First, choose varieties.
Potted apples should be selected with small crown, slender branches, slightly smaller leaves, graceful tree posture, strong germination ability, early fruiting, high yield year after year, long fruit period, strong disease resistance and adaptability to potted environment, such as B female, Donghongguo, Rose Autumn, Kurenai Rin fruit (Chaenomeles), Qianerhuo, Hanfu and Han Xiang. (For reference only)
Secondly, the choice of flowerpots and the configuration of nutrient soil.
1. Potted apples generally choose plain-burned pots, purple sand pots and wooden pots. The specifications of the basin are 40 cm in diameter, 35 cm in bottom diameter and 30 cm in height. The round basin is mainly round, which is conducive to the uniform diffusion of roots around.
2, nutrient soil preparation, culture soil should have good physical and chemical properties, rich in humus, fertilizer conservation, strong water storage capacity, good ventilation and suitable pH value. Select 6 parts of fertile ripe soil, 2 parts of river sand, decomposed sheep manure 1 part, fermented leaves 1 part, and horseshoe fertilizer, mix them evenly in proportion, and sieve. Before use, the cultivated soil should be cooked, baked or disinfected by drugs, and the pH value of the soil should be measured and adjusted. The optimum pH value of apple is 5.7~6.7.
Third, about the basin.
Generally planted in pots before germination in spring or after defoliation in autumn. When planting, soak the roots with 5-degree sulfur mixture for disinfection, and cut off the necrotic and excessively long roots. First, spread a few broken tiles on the basin bottom, then spread 2~3cm thick slag as the drainage layer, then put 1/3 culture soil, evenly distribute the roots, gently shake the seedlings while filling the soil, make the roots closely contact with the soil, bury the soil firmly, water it in time, and keep the soil moist.
Fourth, fertilizer and water management.
1, the fertilization of apple bonsai should master the principle of "applying thin fertilizer frequently and matching nutrition". Don't apply fertilizer during flowering, so as not to hinder the flowering of plants. Fertilization is not recommended for apple bonsai in winter.
Apply 0.2% available nitrogen fertilizer 1 time before and after germination to promote orderly germination and flowering;
Since May, liquid fertilizer has been topdressing 1 time every 10 day, with 200 times of liquid organic cake fertilizer as the main fertilizer, supplemented by 0.2% urea, diammonium, ammonium sulfate and other inorganic liquid fertilizers.
When fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves during fruit expansion, 0.3% ~ 0.5% urea and 3% ~ 5% plant ash leaching solution can be sprayed; When the fruit is close to maturity, topdressing with 0.2% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer 1 times of 0.5% organic liquid fertilizer every half month; Apply decomposed fertilizer as base fertilizer after defoliation;
When the new shoots stop growing and the fruit matures, according to the plant growth, topdressing is applied every 10 day 1 time, mainly with 200 times of organic liquid fertilizer and 0.2% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer.
2. The soil of potted apples should be thoroughly watered after drying, and water should be replenished in time during germination, flowering and fruit expansion. Water should be properly controlled in June to promote flower bud differentiation. The rainy season is short of water from July to August. Water once every 1 week in spring; In summer, the temperature is high and the transpiration is large, so water can be poured once every 1 ~ 2 days, and foliar spraying is needed in high temperature season; Control watering in autumn to prevent vain growth; Generally, it is not watered in winter, indicating that the soil in the basin is not too dry. The leaves are thick and green, indicating that the fertilizer and water are moderate and the heart leaves are yellow, indicating that the water is too diligent and should be adjusted in time.
Five, plastic pruning
Potted fruit trees can be cultivated into natural round head shape, tower shape, small spindle shape, folding fan shape, happy shape and "Y" shape according to the specific conditions of seedlings. Pay attention to the opening angle to make it ventilated and transparent, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds and high yield. Every year, when the new shoots of fruit trees grow to L0 ~ 13 cm, they must be twisted when they are semi-lignified. 1 year-old seedlings can also be cored according to the required height, strengthen the trunk, and then send new branches. For new branches, the branches should be pulled out to cultivate the tree shape; In the growing period, the over-dense branches, competitive branches, parallel branches and long branches should be thinned out. Thinning branches should be done sooner rather than later, and should be done before lignification of branches. Pruning the fruiting tree should be carried out after the tree is dormant, keeping the fruiting branches at 1/2 or 1/3, cutting off the dense branches, expanding the crown year by year, and trying to strengthen the main branch load. It is necessary to balance the tree potential, make its fruiting branches full of space, and make the tree strong and beautiful. In addition, according to the variety and shape of apple bonsai, various measures can be taken to create the basic form of bonsai, such as branch pulling, core removal, tip twisting, girdling, branch thinning, retraction, plant growth regulator and so on.
Six, flower and fruit management
1, artificial pollination: 2 ~ 3 days before the apple blooms, pollen is collected from orchards with similar phenology and potted.
At the beginning of apple flowering, artificial pollination is carried out on the morning of flowering.
2. Sparse the extra flowers on the branches when flowering. When thinning flowers, each inflorescence should leave the middle flowers and the first side flowers. Try to protect the top flower buds on the short branches. When soybean grain size is large, it should be 1 thinning fruit; The second time is when the fruit hawthorn is big, which is the fruit-setting period. Fruit bagging after physiological fruit dropping can improve the appearance of fruit, make the peel smooth, beautiful and colorful, reduce pesticide spraying times, prevent pollution and improve the proportion of high-quality fruit. Before the fruit ripens 15 ~ 30 days, take down the fruit bag and color the fruit.
Seven, pest control
Because of fine management, apple bonsai has few pests and diseases. Once pests and diseases occur, the diseased branches, leaves and fruits should be removed in time to catch pests artificially. When the diseases and insect pests are serious, fungicides such as carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil 1 ~ 2 times are sprayed after flowering to prevent and control fruit and leaf diseases; Spraying pyrethroid insecticides twice in April-May to control aphids, leaf rollers and other pests; Spraying pesticides and acaricides such as mirex, Uranus, etc. 1 ~ 2 times in June and July to control red spider and peach moth; In July and August, fungicides such as carbendazim, thiophanate and Bordeaux mixture were sprayed to control early defoliation, ring rot and anthracnose.
Eight, winter management and changing pots
1. After defoliation in winter, wrap the flowerpots with straw ropes and sacks to prevent the cold, or bury them in the ground for the winter, or put them in cellars, corridors and other places for the winter, or move them into idle rooms for the winter.
2. Change the pots once a year after defoliation, dump the apple trees in the pots, gradually remove the topsoil, uproot 65,438+0/3 of the old soil, cut off the netted root mat, fill in the new nutrient soil, plant them compactly, and pour enough water. Pay attention to loosen the soil in time to avoid hardening in the basin and affect its absorption of water and fertilizer.