temperature

The tolerance of grapes to low temperature varies with different groups and organs, such as Eurasian species and European and American hybrids, which can tolerate low temperature of -3 to -4℃ when buds germinate; Young leaves, young leaves and inflorescences were frozen at-65438 0℃ and 0℃ respectively. During the dormant period, the winter buds of mature branches of Eurasian varieties can tolerate-16℃ to-17℃, and perennial lianas are frozen at -20℃. The cold resistance of root system is weak. The roots of Longan, Rose Fragrant and Vineyard Queen in Eurasian Group were slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃ and froze to death at -6℃ for about two days. Using Vitis amurensis or Vitis amurensis as rootstock in northern China can improve the cold resistance of root system, and its root system can tolerate low temperatures of-16℃ and-1℃, and the critical lethal temperatures are-18℃ and-14℃ respectively, which can reduce the cold resistance in winter.

illuminate

Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, it is required to choose a place with good light when planting, and pay attention to ventilation and lighting.

moisture

Grapes have different water requirements in different phenological periods. Early spring germination, new shoot growth period and young fruit expansion period need sufficient water supply. Generally, it is appropriate to irrigate every 7- 10 day/time, so that the soil water content can reach about 70%. It is better that the soil moisture content reaches about 60% before and after berry ripening. However, in the case of excessive rainfall, attention should be paid to timely drainage to avoid excessive humidity affecting the quality of berries and prone to diseases. If there is too little rain, irrigate 1 time every 10 day, otherwise it will easily crack fruit and cause economic losses if it rains for a long time.

land

Grape has strong adaptability to soil, and all kinds of soil can be cultivated except swamp and heavy saline-alkali land, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. If the local soil quality is poor, you can choose professional culture soil for planting.

Planting and management

Seedling raising and planting

Cutting propagation is commonly used to cut off annual branches with vigorous growth and full bud eyes. Cuttings with single or double buds are about 5- 15cm long, and potted at the spacing of 15cm×50cm in February. However, in hot climate areas, you can choose to graft plants on rootstocks with strong stress resistance.

Fertilizer and water management

Grapes need a lot of nutrients, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increase accordingly after entering the fruiting stage. Topdressing should be carried out before shading, flowering and fruit expansion. In the early stage, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly used to promote the growth of branches and ears, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied to improve the quality of fruits during the expansion period. Spraying 0.3% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate topdressing outside roots can promote fruit expansion and maturity.

Plastic trimming

When grapes grow for a period of time and vines spread, it is suggested to build shelves or wrap them outdoors to facilitate ventilation and light transmission and reduce the damage of diseases and ground radiation to leaves and fruits. Or prune vines. Try not to prune during the growing period, so as not to cut off the buds and affect the growth of grapes. Pruning is usually done after defoliation in winter. Leave 8- 12 knots for the long tip, 5-7 knots for the middle tip and 3- 1 knot for the short tip. It can also be pruned properly when it sprouts in summer, and too many inflorescences should be thinned before flowering. The big ones should be kept small, and the strong ones should be kept weak.