Peony grows slowly, its plant type is small, and its plant height is mostly between 0.5 and 2 meters. Roots are fleshy, thick and long, with lignified center, generally 0.5 ~ 0.8 meters long, and a few roots can reach 2 meters; The color of root bark and root meat varies with varieties; The branches are erect, crisp and round, and look like shrubs from the roots. Annual branches are smooth and brown and often crack and fall off. Leaves alternate, leaves are usually three or three compound leaves, the upper branches are often simple leaves, and the leaflets are needle-shaped, oval, oval and so on. The terminal leaflets are often 2-3-lobed, with dark green or yellow-green leaves on the top and gray-green leaves on the bottom, smooth or hairy; The total petiole is 8 ~ 20 cm long with grooves on the surface; The branches of peanuts in that year were bisexual, large and colorful, and beautiful in shape. The flower pattern is ♂ * K5c ∞ G2 ~ 5: 1: 2 ~ 5, and the flower diameter is 10 ~ 30 cm. The colors of flowers are white, yellow, pink, red, purple, deep purple (black), snow blue (pink blue), green and compound color. Male and female pistils are often petaled, and the natural growth of petals and the degree of petaled pistils are related to varieties, cultivation environmental conditions and growth years. Normal flowers have many stamens, strong seed setting ability and high seed maturity. Flowers with serious pistil petals, few seeds but no seeds, completely free stamens, 5 carpels, at least 8 carpels, each ovary bottle-shaped, placenta margin, most ovules pentagonal, 7- 13 per corner, and round seeds.
After peony changed from wild to domestic, due to the change of environmental conditions and continuous artificial breeding and cultivation, not only the color, pattern and flowering period changed sooner or later, but also the shape of plants, the length and thickness of roots and the color and shape of leaves.
I. Plant types
Peony plants vary in height, cluster, vertical inclination and aggregation due to different varieties. Generally speaking, according to its shape or divided into five types;
1, vertical
Branches are erect and tall, densely distributed, with small spreading angle, and the angle between branches and vertical line is mostly 30? Inside. Internodes are long, the annual growth of new branches is 10 ~ 15 cm, and the average plant height of five-year-olds is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the highest can be above1m. Such as "Shougehong", "Purple Er Qiao" and "Yao Huang".
2. Evacuation type
Branches are scattered and bent to extend around, and the plant width is wider than the plant height, forming a low-spreading plant shape, and the angle between branches and vertical line is mostly 45? Above, the new branches are long and soft. Such as Zhao Fen, Keep Red, Mountain Flowers in Full Bloom, Qinglong in Mo Chi, etc.
3. Open type
The branches grow strong and straight, extending obliquely around, and there is an angle between them. The plant type is perfect and correct, and the height is moderate. The annual growth of new branches is 6 ~ 8 cm, and the average plant height of five-year-old branches is 30 ~ 40 cm. Such as "Zhuangyuanhong", "Silver and Red Pairs" and "Gold and Jade to Send".
4. Dwarf type
Branches grow slowly, internodes are short, leaves are dense, and branches are compact and short. The annual growth of new branches is 2 ~ 4 cm, and the average plant height of five years is about 15 cm. Such as "Beauty Red", "Luohan Red" and "Haiyunzi".
5. Go it alone
Most of them are artificial artistic shapes with obvious trunks and different heights, generally 20 ~ 80 cm. Some branches grow on the trunk to form a crown (some have no crown), which is simple and looks like a bonsai and grows slowly. It usually takes more than 8 years to form. Such as "18".
In each plant type, due to different varieties, the erect degree, height and oblique extension angle are also different; At the same time, the branches are thick, thin, hard and straight. For example, in the dwarf type, "arhat red" belongs to the stout dwarf type, while "flowing from the stem to win the green" belongs to the thin dwarf type; Another example is that the upright "Shouanhong" belongs to the coarse upright type, and the "Yao Huang" belongs to the fine and hard upright type.
