Second, after watering Lycium barbarum, we should pay attention to loosening soil in time, raising ground temperature, loosening soil, keeping moisture, reducing water evaporation and eradicating weeds. Water Lycium barbarum immediately after planting, and then water it again within 7- 10 days according to soil moisture. After Lycium barbarum completely survives, it is irrigated for the third time, combined with the third irrigation, the first fertilizer is applied, and then combined with the topdressing for irrigation. Generally, it is advisable to irrigate 6-8 times a year, and the irrigation times mainly depend on the soil drainage. If the water conservation is poor, it needs more irrigation, and if the drainage is poor, it needs less irrigation. In short, when planting Lycium barbarum, less irrigation can be used without affecting the normal growth of Lycium barbarum. This management is powerful for the deep growth of Lycium barbarum root system and lays a good foundation for its deep roots and lush foliage in the future.
3. Lycium barbarum is a woody plant, which is very fond of and tolerant of fertilizers, especially decomposed organic fertilizers. Under the premise of applying organic fertilizer, the ability to resist inorganic fertilizer is also very strong. Top dressing for the first time: phosphate fertilizer is the main fertilizer, supplemented by nitrogen fertilizer, and deep application is appropriate. The deep application of phosphate fertilizer is not only beneficial to the deep and rapid growth of root system, but also beneficial to the early development and multi-branching of crown. The second topdressing: based on the ternary compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the time is to bloom in the fruit branches. This kind of fertilization is conducive to promoting the growth of fruit branches longer, more flowers and more fruits, and also to promoting the growth of strong branches. After pruning for a short time, the secondary branches will grow and multiply rapidly. Top dressing for the third time: mixed application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer is higher than that of phosphorus fertilizer. This fertilization time starts from seeing the ripe fruit, and the purpose is to ensure the nutrition needed for the fruit to mature. The amount of topdressing each time is about 100g/ plant, and the positions before and after topdressing can be appropriately staggered.
There are five kinds of diseases and insect pests in Lycium barbarum, including aphids, psyllids, thrips, gall mites and rust mites. There are five diseases, most of which are black fruit disease, root rot and powdery mildew. We should not only control major pests and diseases, but also control other minor pests and diseases. The safety interval is 5-7 days, and the same drug can be used at most once a year. In mid-May, aphids, psyllids, thrips, gall mites and rust mites were controlled with 25% imidacloprid 1500 times solution or 2000 times solution of 20% acaricide. Spraying pyridaben 1000 times in mid-June can control aphids, psyllids, thrips and other pests and scabies. In mid-July, 0.3% oxymatrine 800 times solution was used to control aphids, thrips and other pests. In mid-August, spraying 1.50 times liquid sulfur suspension concentrate to control scabies and rust. When black fruit disease or Fusarium wilt occurs, it can be controlled with 400 times solution of kasugamycin.
5. The traditional pruning season of Lycium barbarum is divided into three times, namely, spring pruning, summer pruning and autumn pruning. The focus of pruning is autumn scissors and spring scissors, in which autumn scissors undertake two major tasks: shaping and pruning. The modern pruning season is also divided into three times, namely, spring pruning, summer pruning (also called growth season pruning) and winter pruning (also called dormancy pruning), with emphasis on summer pruning and winter pruning.
1) Foundation cleaning: During construction, all sprouting strips and long branches growing at the roots of Lycium barbarum are cleaned.
2) Topping: All the upright branches and strong branches that grow at the top of the tree crown and exceed the predetermined height shall be thinned or shortened to maintain the required height.
3) Cavity cleaning: it is the focus of the whole winter shearing. Results One year later, there were many strong branches and long branches in the crown of Lycium barbarum at the initial fruit stage, which affected the extension of the crown. There are many large and medium-sized strong branches and long branches in the crown, which block the light and affect the tree potential balance. They are important objects of chamber cleaning, and the method adopted is mainly thinning, supplemented by short cutting. Clean layers are removed by chamber cleaning and trimming. The second purpose of room cleaning is to remove the indoor bundles of trees and the old, weak, sick and residual branches that bear no or little fruit, so as to make the branches of the crown smooth up and down.
