there were many prosperous times. The number of women in the harem reached the highest level in China's ancient history: twice as many as in Hanwu period, and there were more than 40,000 women in the palace. In order to adapt to such a large number of women, the new emperor increased the number of women.
After the super queen, add a new level of "Zhao Yi" to enjoy the treatment of the original level of "Jie Yu". From the original 1 level to 10 level, it is downgraded by one level. In this way, the original 10 grade "Shaoshi" has become 1 1 grade, and her job title is not the "county magistrate" grade, but the last grade of civil servants, and the food is also less, from "600 stone" to "400 stone". Interestingly, the concept used in the newly added hierarchy is almost the same as the salary system of a state-owned enterprise in modern China two thousand years later.
/kloc-level 0/2: "five permanent members". /kloc-below 0/2 level, there is no professional title, only five grains "three hundred stones".
Grade 13: "Shunchang" and "200 Stone".
/kloc-Grade 0/4 Grade 1: Dancing Trickle, Hundred Stones.
14, 2: "* * * and", "Baishi".
Grade 14 and Grade 3: "Entertainment Spirit" and "Hundred Stones"
Fourteenth and fourth grades: "Lin Bao" and "Hundred Stones".
Fourteen grades and five grades: "Good Emperor" and "Hundred Stones".
14th and 6th grades: "Ye Xiang" and "Hundred Stones". (equivalent to 14000 liters of grain)
One class in the fifteenth grade: "going home", "fighting for food" and fighting for food.
Level 15 and Level 2: The China Family and the Competition for Food.
Seeing this, I smiled: judging from the names of these harem women, the male emperor of the Western Han Dynasty may have begun to like the female stars of song and dance entertainment. As for what are "upper-class family members" and "middle-class family members", I am somewhat puzzled.
Of course, the queen also has specific treatment standards: the tax of "thirty counties of Tang Muyi". The treatment and daily expenses of more than 40 thousand women in the harem of the Western Han Dynasty should be an astronomical figure. The wealth of the Western Han Dynasty can be imagined. However, the good times did not last long. When Liu Xiu came to power in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the country's economy was weak, and the number of women in the emperor's harem was greatly reduced: except for the super "queen", only five female grades of "imperial concubine, belle, imperial secretary, chooser and master" were retained. This is another story.
From the ancient concept of a certain level and a certain level, I can see the confusion of modern people: in the communication industry in the 1960s and 1970s, a unified national eight-level wage system was implemented, including "seven-level first class" and "eight-level second class". It's really interesting: one after another borrowed the idea that harem women enjoyed treatment more than two thousand years ago. Also, many so-called famous modern personnel system reforms are not only between a certain grade difference and a certain grade, but also increase and decrease. Some people finally got out of the trap designed by their ancestors thousands of years ago. Interesting.
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