Second, the root
Peony has a well-developed root system and many deep-rooted fleshy main roots and lateral roots. Primary roots start from white, gradually turn yellow to brown, the meat is white, individual red, and the meat center is lignified, commonly known as "wood heart". The fleshy part stores a lot of nutrients and water for plants to grow. Generally speaking, plants with deep roots have lush foliage and tall plants, while plants with shallow roots have short branches and short plant types. Peony has different types and numbers of roots due to different varieties, but it can be generally divided into three categories:
1, straight root type
This kind of roots are deep (four-year-old peony roots can be buried more than 80 cm), but the roots are sparse, with only dozens of thick "surface roots" with uniform thickness. The root is smooth and has a hundred skins, and there are few small roots on the root. Roots (called "peony bark" after processing) have high yield and good quality. Such as Feng Dan, Zhao Fen, Er Qiao and Mo Kui. Most of these peonies are medicinal and ornamental varieties.
2. Slope root type
This kind of root varies in thickness and length, and there are many lateral roots, which grow in a cross, commonly known as "chicken claw root". Most of the soil layers are shallow and the slope angle is large. Such as "Qingshan Guan Xue", "White" and "Huanghuakui", the quality and yield of this kind of peony are lower than that of straight root type, so it is not suitable for medicinal cultivation.
3. Intermediate type
This kind of root has moderate density and no obvious main root. Most of them are "noodle roots" with uniform thickness and smooth skin, with an average burial depth of 70 ~ 80 cm, such as "planting black" and "Yao Huang", which have both ornamental and medicinal values.
Third, budding
There are 6 ~ 8 scales around peony buds, so peony buds are also called "scale buds". Peony overwinters with scale buds.
Peony bud can be divided into flower bud, leaf bud, latent bud and adventitious bud according to its function and differentiation degree.
1, bud
The flower buds of peony are mixed buds, which can branch, grow leaves and bloom. The "terminal flower bud" growing at the top of branches is called "terminal flower bud". Once the branches of flowers are opened, the stems will dry up and retract for a period of time. The flower buds inserted between the axils of the lower leaves of the stem are called "axillary flower buds" or "lateral flower buds". Flower buds are generally plump, and you can see the "flower embryo" (that is, the bud inside the scale bud) by peeling off the scales.
2. Young leaves
Leaf buds only have branches and long leaves, most of which are inserted between the axils at the lower part of flower buds, and some of them are born at the top of branches, which are thinner than flower buds and develop into branches after germination.
3. Dormant buds
The latent bud is born in the lowest part of the new branch, and its shape is small and flat, such as millet, commonly known as "dog turtle". It does not germinate at ordinary times, but can germinate only after the flower bud, leaf bud or branch is injured, and its life span is long, reaching 10 ~ 15 years.
4. Adventitious buds
Buds attached to roots are called "adventitious buds". After unearthed, it germinated into sprouting branches, commonly known as "soil buds". Adventitious buds have strong germination ability and are the main source of scions. Old branches (rootstocks) are updated and new shares are added. Adventitious buds do not bloom that year, but grow vigorously. They can develop and differentiate into top flower buds that year and bloom the next year.
Peony buds are different in shape and color due to different varieties, with different shapes and characteristics. Generally speaking, there are cone, pearl, oblate, oblong cone, olecranon, etc. The size of buds, the number and thickness of scales are different. There are also different degrees of turquoise, yellow-green, khaki, khaki, silver gray, brown and purplish red; In addition, there are colors and mixed colors, which are the main basis for distinguishing varieties in autumn. Therefore, it is difficult to identify peony varieties only by the shape and color of flower buds, and it is necessary to master the characteristics of scale flower buds of each variety through long-term patient and meticulous observation.
Fourth, the branch
Due to the different internode lengths of effective branches in that year, the number of buds inserted and germination ability of new branches are also different, and the branching habits are also obviously different, but there are generally two types of branches:
1, single branch type
In that year, the new branches had long internodes and few buds, which only germinated at the base of node 1 ~ 2 or node 1 ~ 3, and only one of these new buds germinated into the new branches of that year. This type is generally tall and sparse, such as "Yao Huang".
2. Dense branching type
The new buds of that year have short internodes and many new buds, usually 3-5. New branches are strong, and each new branch can be pulled out in that year, forming short branches, many branches are thick and clustered. This variety of plants is usually short and densely branched. Such as Ying Luo Zhu Bao, Dan Furnace Flame and Fat Red.
Verb (short for verb) leave.
