Chinese phonological terms, the rhymes of China in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, mainly the Book of Songs. The main achievement of traditional phonology in the study of ancient rhyme lies in the division of ancient rhyme. The materials used are mainly homophonic radicals in The Book of Songs and Shuowen Jiezi, as well as rhymes, heavy texts, different languages, public holidays, reading words, and phonetic training in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. The basic method is to connect the rhymes in the Book of Songs and summarize the rhymes. Then, according to the homophonic relationship, the scope of rhyme parts is expanded, so as to obtain a complete ancient rhyme system, and Chinese characters are classified into each rhyme part respectively. In the Song Dynasty, Wu Kun began to explore the face of ancient rhyme and wrote Rhyme Department. In the Ming Dynasty, Changdi wrote Textual Research on Ancient Phonology in Shi Mao, which thoroughly cleared up the fallacy of "Ye Yun" theory that people in Tang and Song Dynasties changed their sounds into ancient rhymes, and put forward the viewpoint that ancient and modern sounds were different. In the Qing Dynasty, Gu wrote five phonological works, which got rid of the shackles of traditional phonology, summed up rhyme feet according to the actual situation of ancient rhyme, isolated Tang rhyme to separate ancient rhyme, and changed today's rhyme from yang rhyme to yin rhyme. There are 65,438+00 ancient rhymes, of which Yang, Geng, Zheng and Song are the final conclusions. In the future, paleontologists will conduct more accurate research on the basis of Gu's work. Among them, Jiang Yong wrote "The Mark of Ancient Rhyme", which is divided into 13 parts. Its contribution lies in the solid part, the invading part and the still night part. The back part is separated from the fish part and classified as the night part. Duan Yucai wrote a phonological table of six books, which is divided into six categories, 17 ancient rhyme. His contribution lies in three branches, the division of real text and the independence of Hou department, and puts forward the theory that homophones should be the same as ancient rhymes. The ancient rhyme has made a general conclusion on the division of Duan's family. In the Qing Dynasty, Dai Zhen wrote A Textual Research on the Phonological Rhyme and a Table of Phonological Rhymes, which divided ancient rhymes into 9 categories and 25 parts, and each category was divided into three parts: Yin, Yang and Rusheng, which pioneered the matching of Yin and Yang rhymes. Kong Guangsen's poems are divided into 18 ancient rhymes, which makes the winter department independent; And put forward the theory of "the opposition of Yin and Yang". Wang Niansun is divided into 265,438+0 ancient rhymes, and Jiangyou patent is also divided into 265,438+0 ancient rhymes. Zhang divided the ancient rhyme into twenty-three parts, and in his later years advocated combining the winter rhyme into one part, that is, twenty-two parts. Huang Kan is divided into 28 ancient rhymes. Wang Li, a modern scholar, advocates fat classification. The work of Guyun Branch has been improved.

Supplement:

Guyun guyun

Refers to the rhyme of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, mainly the Book of Songs. These rhymes have long been found to be a bit difficult to read, but a leaf sound in the Song Dynasty said: When a word is used in a rhyme, the usual pronunciation can be changed according to different contexts to make it read smoothly. For example, the word "Yu", in the chapter "Yu", has an awkward rhyme, so read y-; In the second chapter, the above is Peng He □, so read W□ng.

In the Ming Dynasty, Changdi began to put forward the view that the ancient sound was different from the present sound and opposed the Ye sound. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Gu wrote five phonological works and began to seriously study the phonology of pre-Qin. Because the imperial examinations below the Tang Dynasty required writing poems, people memorized the rhyme and the words in each rhyme. These early researchers also focused on two issues: how many categories of pre-Qin rhymes should be divided into, and which words should be received from each category.

For the convenience of narration, now we change the classification of the cooperation between Luo Changpei and Zhou Zumo, the most classified modern people, and add a note to it, and list it at the end:

(1) in the department. Including "Guang Yun", □ (flat voice means flat) rhyme and some rhyming words. The homophones of these words are "Qi", "Lai" and "You".