4) Dressing: After cleaning and dressing the cavity, the full crown skeleton is basically clear. The first fruit of Lycium barbarum is generally prone to uneven canopy strength or poor position of main lateral branches. The work of pruning is to use the peripheral strong branches to solve the problems of uneven crown strength, poor main lateral branches and short-cut crown expansion. Mature Lycium barbarum is to prune the branches of each crown. The main targets of thinning are old and weak branches, horizontal strips, branches of diseases and insect pests, fruiting branches sticking out of the crown and over-dense branches. The main objects of short cutting are strong branches with space and some medium fruit branches. After pruning, each layer should be clear, and the crown branches of each layer should be evenly distributed at a certain distance, with good ventilation and light transmission. In the selection of branches, trees are pruned according to planting density and fertility level. Mature Lycium barbarum trees with high quality and high yield should bear 27,000-35,000 branches per 667 square meters after pruning.
5) Bottom trimming: After trimming, some branches still cling to the ground, which will affect the production in the following year. Branches less than 35 cm above the ground should be cut.
(2) Pruning in spring: after germination and before leaf development. The main task is to make up for the lack of pruning in winter and cut off branches and leaves.
(3) Summer pruning (growing season pruning): Summer pruning spans spring, summer and autumn. The more accurate name of this pruning should be production season pruning, which is another key pruning of Lycium barbarum plastic pruning. The advantage of the top branch of Lycium barbarum is extremely obvious. During the whole production season, long branches grow at the top of roots, trunk and trunk branches. Because of its special position, fast growth and small and thin leaves, these long branches can't feed themselves and consume a lot of organic and inorganic nutrients. In the growing season, the first task is to remove the long branches in time to ensure that the remaining branches can get more nutrients. Generally every 8- 10 days. In addition, for the long branches that grow in the middle at the beginning of the growing season, if COVID-19 needs to be cultivated, COVID-19 can be cultivated by cutting them short. Another purpose of pruning during the growing season is strong branches. At the initial stage of fruiting, the strong branches of Lycium barbarum are mostly planted on the trunk, and the included angle with the main branches is small, which is the main object of cultivating the backbone branches. Through repeated short cutting, the crown expands rapidly and forms a large number of fruiting branches, which is the main means to achieve early maturity and high yield. In the full fruit period, the strong branches of Lycium barbarum are usually planted in the higher position of the main branches, which has strong ability to obtain nutrients and water. By timely dewatering, coring, cutting short and other measures, the limited space is fully utilized, the fruiting branches are increased, and the fruit picking time is prolonged, so as to achieve the purposes of cutting useless branches, transforming intermediate branches and increasing summer pruning of fruiting branches.
Pruning techniques of Lycium barbarum in the first fruiting period (1-4 years old)
The first-grade or super-grade asexual cuttings can blossom and bear fruit in the same year of planting, and enter the growth and bearing period in that year. Because this period is the crown cultivation period, it is also called the initial fruiting period. The goal of pruning in this period is to reshape, expand the crown, cultivate the tree shape and improve the yield at the same time. In the initial fruiting stage, the trees grow vigorously and the branches are thick. Branches can germinate three or four times a year by coring and cutting off strong branches and collapsed branches. At the same time of cultivating backbone branches at all levels and rapidly expanding crown, the dual purposes of cultivating crown and increasing yield are achieved.
The pruning of Lycium barbarum trees in the first fruit period is focused on accelerating crown expansion and tree cultivation in the production season, and the pruning in the dormant period is focused on shaping and pruning. In order to complete the tree cultivation in four years and reach the goal of 400 kilograms per 667 square meters in the fourth year, the pruning task must not be concentrated in one period, but should make full use of the pruning throughout the year, especially in the production season. The selection of the tree shape at the initial fruit stage of Lycium barbarum should be determined according to the planting density, fertilization conditions and pruning technology level, which is conducive to high quality and high yield in the future. In order to take care of the needs of newly developed Lycium barbarum, taking the most basic high-yield tree-shaped three-story building as an example, the pruning method of Lycium barbarum at the first fruit stage is introduced below.