Peony leaves alternate and consist of leaves and petioles. The shape, size, color and texture of leaves vary with varieties and can be divided into the following categories:
1, large round leaf type
The whole leaf is large and round, more than 40 centimeters long and more than 25 centimeters wide. The leaflets are wide, round and pure, and they are oval or oval. Marginal loss of lateral leaflets; How flat the leaves are. Such as "Wang Hong", "Great Lake Red", "Mokui" and "First Case Red".
2, long leaf type
The size of the whole leaf is the same as before, but the leaflets are long and narrow, rectangular and thin, with few notches, sharp edges and sparse flat or drooping leaves, such as "silver powder and gold scales" and "ice-covered red stones".
3, lobular round leaf type
The whole leaf is small, about 20 ~ 30 cm long, with short and thick leaflets and short and round edges. Such as "Jin Ge Zi", "lantian jade" and "Beauty Red".
4. Small shape and long leaf type
The size of the whole leaf is the same as above, but the leaflets are narrow, with notches at the edges and rolled up. Such as "fat red" and "smoke dragon purple".
5. Medium blade type
The whole leaf is medium-sized, about 30 ~ 40 cm long, with oval lobules, concave edges, sharp rolling and inclined leaves. Such as "false kudzuvine towel purple", "Zhuangyuanhong" and "big brown purple".
There are special leaf shapes at home and abroad. For example, in the "Three Strange Sets", only three irregular circular leaves are born on each petiole, which is two-thirds less than that of ordinary varieties, and it is a compound leaf with two cycles; Another example is "Fleshy Hibiscus" and "Big Brown Purple". There are three groups of leaves on each petiole, which are divided into the top five and six * * * eleven leaflets, two more than ordinary varieties.
The color of peony leaves is mainly green and yellow-green, and some varieties have different degrees of purple halo; Some leaves are dotted with purple or yellow spots; The back of leaves is mostly grayish green and light gray, and some varieties (such as "Bai He") have a lot of fluff.
Six, petiole
The petiole of peony is also divided into thickness, hardness and length, the length can reach 40 cm, and the short one is only 10 cm; Petiole concave is mostly dark purple, purplish red, taupe, yellowish green and other different colors.
The length of petiole, especially the angle between petiole and branch, varies greatly with different varieties, which also has a great influence on the ornamental value of flowers. The angle between petiole and branches is large, the leaves are flat or drooping, and the leaves are sparse, such as "ink sunflower", which has flowers on the leaves, forming beautiful flowers and leaves, which complement each other. On the contrary, the petiole is short and the included angle between the petiole and the branch is small. Because of the close branches and leaves, flowers are often hidden in leaves, resulting in the phenomenon of "hiding flowers in leaves", and the ornamental value is greatly reduced.
Seven, flowers
Peony flowers are colorful and varied. Some varieties have intact floral organs and normal development of sepals, stamens and pistils, such as "lotus" and "phoenix white". But some varieties have petals or degenerate, forming colorful flowers.
According to the number of petals, flowers are traditionally divided into single petals (layers), double petals (layers) and thousand petals (layers). In these three categories, according to the morphological characteristics of flowers, they can be divided into six flower types: sunflower type, lotus type, rose type, hemispherical type, crown type and hydrangea type (traditionally called crown type and hydrangea type). This classification method intuitively reflects the various forms of flowers.
In recent years, peony-related experts and scholars, together with researchers in producing areas, combined with traditional classification methods, have found out the evolution law of peony flowers and flower composition after years of field observation and anatomical observation, and put forward new flower classification, that is, peony flowers are divided into single petal type, lotus type, chrysanthemum type, rose type, thousand-layer terrace type, laurel type, gold ring type, crown type, hydrangea type and Louzitai type.
1, single disc
Petals in 2-3 rounds, 10- 15, wide and flat, with 200-300 stamens and 4-6 pistils. The pistils and stamens develop normally and have strong fruiting ability. This pattern is represented by Opium Purple, Pomegranate Red, Pearl Plate and Fontaine White.
2. Lotus type
Petals in 4-5 rounds, 20-25 petals. Petals are wide, similar in shape and size, clearly arranged, pistil development is basically normal, and the fruiting ability is strong, but some varieties occasionally have stamens or pistil stigma petals. This pattern is represented by lotus, Jinyunhong, Saussurea involucrata and Jade Half White.
