1. Basic principles of fertilization for garden plants
How to apply fertilizer to ensure plant health
[Comment] [Source] China Flower News [Author] Anonymous [Date ]2006- 10- 17
For the healthy growth of plants, it is very important to keep a proper amount of nutrients because these nutrients can reduce the number of plants.
All kinds of coercion. Sometimes, inappropriate fertilizers can harm plants and even cause diseases. The concentration of fertilizer solution can be determined by the following formula
Its electrical conductivity.
Conductivity meter, also known as soluble salinity tester. Whether in irrigation water, fertilizer solution or planting substrate solution, it
It can be used to determine the concentration of salt ions in solution. But the conductivity meter can't distinguish sodium chloride from potassium nitrate, and the former will cause danger to plants.
Risk, which is very useful for plants.
Plants have different requirements for each nutrient element. Plants have the greatest demand for carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These elements are usually water or two.
The form of carbon dioxide is absorbed and utilized by plants. Plants also have a great demand for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. These elements are called large quantities.
Element. Plants need less iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, sodium, chlorine, tin and molybdenum, so they are also called trace elements.
PH value and plant nutrition pH value are used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in water or growth medium solution. Because the pH value is related to the camp
Whether nutrients can be absorbed and utilized by plants, so the pH value of fertilizer or growth medium solution is very important. If the pH value is not reached
The range required by plants, nutrients can not be absorbed by plants. On the other hand, however, if nutrients are easily and quickly absorbed by plants,
It is likely to lead to poisoning caused by some nutrient elements.
Nitrogen and potassium are easily absorbed by plants in a wide pH range. Phosphorus is more easily absorbed at low pH value. However, in Miao
In nursery or greenhouse crops, problems caused by low phosphorus are generally not observed. Calcium and magnesium are more easily absorbed at higher pH values. microelement
(Fe, Mg, B, Zn, Cu) is more easily absorbed and utilized by plants at low pH value. When the pH value is less than 4, trace elements are toxic to plants.
The phenomenon of harm is more common; When the pH value is higher than 7, plants often have symptoms of trace element deficiency.
Apply a large amount of elemental nitrogen-research shows that for most plants, the concentration of nitrogen in the applied liquid fertilizer is 100ppm.
200ppm is the most ideal concentration range. This concentration range is determined by the easy loss of liquid fertilizer. Liquid fertilizer should be watered every time.
Use. When applying controlled release fertilizer, a small amount of nitrogen is enough.
Phosphorus-For plants, when using liquid fertilizer, the concentration of phosphorus is the best in the range of 5 ppm ~ 15 ppm. When mineral soil
When the pH value is lower than 6 or the pH value of organic soil is higher than 7, it will cause phosphorus deficiency symptoms. Excessive phosphorus application on cloudy days will cause plants to soften.
Soft.
Potassium-In liquid fertilizer, the concentration of potassium should be between 25ppm and 75ppm. Many plants actually absorb more potassium than they need.
A lot. When the content of potassium fertilizer in irrigation water is very low or potassium fertilizer is not applied to plants regularly, plants will have symptoms of potassium deficiency. When nitrogen and phosphorus content
When the dosage is high, the content of potassium should be increased to obtain the most suitable ratio of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium.
When the ratio of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium is 3: 1: 2, plants will reach the best growth speed. However, artificial fertilizers often lead to
Phosphorus and potassium are wasted precisely because the ratio between them is incorrect.
Fertilization suggestion: First, fertilize plants only when absolutely necessary. If liquid fertilizer is applied, it should be the opposite before fertilization.
The soluble salt content in the long matrix was tested to see if it was within the appropriate range. In addition, in cold seasons, such as early autumn.
The dosage of slow-release fertilizer can be reduced to half of the maximum dosage.