(2) the quiet part. Including "yes" and "clouds", such as □, □. The root of harmony is □, beg …

③ at night. Including Xiao, Xiao, Yao, Hao Yun, Heng, Xiao, Jiao and Tao. The heads are Zhao, Xiao, Jiao and Zhao.

4 after the supplement. Including post-rhyme characters and some lingering words, such as □, ju. The radical is □, sentence.

⑤ Fish department. Including fish, danger and rhyme, such as living, danger and pu. On the other side are Ju, Wu and Pu.

⑥ Song Department. Including songs, songs, rhymes and some rhymes, how, □, snakes, □. The radicals are ke, □, it, □.

⑦ Branch. Including "knowledge" and "good rhyme", such as "knowledge" and "style". Radical is a branch, indeed.

8 fat department. Including "Fat", "Qi" and "Full Rhyme", such as "Fat", "Qi" and "Yi". Radicals are the will, the wife and everything.

Pet-name ruby micro department. Including fat, slight and gray rhymes, such as "Yi", "□" and "Wei". Radical expensive, ghost.

Attend the sacrifice department. Including sacrifice, too, □, waste rhyme words, such as venting, love, failure, □. The radical is the world, □, North, □………………………………………………….

□ East. Including some oriental rhyming words, such as "empty", "□" and "bang". On the other side is work, life and prosperity.

□ Winter Department. Including some rhyming characters of winter and the East, such as Zong. Radicals are sects and Chinese sects.

□ steaming department. Including steaming and rhyming words, such as steaming and hate. Radical □, Zeng.

□ Yang system. Including some rhymes of Yang, Tang and Geng, such as Shang, Basket and Fu. The radicals are Shang, Kuang and Guang.

□ Ministry of Agriculture. Including Geng, Geng, Qing and Qing rhyme, such as Ping, Geng, Qing and Ting. The radicals are Ping, Jing, Qing and Ren.

□ Zhenbu. It includes some rhymes of truth, realization and priority, such as salary, pride and turmoil. The radicals are Xin, Qin and Zhen.

□ We. Including words such as □, Wen, Xin, Soul, Rhyme such as □, Wen, Xin, □ … The radicals are □, Door, Gold, □ ………………………………………………………………………………………….

□ Yuanbu. Including Yuan, Han, Huan, deletion, mountain, fairy, and the first part of rhyme, such as Yuan, Han, □, Zhang, Zhang and so on. The radicals are root, □, □, interval and □.

□ Tell me about the department. Including Tan, Xian, Xian, Yan, etc. Free radicals are inflammation, □, □ …

□ invading the department. Including invasion, Qin, salt and rhyme, such as Xin, Qin, Zhao and Gui. The radical is sound, Qin, □ …

-functions, including professional ethics rhyme, such as-,-… radical is urgent, or.

□ Housing Department. Including room (department), □, rhyme characters, such as □, green, □ and so on. The radicals are □, Lu and Shu.

□ Wobu. Including the house (part of it), Wo Yun characters, such as □, poison. Free radicals are complex and toxic ... (some people call them sensory parts).

□□ Department. Including □, Duo, I and Jueyun, such as Scherzo, □, □, Zhuo. Radicals are abuse, violence and jealousy.

□ Tubu. Including □, multi-rhyme and some words with ink, wheat and rhyme, such as □, left, ke, □, □. The radical is □, at first glance, each □, □.

□ Tin Industry Department. Including the words of rhyme and some words of Mo, Mai and Yun, such as □, □, Bi and … are analysis and innovation.

□ Quality Department. Including quality, comb, waste rhyme, room, □, knot and so on. The radicals are straight, □, and self …

□□ Department. Up to now, there is no rhyme, such as "Shu", "Wei" and "Hu". Radicals include Shu, Wei, Begging, Bie ... (In addition, there are some scattered characters of Zhi, Wei, □ and Team Rhyme).