3. Chrysanthemum type
Petals have more than 6 rounds, which are similar in shape, neatly arranged and well-defined, and gradually become smaller from outside to inside. Stamens are normal or degenerate, with occasional petalization. Pistil is 5~ 1 1, which grows or degenerates normally and becomes smaller. Some varieties have petal-shaped stigma and poor knot strength. This kind of flower pattern is represented by varieties such as "Rose Red", "Laughter in the Bush", "Silver Red Clever Pair" and "Jinhong".
4. Rose-shaped
Petals are round, gradually getting smaller from outside to inside, stamens partially petaled into normal petals, pistils degenerated into smaller or petaled petals, and the fruiting strength was poor. This flower pattern is represented by "Purple Er Qiao", "Wuhua Yao Hui" and "Xia Hong Zheng Hui".
5. laurel support type
The outer petals are 2-5 rounds, wide and tidy, some stamen petals become slender petals, and there are often anthers or anther traces in the petals. Normal stamens are mixed between petals, arranged irregularly and sparsely, and the pistil is normal or slightly petaloid, which has bearing capacity. This flower pattern is represented by "Shu Women's Dress", "Jiao Hong", "Xian 'e" and "Trilateral Saiyu".
6, gold ring type
Outer petals in 2-3 whorls, broad and flat. Some stamens in the center of flowers become long and narrow vertical petals. There is a circle of normal stamens between the central petal and the outer petal, and the pistil is normal or slightly petaloid, with poor fruiting strength. There are few such designs, such as White Swan and Hong Junyan.
7. Crown type
The outer petals are 2-5 rounds, wide and flat, arranged regularly, and most or all of the stamens are divided into finely divided or wrinkled petals, which are densely raised and shaped like a crown. The inner petals are irregularly arranged, and there are often normal stamens or staminodes between petals, and anthers are often left at the ends of petals; Pistil degenerated or petaloid, occasionally bearing fruit. This flower pattern is represented by lantian jade, Hu Hong, Yao Huang and Shou Anhong.
8, hydrangea type
Stamens are fully petalled, the inner and outer petals are similar in shape and size, and the crowded protrusions are spherical or oval; The pistil is basically or completely degenerated or valved, and there is no fruiting ability. This flower pattern is like "bean green", "green fragrant ball" and "snow reflecting the morning glow"
9. Thousand-story terrace style
The lower petals have more than 4 rounds, the petals are arranged neatly and similar in shape, and there are no stamens and staminodes between petals. Stamens are normally small, or occasionally petaloid, and pistils degenerate and become smaller or petaloid; The upper petals are small, spreading or erect, the stamens are getting smaller and smaller, and the pistil degenerates and becomes smaller or petal-shaped. This flower pattern is represented by Ling Hua Zhan Lu, Zhihong and Shouxinghong.
10, tower
The stamens of the lower flowers are completely petalized, which is similar to the shape of normal petals, and the pistil petals are transformed into normal petals or colored petals; The petals of the upper flowers are slightly larger and more numerous, and the stamens are basically petaloid or degenerate; The pistil petals become normal petals or colored petals, and some varieties degenerate and disappear. This flower pattern is represented by varieties such as "Chilong Huancai", "Shengdan Furnace", "Jade House Diancui" and "Purple Paris".
In the process of peony flower pattern development, some varieties often have 2-3 or more flowers on the same plant and branch. Such as "Zhao Fen", "Innocent fragrance", "White crane lying in the snow" and "blooming mountain flowers", the same plant can produce flowers such as "crown", "laurel" and "single petal". Therefore, when determining the flower pattern of a certain variety, the standard should be the flower pattern with the highest degree of evolution.
Eight, fruit seeds
A flower has five horns, each horn bears 7- 13 seeds, and the seeds are round. The exocarp is green and hairy at first, crab yellow when mature, yellow-green seeds, cracked fruit horns when over-ripe, and dark brown seeds, which can be called 2400-3000 dry seeds per kilogram. Double flowers generally bear 1-5 horns, but the seeds are only partially or completely fruitless; A thousand petals will not bear fruit and seeds.
Identification of peony varieties
Peony competes with Fang Fei in spring. If you wander in the sea of flowers. Besides marveling at the beauty of this flower, I'm afraid you want to know her name. If you bring friends to see flowers, you can name one or two flowers, which will add elegance and unlimited fun. In fact, most peony flowers are not difficult to identify, as long as you have the heart to know her.