2. The methods and functions of borrowing scenery in traditional gardens in China.
Methods of borrowing scenery in landscape design
There are methods of composition, and the ancients summed up that there are 18 methods of composition, namely: matching scenery, borrowing scenery, cutting scenery, framing scenery, isolating scenery, dividing scenery, releasing scenery, introducing scenery and dividing scenery.
Tibetan scenery, dew scenery, shadow scenery, hazy scenery, color scenery, fragrance scenery, eye scenery, theme scenery and sky scenery. Because of space reasons, I won't analyze them one by one here, but I'm right.
The skills of setting, borrowing scenery and framing are analyzed.
The so-called "right" to the scene means relative meaning. I take you as the scene, and you take me as the scene. There are many such scenes in the garden, but we should do this well.
The scenery is not easy either. Gui Jing is natural. The nature here is ambiguous, and it is also related to distance. At a certain distance, the landscape seems to feel uncomfortable.
The scenery is like a person. If two strangers stand face to face within 2 meters, they will feel very uncomfortable. The scenery is the same, if one yard is two.
On the other hand, there is also this unpleasant feeling, which is called "hard confrontation". If the scene cannot be unfolded, is there any way to make up for it?
What about defects? Of course there is. Look at the Shilin Courtyard in Suzhou Liuyuan Garden. North of the courtyard is Fengting, south of the courtyard is Shilin hut (half pavilion), opposite it.
On the other hand, the distance is only 10 meter, but I am not embarrassed. Why? It is precisely because there are several peaks in the garden that they look at each other and the scenery is hidden from time to time.
, more subtle. Stones were also erected in the Qianlong Garden of the Forbidden City in Beijing, and in the small courtyard between Gu Hua Xuan and Sui Chutang. It is said that the same technique was used.
This garden was written by Emperor Qianlong. He loves Jiangnan gardens, so his technique is the same. The lotus root of Suzhou Yiyuan Garden faces north, and the pool is a fake mountain forest.
A pavilion on the mountain, that is, "Little Canglang" dotted on it, forms a landscape dominated by nature, which can be described as beautiful; Instead, people watch lotus root fragrance in the pavilion.
The pavilion is also very imposing, and you can see the gardener's ingenuity from top to bottom. There is an irregular piece on Yinshe Mountain in Xiling, west of Gushan Mountain in Hangzhou.
Open space, surrounded by buildings: Hanshan Old Stone Room, Guanle Building, Huayan Tower, Museum, Zhao Si Pavilion, etc. There is a stone pool to the north of the clearing. There are many here.
The relationship between scenes is different, which is very interesting. Due to the narrow space between the north and the south, there is no object in the south, and you can see the scenery below the mountain and avoid it.
Avoid "hard vision" with short sight distance.
Borrowing scenery is relative to scenery; Borrowing scenery is only wrong. Wuxi Jichang Garden, looking south in front of Huancui Building, can see the western hills behind the trees.
And Longguang Tower on the mountain. The tower and the mountain seem to be a landscape in the garden; On the other hand, if people are in Xishan or Longguang Tower, even Jichang Garden can't be found. Borrowing scenery is a single order.
Yes, this is the difference between borrowing scenery and viewing it.
Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, looking west from my bamboo pavilion, you can see the North Temple Tower in the distance. With the image of this tower, this scene is more beautiful.
. The scenery is layered, and the tower becomes the foreground of this scene.
Technically, if you want to borrow scenery, you must design the line of sight. Jichang Garden can see the Western Hills, and Humble Administrator's Garden can see the North Temple Tower because of the viewpoint.
There is a big pool in front, so that the line of sight can reach the distant scene. Both pools are made long and narrow, which can lengthen the sight distance without affecting the park scale. at present
With an accurate plan, aiming is not difficult, but there was no such plan in ancient times. How can it be so wonderful? This must be observed and grasped on the spot.
Although borrowing scenery is a traditional gardening technique, it can also be used for reference in urban green space construction to make the landscape more interesting. There are many high-rise buildings in this city.