□ Moon system. Including words such as "Moon", "Death", "End", □ and "Snowy Rhyme", such as "Xie", "Brown", □ and "Shuo". Next to the compilation are Li, □, □, □ provinces.

□ The Ministry. Including rhyming words such as "A", "QIA", "X" and "Fa". The root is a, □…

□ Capture system, including capture, combination, □ and □, such as weeping and combination. Radicals are standing and combining.

Attending the above-mentioned common names are yinyin, vowel or □ sound; □ ~□ is a positive sound and a nasal sound; □ ~□ are entering sound and closing sound.

Gu's phonological theory in Five Tones is a theoretical summary. In Five Tones, he emphasizes "the seventh extreme" and "the third extreme". This reflects that he may think that there is only a difference of 3/ 10 between the modern voice and the voice of the Book of Songs. As long as a few voices are changed according to 7/ 10, the work will be complete. He said under the word "friend" in "Friends of the Hare": "The ancient sound is" Yi ". It can be seen that he did not imitate the sound, but changed from the existing A sound to the B sound. His classification (not according to the original order) is: ① The branches of tin grease are tiny and offer sacrifices to the moon. (2) Sleeping in the back house night □. 3 fish duo. Four songs. 5 Dongdong. 6 steam. ⑦ Yang. ⑧ Farming. Pet-name ruby yuan. Participate in the invasion and arrest. His voice is below the sound of yin (the attending is an exception).

Duan Yucai reclassified on the basis of Gu, and got 17 post: ①. ② at night □. 3 excellent home. ④ Hou. ⑤ There are many jade. 6 steam. All landowners invasion. Tell me about it. Pet-name ruby winter. Attending Yang. □ plow the fields. □ Real quality. □ We. □ Yuan. □ Slightly fat □ Sacrifice the moon. □ Tin. □ Song. It can be seen that except for four points, that is, the house is not divided, the quality is placed in the sun, the winter is not divided, and the fat moon is not divided. Other places have achieved the same results as modern people. Just entering the tone or under the yin tone, this is Gu's method. In addition to the divisions, Duan Yucai also listed the rhyming words in The Book of Songs and Qunjing for easy reference. More prominently, he also linked the classification of homophonic words with ancient rhyme, saying: "One sound can be combined with ten thousand words, and ten thousand words must be the same. They must be the same at the same time. " It is generally correct except that it should not be affirmed by the full name. This is because the time when a large number of homophonic words were produced is roughly the same as that of The Book of Songs. In addition to the phonological spectrum, he also listed 17 ancient homophones. For example, in his sixth book, he listed the following words: the voice of your voice, the voice of dreams, the voice of flies, the voice of your friends, and the voice of bowing ... He also called the words that occasionally don't rhyme in a book "He Yun" and listed them after each rhyme. After the publication of Duan Yucai's Six Books Sound Average Table, it caused great repercussions. Qian Daxin said he was "chiseling". Later people made further progress, almost all of which just made up for his shortcomings.

After the paragraph is written, please ask his teacher Dai Zhen to preface it. Dai Zhen wrote back a long letter. The letter said that the words in the rhymes of sacrifice, tai, □, Fei, Yue, Gong, Mo, Fu, □ and Xue, such as strokes and strokes in □□□, can be combined with the words of fern, □ and new moon in "Grass Insect". In the case of section 17, that is to say, section 15 should be separated in the next month. What are the categories after separation? As can be seen from Dai Zhen's later works, he wrote two books, Mourning and Repression, but only went in. This is a characteristic of Dai Zhen. His own innovation is to use the shadow button to represent a rhyme. For example, his three categories of east, back and martial arts are called Weng, Fu and martial arts. This is more scientific. Because he is also in charge of onomatopoeia besides the branch. His shortcoming is that he sticks to the same rhyme: he refuses to separate all the words with the same rhyme, such as You and Hou. So he didn't listen to the idea of separating you from Hou. All these scholars insist on certain arguments under the pretext of "listening to the sound", which sometimes prevents them from accepting the correct opinions of others.