Different from flowers
Flowers are one of the important basis for identifying varieties. Peony, like other flowers, is mainly characterized by its corolla, so we should look at the corolla first to distinguish varieties.
Divided by mode
Peony is divided into three categories and twelve species. Namely single leaf, Shuang Ye and double stage. Single petal type, lotus type, chrysanthemum type, rose type, laurel type, gold ring type, crown type, hydrangea type, chrysanthemum terrace type, rose terrace type, crown terrace type and hydrangea terrace type. Here is an example.
Single petal type: petals 1-3 rounds, wide, normal pistil and pistil. Such as Huang Huakui, Splash Ink Purple, Feng Dan, Picking Fruits from the Plate, etc.
Lotus-shaped: petals with 4-5 rounds, wide and even, like lotus when opening. Such as "Red Clouds and Feibei", "Tathagata Lotus" and "Cinnabar Base".
Chrysanthemum-shaped: The petals are round, and the arrangement level becomes smaller from outside to inside, such as "Cai Yun", "Luoyang Red" and "Ling Hua Xiaocui".
Rose-shaped: petals naturally increase, gradually decrease from the outside, and a few stamens become finely divided petals; Pistil slightly petaloid or normal. Such as "Zijin plate", "dew powder" and "big brown purple".
Osmanthus type: the outer petals are obvious, wide and flat; Stamens petal-shaped, gradually tapering from outside to inside, slightly convex, hemispherical. Such as "Great Lake Red", "Lu Fen" and "lantian jade".
Gold ring type: the outer petals are prominent and wide, and the middle petals are long, narrow and vertical, showing a gold ring type. Such as Zhu Sha Hong, Yao Huang and The First Case Red.
Crown type: the outer petals are prominent, and the middle petals are wider and wider from the center of the flower, which looks like a crown. Such as Hu Hong, Yan Rongzi and Zhao Fen.
Hydrangea type: Stamens are completely petal-shaped, closely arranged and spherical. Such as "the red dragon is the color", "silver powder and gold scale" and "the sacred furnace".
The latter four kinds can be summarized as pavilion: they are formed by overlapping two single flowers. Divided into "Chrysanthemum Stack", "Rose Stack", "Crown Stack" and "Hydrangea Stack". Such as "Fire Elixir", "Kunshan Night Bright", "Great Cabbage" and "Purple Paris".
Divide by color
Peony is famous for its eight colors: white "luminous white", blue "lantian jade", red "alchemy", deep purple "planting black", purple "first case red", green "bean green", pink "Zhao Fen" and yellow "Yao Huang". There are also "Er Qiao" and "Jiao Rong Trilateral" with peculiar colors. In addition, the same color has different shades.
Divided by fragrance type
General Bai Mudan fragrance, purple peony fragrance, yellow powder fragrance. Just "smell its fragrance and know its flowers."
Different from leaves
Peony leaves are 3 leaves and 2 leaves. Due to different varieties, leaves show different shapes, widths, thicknesses and colors. For example, the leaves of "Dahuhong" are large, round and thick, and the leaves are mostly flat. For example, the leaves of "ink sprinkled with gold" are big and long, but the leaflets are long and narrow, thin in texture, sparsely spread or drooping. For example, the whole leaf of "Zhuangyuanhong" is medium-sized, the leaflets are oblong, the edges are short and sharp, and the leaves are inclined. For example, "Bean Green" leaves have a layer of white fluff on the back. Such as purple "big brown purple" leaves.
Distinguish from branches
This method distinguishes varieties by plant shape and branching mode. Peony is a tufted shrub, and its plant shape and branching mode are different due to different varieties.
Erect type: branches with small opening angle, upright upward, long internodes, vigorous growth and high tufts, such as "Luoyang Red" and "Peach and Plum Brightening".
Spreading type: the branches have a large opening angle and extend around, and the plant shape is low. Such as "Yipin Zhu Yi" and "Zhao Fen".
Semi-developmental type: between the above two types, such as "Fat Red" and "lantian jade".
Branching methods are divided into single branching type and cluster branching type.
Single-branch type: the branches are long in the current year and there are few new buds. This kind of bud shoots in the early spring of the following year, with high plant height and sparse branches, such as "Yao Huang" and "Pink Er Qiao".