Architecture can learn from the scenery to organize the landscape. "Garden and Metallurgy" said, "There is no distance if there is beautiful scenery, the sky is high if the mountain is beautiful, the sky is empty if it is far away, and it is vulgar if it is far away.
You sift it, and Jia accepts it. Regardless of the town, it is a scene of cigar smoke. The so-called "smart and decent" industry ... the so-called "mass screen" can also be managed.
The solution is that some buildings are ugly, so we have to block their sight with trees and small buildings, which can attract beautiful buildings in the distance.
Enter the landscape for viewing. If there are mountains and towers in the city, it will be even more desirable.
As the name implies, framing is to frame the scene in a "box", just like painting. There is a pavilion in the Humble Administrator's Garden, sitting in the northeast of the pavilion.
Looking out of the window, I saw Bai Wen Shenzhi Zhai and the water gallery outside, which formed a beautiful picture in the shade. In the Summer Palace in Beijing
Looking west, you can see Yuquan Mountain and Pagoda in the distance, Xidi and Kunming Lake in the vicinity, and mountains in the distance.
Layer upon layer, picturesque.
There is a wall to the east of the north courtyard of Suzhou Lion Forest Flower Basket Hall, with a portal in January and courtyards on both sides. It can be said that it is a framework for each other and interesting. also
Maybe the gardener intends to do this, so there is the word "into the circle" on the door of this month's cave. These four words come from Zhuangzi? "Homogeneous object theory": "Peter
It is the only way to get it, that is, pivot, pivot, and the beginning of its ring can be endless. ..... "This means that both sides can't find its opposite, that is,
It is the hub of Tao. This hub road first got the center of the ring of Tao to cope with all the endless things in the world. There are profound philosophers here.
That's right. I don't know if these four words were written by the owner of the garden, and whether they have anything to do with framing both sides. But in any case, there is such an interaction objectively.
For the frame view, it is commendable.
In fact, leaking windows also play a role in attracting scenery. For example, there is a row of leaking windows on the wall of Hangzhou Xiling Printing Factory. When people look at the scenery outside the window, they want to visit the park.
So I found the gate along the wall and went in. The cloister in Suzhou Yiyuan Garden and the cloister in Shanghai Yuyuan Garden both have the function of attracting scenery. There are many ways to introduce the scenery, including
Curved walls (with strong guidance) are used to draw landscapes, such as the Tiger Run in Hangzhou. From the "Tiger Running Spring" to the city wall, along the arc-shaped city wall, you will arrive at Diecuixuan and Guihua Hall.
Wait a minute. Some even use words to suggest that it has played a role in attracting scenery. For example, Shanghai Yuyuan Garden has a corridor from Sansuitang to the east and north, which is "getting better and better"
The word "environment" plays a very attractive role. On the wall next to the corridor, there is also a word "turn", which is obviously a turn, and there are indeed many beautiful scenery inside. In short, nothing.
On the other hand, leaky walls, corridors, steps, curved walls and even words can play a role in attracting scenery; But we must do it properly and not pretend to be the master. These things are just
Play the role of a scenic spot, not the main scene.
Eighteen scenery methods are just the summary of the ancient scenery methods. You can't copy mechanically and stick to the rules, so you must handle it properly. In addition, this technology should also be integrated.
It is necessary to innovate when it is used in the new urban greening landscape design.
3. Maintenance and management of big trees after transplantation
As the saying goes, "people move to life, trees move to death", which shows the difficulty of transplanting big trees. Due to the working conditions of opening the road bayonet and transplanting trees in the road expansion project
Very poor, the dug roots are generally very small, and it is difficult to survive without strengthening the later maintenance. In order to improve the survival rate, the following protective measures must be taken:
1, the branches above the ground are coated with protective agent, and the trunk is tightly wrapped with straw rope to reduce water evaporation;