Wang Niansun once corrected Duan Yucai's mistakes face to face. In his letter to Jiang Youliang, he said: "Duan Jun went to Beijing on business, and only then did he have a meeting to discuss ancient sounds. Tell Hou to have his own voice; Non-fat income under the month should be counted as part; The quality is not true; The moon and the moon have gone, and there is no peace; The second part of Jinan didn't go up and didn't go. Duan Jun followed the second (that is, there was a tune in the Hou Department, which was divided into two parts), but he did not follow the third. "Please review the above 17 in Duan Yucai. If we follow Wang Niansun's advice, his house will be completely changed, regardless of quality, truth, fat and the moon. As long as it is divided into east and winter, the fat is slight and the entrance tone is completely independent, it will be the pattern of modern people (only the synthesis of the moon).

Kong Guangsen (1752 ~ 1786) is also a student of Dai Zhen. He said in his poem: "Tang Yun, one east, three bells and four rivers ... are one. Those who have read the radical of this poem come from the East ... with ... rich fillings ... public work ... funerals ... chimneys ... from ... dragons ... capacity ... with ... seals ... fierce ... brave ... * * ... dispatch, they say again, ". "In addition to the bow and dreams, the rest are winter.

Kong Guangsen also made an outstanding contribution, that is, he divided all the voices into yin and yang (he advocated that there was no voice in the past). Originally, Dai Zhen had "pairwise collocation, with adjustment as the collocation hub", which Kong Guangsen thoroughly realized and made a preparation for the relationship between the later research departments. But he just made a neat picture, made a rough division, and actually combined the truth into one (see yin and yang upside down). He also wrote A Case Study of Sion, listing various rhyming formats in The Book of Songs, which can help readers break the prejudice formed from modern poetry.

It is Zhang who inherits and develops Kong Guangsen's achievements. He contributed to division and onomatopoeia. In terms of division, he separated the □ department from the bottom of the fat, and only the team department that entered the rhyme said, "The two fat teams live together and turn around, and the old one doesn't leave." In terms of onomatopoeia, he has 23 poems dedicated to onomatopoeia. Zhang Ba's words are more clear, for example, "Dong Dang is subordinate to the rhyme of the river (Jiangnan is called' Jiang' and the dome is big ... Jiangxi is especially □)". Let people know that he said vowels. He is a Buddhist and knows some Sanskrit, and his onomatopoeia is often modeled on Sanskrit. So his division and onomatopoeia are clear. Now put his Rhyme Table on the phonetic symbol and list it at the bottom: Note: "Shangyang sound and Xiayin sound are' opposite'. Several of them live together in the same family. "

The reverse order means that the first half of the rhyme is roughly the same, and there is no nasal ending behind it. He is still turning to the problem that the vowels are fixed (and some are changing). His improvement is to sort out the relationship between departments more orderly, so he said: "what Confucius said ... is to change the trial from the trial." His bypass arrangement is much more reasonable.

Zhang's onomatopoeia has aroused people's thinking. Strangely, green, east, winter and steaming are not-□, but can be changed into -n and -m categories. This is influenced by Sanskrit. Sanskrit has 14 vowels. One school of scholars only uses 10, plus a□, a□, a *** 12. □ This is an additional number indicating the nasalization of vowels. Used in front of the fricative, K, T, P becomes □ [□], N, M, and some monks read the pattern of □ before the fricative. He said: "India's sound mona is all about style, but it is unique in momentum." This is what he learned in Sanskrit.

Zhang Xuesheng Huang has 28 departments. Except Me, Wei Zi and Moon Sacrifice, all the voices are completely independent. In each film, he found rhyme feet with equal rhymes called the first and fourth, called ancient rhyme, and the rest called modern rhyme. Although the first and fourth rhymes have not changed much since ancient times, it does not mean that rhymes have changed because of any conditions. For example, Yuan Youhan and Huan have two ancient rhymes, and Changsha dialect uses two vowels. It is said that "cold bottle" is an ancient rhyme, but no one in the world understands it. Therefore, his onomatopoeia theory cannot be translated into phonetic symbols like Zhang.