Cluster type: the branches of the current year are shorter, with more new buds and strong branching. In that year, tufted short branches can be formed, and the plants are short and dense. Such as Jin Gezi and Wang Yingming and Zhu Bao.
Identify from the bud
Different varieties of peony have different flower bud shapes and colors. The buds of "Luoyang Spring" are sharp and round; The buds of cinnabar thunder are narrow and sharp; The buds of "Qinglong Yan" are pointed and hooked, like the beak of an eagle. As for the bud color, it is more abundant: the bud of "Hundred Flowers Jealous" is yellow-green; The "fat red" bud is green; The buds of "Mokui" are dark purple and so on. There is a certain correlation between bud color and color. The darker the bud color, the darker the color. The lighter the bud, the lighter the color.
Distinguish from fruits
Generally, the varieties with firm carpels and open carpels are mostly single-petalled and semi-petalled varieties, such as "Like Jinlian" and "Feng Dan". The seed setting rate is low, and the fruits are clustered, and most of them are double-petal varieties, such as "Er Qiao" and "Zhushanlei".
Distinguish from the root cause
The root of Paeonia suffruticosa is also used as an auxiliary means to distinguish its varieties. Some varieties have fewer capillary roots in the root system and the thickness of the roots is relatively uniform, such as "Jingezi". Other varieties have many capillary roots, which are tree-crowned. For example, the roots of most varieties of "Yingwangmingbaozhu" are white, yellow, red and white, while the roots of "Shouanhong" are purplish red, which is one of the important basis for identifying this variety.
Peony is a famous traditional flower in China. It is beautiful and charming, graceful and elegant, with the beauty of color, fragrance and rhyme, which makes people fall in love. Many poets in history have praised it. For example, the Tang poetry praised: "A good name is called Kao Hua". In the Song Dynasty, the word "Ailian" wrote: "Peony is full of flowers", and the famous sentence was spread to famous people. "The King of Flowers" and "Rich Flowers" have also become nicknames to praise peony.
People in the Tang Dynasty loved peonies more. During the peony season, they held a peony festival, and Chang 'an people went out of the city, intoxicated. The palace also loves peony, and the poet Li Zhengfeng praised peony as "national color" and "sweet fragrance", which was greatly appreciated by Tang Gaozong. "National color and fragrance" has since become another nickname for peony.
Peony is regarded as a symbol of prosperity, happiness and peace in China's traditional consciousness because of its unique wealth, luxury and wealth.
Peony-the king of flowers
Scientific name: peony
English name: Peony
Alias: Lujiu, Peony, Kao, Luoyang Wang, Fuguihua.
Family name: Paeoniaceae
Origin and Habit: China, deciduous subshrub. Love cool and hate hot, suitable for dry and wet. I can tolerate the low temperature of -30℃ and grow normally in areas with an annual average relative humidity of about 45%. Like light, but also a little tolerant of shade. Loose, fertile and well-drained neutral loam or sandy loam is required, and it is forbidden to stick heavy soil or plant at low temperature. The flowering period is April-May.
Morphological characteristics: fleshy root system is developed, with few branches and fibrous roots. Plant height 1-3m, the old stems are grayish brown and the branches are yellowish brown. Bipinnate compound leaves, alternate. Flowers are solitary at the top of stem, with flower diameter 10-30cm. The colors are white, yellow, pink, red, purple and multicolor, and there are single flowers, compound flowers, double flowers and cabinet flowers.
There are many ways to divide the tip of peony, which can be divided into upright type, flat type and semi-open type according to plant type. According to the bud type, it can be divided into round bud type, narrow bud type, olecranon type and exposed mouth type; According to the branching habit, it can be divided into single branch type and cluster branch type; According to the color, it can be divided into white, * * *, pink, red, purple, blue, black and many colors (actually there is no pure blue and black); According to the flowering period, it can be divided into early flower type, middle flower type, late flower type and autumn and winter type (some varieties have the habit of secondary flowering, which can naturally reopen after flowering in spring and autumn and winter, called autumn and winter type); According to the pattern, it can be divided into four levels: department, class and group. The four rows are peony, purple peony, yellow peony and purple peony; Two kinds, namely single flower and tiger flower; The two groups are Melaleuca and Louzi; The following groups are divided into several types according to the shape of flowers, such as single petal type, lotus type, laurel type and crown type.