2. After transplanting, make firm support to prevent lodging;
3. It is forbidden to water continuously after transplanting to prevent root rot caused by poor soil ventilation;
4. Watering must be combined with the application of "rooting powder" to promote the germination of new roots.
With the development of social economy and the improvement of urban construction level, trees are increasingly used in various garden projects, especially
Is a key project, often in a relatively short period of time to reflect the effect of greening and beautification, which requires planting a certain number of trees. Big tree transplantation needs
Invest more manpower, mechanical equipment and funds, and at the same time, the regeneration ability of big trees is obviously weaker than that of young trees, so it is difficult to survive. Therefore, the new transplant
The maintenance and management of big trees is particularly important.
The maintenance and management of newly transplanted trees should focus on the following two aspects:
First, keep the balance of water metabolism of trees.
Big trees, especially those that have not been transplanted or cut down, will suffer great damage to their roots and greatly reduce their water absorption capacity during transplantation.
Low. Trees often wither or even die because of insufficient water supply and unbalanced water metabolism. Therefore, maintaining the balance of water metabolism in trees is a new transplant.
The maintenance and management of big trees is the key to improve the survival rate of transplantation. To this end, we should do a good job in the following aspects:
(1) Moisturizing the aboveground part:
1. All-inclusive: tightly wrap the trunk and relatively thick branches with straw rope, cattail bag, moss and other materials. The dressing has certain moisture retention.
And thermal insulation. After all-inclusive treatment, direct glare and dry wind can be avoided, and the evaporation of water from trunks and branches can be reduced; Second, a certain amount can be stored.
Moisture, keep the branches moist; Thirdly, the temperature of branches can be adjusted to reduce the damage of high temperature and low temperature to branches, and the effect is good. Currently, there are
Plastic film is used in some places, which is effective during the dormant period of trees, but it should be replaced in time before the trees germinate. Because plastic is thin.
The poor air permeability of the membrane is not conducive to the respiration of the wrapped branches, especially in the high temperature season, the internal heat is difficult to dissipate in time, which will cause high temperature burns.
Damage to branches, buds or hidden buds, causing damage to trees.
2. Spray water: The aboveground parts of trees (especially leaves) are easy to lose water due to transpiration, so it is necessary to spray water in time to moisturize. Water spraying should be thin and uniform.
Spraying on all parts of the ground and surrounding space provides a humid microclimate environment for trees. You can spray with a high-pressure water gun or install a water supply pipe.
Above the canopy, one or several fine-hole nozzles are installed according to the size of the canopy for spraying, which has a good effect, but it takes a lot of labor and materials. Someone took "
Hanging salt water "method, that is, hanging a number of salt water bottles filled with clear water on the branches, using the principle of hanging salt water, let the water in the bottles slowly drop on the trees."
For the health, and regularly replenish water, saving both labor and investment. But the water spraying is not uniform enough, and the water quantity is difficult to control. Trees commonly used for crown transplantation
After painting the branches, make the leaves well, or spray water to moisturize them.
3. Shading: In the early stage of tree transplantation or in the high temperature and drought season, a shade shed should be built to shade the trees, so as to reduce the temperature in the shed and reduce the water evaporation of the trees.
In areas with high density planted in rows and patches, greenhouses should be built to save materials and facilitate management, and solitary trees should be built according to plants. Need a full crown shadow
Keep a distance of about 50 cm from the canopy above and around the shade shed to ensure that there is a certain airflow space in the shed to prevent the canopy from being sunburned.
The shading degree is about 70%, so that the tree can receive some scattered light and ensure the photosynthesis of the tree. Depending on the growth and season of trees.
Change and gradually remove shadows.
(2) Promote new roots:
1. water control: the water absorption function of the newly transplanted tree roots is weakened, and the demand for soil moisture is small. Therefore, as long as the soil is kept properly moist.
Yes Too high soil water content will affect the permeability of soil, inhibit the respiration of root system, which is not good for hair roots, and will seriously lead to root rot and death.