Modern money (1887 ~ 1939) is divided into "Youwo" and Wang Li is divided into "knowing taste", so there are 30 "one * *". If we separate Sacrifice to the Moon according to Dai Zhen's opinion, it will be the 3 1 movie mentioned at the beginning of this article.

Classification is the greatest contribution of Chinese scholars to the study of ancient rhyme, but it should be pointed out that there are many Chinese characters, and rhyming is easy to obey the rules. There are few small words in the department and it is difficult to rhyme, so it is inevitable to borrow other departments. Some classifications are uneven, such as intrusion and separation, and residence ... several parts are independent or not, which leads to differences of opinion. There are inevitably some personal hobbies at work here.

New rhyme, also called modern rhyme, new rhyme.

What is new rhyme (which is called "new rhyme" by the Chinese Poetry Society, the authoritative organization of metrical poetry in China), is to write metrical poetry with the pronunciation of Putonghua, Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary!

There are only two questions here:

1. According to the scheme of Chinese Pinyin, the first sound and the second sound are both flat sound and rhyme; Three tones and four tones are different sounds and rhymes.

2. According to experts' affirmation, the intonation of the ancients and the pronunciation of modern Chinese have disappeared, some of them are flat, and some of them are flat, so they are all included in the pronunciations we found in Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary. The ancient people read tones, but the pronunciation of modern Chinese is gone, so they are all incorporated into the pronunciation we found in modern Chinese books; The ancients put it into phonology, and the pronunciation of modern Chinese has disappeared, so they all put it into phonology. In terms of the rules of metrical poems (metrical poems), we should check the equal and even scores of the ancients. Its pronunciation, we will check the pronunciation of modern Chinese. Remember, one tone and two tones are flat tones and rhymes; Three tones and four tones are rhyme and rhyme; The ancients read it with rhyme (rhyme word) and entered rhyme; The tones (flat or flat) read by the ancients are all included in the pronunciations of "one, two, three and four tones" found in modern Chinese dictionaries and dictionaries.

If we look up the flat scores of Yuan Qu in Tang poetry and Song poetry, we can find that they are all flat except rhyming. Let's look up modern Chinese dictionaries and dictionaries. One sound and two tones are even. Three tones and four tones are all slurs. In this way, we fully meet the requirements of metrical poetry.

For example:

Two-tone memories of old school works on the mountain: a toast to the past (rhyme)-

Let's drink to the past. (dry, flat voice)

After 30 years of searching for the moon, Wan Li's fame and fortune is dusty.

Don't chase yesterday.

Will drink until the past.

Frost dew in the wind Qiu Lai, heron Qi Fei, long celestial pole.

There are piles of fruit in the field.

Memories of Jiangnan in Song Dynasty, with two tones, can be written twice according to the meter. Recalling Jiangnan, also known as Wangjiangnan, Dream Jiangnan and Good Jiangnan. The meter of Yi Jiangnan:-+/,+/-(rhyme). +/+-//,+-+/-(rhymes). +//-(rhymes).

This is a metrical Song poem. Writing feelings: first of all, it is the meter of the song poem "Recalling Jiangnan", which is also the music score, so it should be strictly observed; The second is rhyme, which has three rhymes and two tones, so there are six rhymes; Third, leveling, that is, filling words and phrases that match the pronunciation of modern Chinese from modern Chinese dictionaries and dictionaries to complete the content of poetry.

Of course, to distinguish between horizontal rhymes, 1. In a metrical poem, horizontal rhyme and new rhyme should not be mixed; 2. It is best to add (new rhyme) or (near rhyme) or (new rhyme) in brackets after the title of the poem.