1. For the seedlings with certain lateral branches in the nursery in the first year, 3-4 suitable positions are mainly selected, with the angle of 30-40 degrees as the main branch and short cut from the trunk 12- 15 cm. According to the position and branch angle, the remaining side branches are reserved and sparse. Seedlings without lateral branches planted in the nursery are fixed at 55-60 cm from the ground. After being fixed, 3-4 evenly distributed strong branches are selected as the first layer of main branches in the plastic belt of 10- 15 cm, and cut short at 12- 15 cm. After the main branches are cut short, 3-5 branches with different angles germinate near the cutting mouth for a period of time, the strong branches with angles less than 30 degrees are thinned in time, the strong branches with angles of 30-40 degrees continue to be shortened, the short section length is 10-20 cm, and the branches with angles greater than 40 degrees are not thinned, and naturally grow to form fruiting branches. If the seedlings survive early in the planting year and the water and fertilizer conditions are good, the backbone branches can form secondary lateral branches, and then the pruning system can be reshaped again in the dormant period.
2. In the second year, continue to select 1-2 strong branches from each main branch selected in the first year as the extension branches of the main branch, and pick the core at 13-20cm to enlarge and enrich the first layer. In addition, the vertical branches of the crown and trunk should be drained in time, the secondary branches with angles greater than 30 degrees should be cut short, and the fruiting branches should be cultivated, and the drooping fruiting branches should not be cut obliquely. If the Lycium barbarum tree survives early in the first year, and the crown has formed three branches, it is necessary to pay attention to selecting the long branch closest to the trunk as the central trunk in late May of the second year, picking the core, capping it 40 cm higher than the first layer and cultivating the second layer. If the main branch of the first layer does not form 3-level lateral branches in late May of the following year, the second layer is generally not considered. The focus of pruning and training is on the first floor. The pruning method in the late growing season and the shaping method in the dormant period are similar to those in the first year.
3. In the third year, last May, a second crown was cultivated by coring and capping. Select 3-4 strong branches that form an angle of 30-40 degrees with the crown of the second layer as the main branches of the second layer, and cut them short at a distance of 12- 15 cm from the central trunk. All other branches, strong side branches with angles less than 30 degrees, can also be moderately shortened or not. After the main branch of the second layer is cut short, 3-4 branches with different strengths can be sent out at the incision. Among them, the strong branch with an included angle less than 40 degrees with the central trunk is selected as the extension branch of the main branch, and it is cut short at 10-20 cm. The upright branches and strong branches with an included angle of less than 40 degrees from the central trunk should be thinned in time to ensure the normal growth of the main branches and extended branches, and the rest branches should bear fruit first, and then be treated when pruning during dormancy. For the single plant that did not cultivate the second crown last year, in April of the third year, it is necessary to select long branches in time, pick the core and cap it 40 cm above the first crown to promote lateral branches and cultivate the second crown. The cultivation method is the same as that of the double crown formed in May last year. In the third year of dormant pruning, the whole winter pruning program should be fully applied.
4. In the fourth year, the main task is to improve the cultivation of two crowns and accelerate the formation of three crowns. The selection of the third crown should be carried out from late April to early May in spring, and the long branch closest to the trunk position should be selected as the central trunk. When it grows to 35-40 cm higher than the second crown, it should be cored and capped to promote the formation of the third crown. The pruning method in the fourth year refers to the pruning method in the third year, and the pruning focuses on the cultivation of three crowns in the middle and late growing season and the plastic pruning in the dormant period.
After four years of tree cultivation, a three-layer tree-shaped Lycium barbarum garden with tree height 16- 1.7m and crown width 1.3- 1.6m has been formed. The biggest advantages of this tree shape are proper spacing between layers, less shading between layers, strong spatial fruiting ability, many fruiting branches, large leaf area and coefficient, and good utilization of light energy, which is suitable for high quality and high yield in the future. In addition, this kind of tree can be easily pruned according to the planting density. There are three key technical links to cultivate this tree: first, only the first layer is cultivated on each culture layer; Second, the length of the first main branch of each layer shall not exceed15cm; Third, the angle of the first main branch on each floor should not be greater than 40 degrees.