Death. Therefore, on the one hand, we should strictly control the amount of soil watering. Water should be poured for the first time when transplanting, and then according to the weather conditions, soil texture,
Check and analyze, water carefully. At the same time, attention should be paid to prevent excessive water droplets from entering the root area when spraying water. The second is to prevent water accumulation in tree pools. Stay when planting.
The watering hole should be filled up or slightly higher than the surrounding ground after the first watering to prevent water accumulation during rain or watering. At the same time, in low-lying areas
Where water is easy to accumulate, drainage ditches should be opened to ensure timely drainage in rainy days. Third, maintain an appropriate groundwater level (generally-1.5).
Below meters). In places where the groundwater level is high, net ditch drainage should be adopted. When the water level rises in flood season, deep wells can be dug around the roots to extract groundwater.
Row outside to prevent flooding.
2. Protect new buds: The germination of new buds is the sign of physiological activities of newly planted trees and the hope of their survival. More importantly, the tree body
The germination of the upper part has a natural and effective stimulating effect on the root system and can promote the germination of the root system. Therefore, in the early stage of transplantation, especially transplantation,
The sprouted buds of the trees that have been pruned again should be protected so that they can shoot branches and grow leaves, and then pruning and shaping can be carried out after the trees survive. At the same time, in the tree
After germination, water spraying, shading, pest control and other maintenance work should be strengthened. To ensure the normal growth of buds and buds.
3. Soil aeration: maintaining good air permeability of soil is beneficial to root germination. Therefore, on the one hand, we should do a good job of intertillage and loosening the soil,
Prevent the soil from hardening. On the other hand, soil ventilation facilities (ventilation pipes or bamboo cages) should be checked frequently. Found that the ventilation facilities blocked or water, to
Clean up in time and keep good ventilation.
Second, tree protection
Newly transplanted trees have weakened resistance and are vulnerable to natural disasters, pests and diseases, man-made and livestock hazards, and must be strictly guarded against.
1. Support: Trees attract wind. Trees should be supported and fixed immediately after planting to avoid toppling. Triangular piles are most beneficial to the stability of trees, and the supporting point is trees.
Preferably 2/3 Takaso, with protective layer to prevent skin damage.
2. Pest control: adhere to prevention first, check frequently and do a good job of prevention according to the characteristics of tree species and the occurrence and development law of pests and diseases. Once sent
If you are sick, you should prescribe the right medicine and prevent it in time.
3. Fertilization: Fertilization is beneficial to restoring tree vigor. In the early stage of tree transplantation, the root fertility is low, so it is advisable to topdressing outside the root, usually about half a month.
Time. A fertilizer solution with a concentration of 0.5%- 1% is prepared from urea, ammonium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and other quick-acting fertilizers, and sprayed on the leaves in the morning and evening or on cloudy days.
Spray, in case it rains. After the roots germinate, soil fertilization can be carried out, which needs to be applied thinly, and care should be taken to prevent the roots from being damaged.
4. Frost resistance: Newly planted branches and roots germinate late, with short annual growth cycle, less accumulated nutrients and insufficient tissues, which are easily affected by low temperature.
Harm, should do a good job of antifreeze and heat preservation. On the one hand, after autumn, we should control nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, gradually extend the light time and improve efficiency.
Light intensity, in order to improve the degree of lignification of trees, improve their cold resistance. Second, before the winter cold wave comes, keep the trees warm.
Work. It can be protected by covering soil, covering the ground, setting up wind barriers and building plastic greenhouses.
In addition, publicity and education should also be done in areas where people are concentrated or other areas that are easily damaged by human activities and livestock. At the same time,
Bamboo fences can be set up for protection.
Because of the different environmental conditions, seasons and the actual situation of the newly planted trees, the maintenance methods and key points are also different. Need us
Only by analyzing in practice, grasping the main aspects of contradictions and using them flexibly according to time, place and tree can we achieve the expected results.