Propagation and cultivation: propagation by branching and grafting, as well as sowing and cutting. The suitable period of transplantation is from late September of 10 to early October of 10, neither too early nor too late. If you like fertilizer, you should fertilize it at least three times a year, namely "flower fertilizer", "bud fertilizer" and "winter fertilizer". Pruning should be carried out after 2-3 years of cultivation. For varieties with vigorous growth and strong branching ability, it is only necessary to cut off the weak branches, keep all the strong branches, and remove the new buds at the base in time to maintain a beautiful plant shape. Bud removal is also an extremely important job. In order to make plants produce bright flowers and keep plants strong, the number of flowers should be controlled according to the age of trees. In the early stage of budding, a certain number of fully developed flower buds should be selected, and excessive flower buds and weak buds should be removed as soon as possible. Generally, 5-6 year-old plants keep 3-5 flower buds. For newly planted plants, all flower buds should be removed in the following spring to prevent them from blooming, so as to concentrate nutrition and promote plant development.
Common diseases are brown spot, red spot and rust. Common pests are nematodes, grubs and cutworms.
Application: the ornamental parts of peony are mainly flowers, which are elegant and magnificent, and are known as "national beauty and fragrance" and "king of flowers" Special parks can be established in parks and scenic spots; Planting flower stands in classical gardens and residential courtyards; Natural solitary planting, clumping planting or replanting in garden green space. It is also suitable for arranging flower borders, flower beds, flower belts and potted plants, and the application is more flexible. By delaying flowering, flowers can bloom all year round. The root bark is used as medicine, and the petals can make wine.
officinal
Since ancient times, Dan has used its root bark as medicine, which is called "peony bark". Shennong Herbal Classic lists it as a product of China. Li Shizhen wrote "Compendium of Materia Medica" and said, "Sedan is the best peony". There is a large amount of peony bark, with an annual domestic demand of about 2.5 million kilograms and an annual export of about 500,000 kilograms. Cao Zhou peony is a medicinal and ornamental variety, and its "Cao Dan" is one of the four peony producing areas in China. The outer layer of peony bark is cork layer, and the cell wall is composed of multiple rows of cork cells, which are light red; The inner layer is cortex, which is composed of thin-skinned cells extending tangentially. The phloem in the cortex accounts for most of the roots, and the center is xylem and pith. There are a lot of oxalic acid crystal clusters and starch in phloem, cortical parenchyma cells and intercellular spaces of peony roots. Fresh peel contains about 5-6% paeonol. C20 H28O 12, but it is easily hydrolyzed into paeonol (C 15 H20 O8) and a part of L- arabinose by its own enzymes. Paeonol C9H1OO3 is a shiny needle-like crystal, which is soluble in water and general solvents, and also contains paeoniflorin, benzoic acid, volatile oil 0. 15-0.4% and phytosterol. Paeonol, as the main medicinal component, has antibacterial effect. In vitro experiments, Cortex Moutan has a strong antibacterial effect on typhoid Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus and pneumococcus. It also has an inhibitory effect on diphtheria. The decoction of peony bark also has the effect of lowering blood pressure. Peony bark is cylindrical, semi-cylindrical or broken, with longitudinal cracks and inward curling on both sides. The outer skin is pink or reddish, the inner layer is brown or khaki, with fine lines, brittle and easily broken. The cross section is pink and white, with a special fragrance. In order to facilitate transportation and storage, the processed root bark is usually cut into small pieces with a length of 6- 15 cm and packed in wooden cases, bamboo baskets and baskets. Pay attention to moisture when storing. After getting wet, its cross section changes from pink to horse red. If it turns black, it means it has gone bad. If damp is found, it should be spread out in the sun immediately, put away gently after drying, and cover it slowly to avoid crushing.
Peony bark is slightly cold, bitter and pungent, and non-toxic. Entering the heart, liver and kidney meridians. Has the effects of clearing blood, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Indications: hematemesis due to macula, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, premenstrual dysphoria, carbuncle, swelling, sores, blood stasis and yin deficiency, sweating and bone steaming. Clinically, it is mainly used for clearing away liver fire, cooling blood and removing blood stasis (diminishing inflammation and lowering blood pressure), such as fever, night sweats, spontaneous sweating, headache and irregular menstruation caused by liver depression. It is often combined with Gardenia and Bupleurum, such as "Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder". Taking its effect of clearing heat and removing blood stasis, it is often combined with rhubarb and honeysuckle to treat acute appendicitis, such as "Dahuang Shaoyao Decoction". For patients with fistula caused by hypertension and arterialization, it can be combined with Flos Chrysanthemi Indici and Concha Haliotidis to lower blood pressure. For fever due to yin deficiency, it can be used with Artemisia annua Biejia Decoction. Because of heat bleeding, it can help rhinoceros horn and Radix Rehmanniae to cool blood and stop bleeding; For patients with blood stasis after chest contusion, Cortex Moutan and Folium Artemisiae Argyi are added to the prescription to cool blood and remove blood stasis. Therefore, Cortex Moutan is a commonly used drug for treating blood deficiency, clearing away heat, removing blood stasis or stagnation. Peony bark can not only be decocted with other drugs to treat common acute diseases, but also be made into pills and tablets with slow absorption, lasting drug effect and convenient administration, carrying and storage. For example, "Liuwei Dihuang Pill" produced by Shandong Heze Standard Factory contains Cao Zhou powder peony bark. This medicine is a small pill weighing 6 grams. As the whole formula adopts authentic medicinal materials and high-quality jujube flower honey as auxiliary materials, the quality of the pill is good, and it has obvious curative effects on deficiency of kidney yin, soreness of waist and knees, dizziness, tinnitus and deafness, night sweats and nocturnal emission, thirst quenching, fluid production, bone steaming and hot flashes, etc. The factory also added medlar and chrysanthemum to our basic eyes and processed it into "Qiju Dihuang Pill". It is mainly used to treat dizziness, discrimination, dryness, pain and other symptoms caused by kidney yin deficiency, and is an ideal drug for middle-aged and elderly patients with eye diseases. The concentrated "Yanyan Tablet" produced by Shandong Heze Jianmin Chinese Medicine Factory has the effect of clearing away heat and purging fire by adding Cortex Moutan to the prescription, and is supplemented by Radix Scrophulariae and Radix Isatidis to enhance the efficacy of nourishing yin and detoxifying. The medicine has the effects of nourishing yin, moistening lung, clearing away heat and toxic materials, clearing away throat, relieving cough and relieving itching, and is used for treating throat itching, dry throat and irritating cough caused by chronic pharyngitis with good effect.
Peony-the National Flower of China
"The national color is full of wine, and the clothes are dyed at night." Peony's national beauty and fragrance have been praised by people since ancient times. The cultivation history of Zhuang Dan was recorded as early as the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the cultivation techniques of peony had made great progress. In the Tang Dynasty, peony was more beautiful and was known as the "Flower King". "Spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease. I watch Chang 'an flowers all day. "The Chang 'an flowers here are peony flowers. The Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing and planted peonies everywhere in Gokurakuji. In the Qing Dynasty, a prince went to Gokurakuji to see peonies and wrote a plaque with the words "National Flower Temple". It can be seen that as early as the Qing Dynasty, Zhuang Dan had been crowned as the national flower. China's world peony cocoon sound, Darwin in his book "Origin of Species", also takes artificial cultivation of China peony to create new varieties as an example, as the demonstration material of natural selection and artificial selection theory. People all over the world cherish peony very much. In the eighth century, China peony was introduced to Japan, 1330 to France, 1656 to Holland and 1820 to the United States. So far, China Peony has been cultivated in more than 20 countries. Peony is inseparable from China culture. It is said that Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty was drunk in winter and blossomed, but Wei Zhuangdan resisted and was demoted to Luoyang. This made Luoyang courageous and won the reputation of "the best in the world". It can also be seen that peony is not afraid of arrogance, power and adversity, which is in line with the special integrity of the Chinese nation. In the Ming Dynasty, the peony in Cao Zhou (Puze) once again flourished and won the reputation of "the hometown of peony".
Peony flower language:
Peony: complete, affectionate and rich.
Autumn Peony: Life, Expectation and Light Love
Main producing areas of peony in China:
1: Heze, Shandong, is known as the "hometown of peony".
2. Luoyang, Henan has the reputation of "Peony Capital"
3. Tongling in Anhui Province
There is a millennium peony in Baishan, Hebei.