Recommend some books about aesthetics. Books about aesthetics are:
1. The Course of Beauty: The Course of Beauty is a literary theory work created by Li Zehou. With profound and unique vision and vigorous brushwork, the author covers the whole history of China's aesthetics. From the ancient dragon and phoenix dance totem to the Ming and Qing crafts, this paper describes the occurrence, formation and evolution of China's aesthetic consciousness from a macro perspective, and points out that this is also the accumulation process of national aesthetic consciousness characterized by practical rationality. This book outlines a general outline for the history of Chinese aesthetics.
2. Four Lectures on China's Aesthetics: Four Lectures on China's Aesthetics is a book published by Life, Reading and New Knowledge Joint Publishing Company in 2008. The author is Li Zehou. Li Zehou's academic exploration had an important influence on China's aesthetics in the second half of the 20th century. This importance lies not in his innovative interpretation of specific academic issues, but in his unique role as a philosopher's macro vision in aesthetic construction.
3. Zhu Guangqian talks about beauty: there is no natural beauty in the world, and all beauty must be created by the mind. What is beauty? Beauty lies not only in things, but also in the heart. In the relationship between mind and things. However, this relationship is not as Kant and ordinary people imagined, that is, things are stimuli and hearts are feelings; It is an expression of interest in the image of things.
4. History of Western Aesthetics: The History of Western Aesthetics was published by the Commercial Press on 20 1 1 by Zhu Guangqian. It belongs to the series of China's modern academic masterpieces, and represents China's level of learning western aesthetic thoughts.
5. Aesthetics: Hegel's Aesthetics is a masterpiece of great significance in the history of western aesthetics. Aesthetics was originally an "aesthetic lecture" given by Hegel during his stay in Heidelberg University and Berlin University. It was later compiled into a book and published in 1835 four years after Hegel's death. Hegel's aesthetics is based on objective idealism and dialectics.
References:
History of Western Aesthetics-Baidu Encyclopedia
Important knowledge points of self-study aesthetics: aesthetic activities Important knowledge points of self-study aesthetics: aesthetic activities 1 1. The dynamic mechanism composed of aesthetic needs, aesthetic ideals and aesthetic interests builds the foundation and control platform for the existence of aesthetic activities. (1) Aesthetic needs: It refers to people's inner desire to realize and affirm themselves actively in objectified activities and to develop their spiritual requirements freely and completely according to their own life ideals, which is a new enrichment and new expression of people's essential strength. Aesthetic needs have two remarkable characteristics: first, aesthetic needs are unique and inherent necessity of human life, which is rooted in the uniqueness of human life activities; Secondly, judging from the difference and connection between people's material needs and spiritual needs, aesthetic needs belong to people's advanced spiritual pursuit, not just the enjoyment of sensory desires. (2) Aesthetic ideal: it is the idea of perfect beauty in the subject's mind, and it is the beauty of the ideal form constructed by the subject through imagination. The main functions of aesthetic ideal in aesthetic activities: firstly, aesthetic ideal determines the subject's choice of aesthetic object and aesthetic judgment to a certain extent, and has a guiding and normative role; Secondly, as a kind of life accomplishment, aesthetic ideal directly makes aesthetic activities an important part of the subject's life practice. (3) Aesthetic taste: it is the subjective interest and tendency of individuals in aesthetic activities and evaluation. Ability or appreciation is the internal aspect of aesthetic taste, and interest and taste are the external manifestations of aesthetic taste. Aesthetic taste has two characteristics: first, aesthetic taste has obvious personality differences; Secondly, the main factor affecting the subject's aesthetic taste is still the acquired factors or social conditions he faces. This duality of aesthetic taste determines that while acknowledging its individuality, we should also pay attention to preventing aesthetic taste from being a relative point of view. The criteria for judging whether an aesthetic taste is healthy are as follows: firstly, the aesthetic taste should be linked with the specific aesthetic object to see whether the judgment based on this taste fully reflects the objective characteristics of the aesthetic object; Secondly, as an integral part of the subject's aesthetic psychological structure, aesthetic taste is bound to be restricted by the subject's aesthetic ideal, so as to judge the quality of aesthetic taste. 2. The basic nature and particularity of aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is not only an independent human activity, but also an inseparable internal life activity and unique spiritual activity, which is manifested in spiritual perception and emotional experience, with more distinct subjectivity and more full personalized characteristics. The particularity of aesthetic activities is reflected in the following four aspects: (1) Spiritual communication between people and the world. Fundamentally speaking, aesthetic activity is a kind of spiritual exchange and dialogue between man and the world, and it is a free life activity that conforms to human dignity and can best reflect people's true value. (2) The most personalized spiritual activity. Aesthetics is a kind of spiritual activity with the most personalized color, which constructs a poetic world with unique life significance, and is fundamentally a free spiritual experience that transcends realistic functions and material needs. (3) the unity of limited non-utility and maximum utility. The so-called non-utility of aesthetic activities means that aesthetic activities do not aim at a limited purpose. On the contrary, it must be based on the premise of getting rid of direct utilitarian purposes, and aesthetic activities point to a holistic and fundamental utilitarianism, that is, it urges people to reach a complete state of free existence. (4) Aesthetic activity is the unity of self-discipline and heteronomy. The so-called self-discipline means that aesthetic activity itself is a perfect world, which is not a means, but a direct purpose itself. The so-called aesthetics has heteronomy, that is, aesthetic activities are not a closed, isolated and isolated world. First of all, aesthetic activities are fundamentally determined and restricted by material practice. The level of social productive forces determines the scope of people's aesthetic objects, the material media of artistic works, and also determines people's aesthetic needs and abilities. Secondly, the historical level of material production labor and the characteristics of the relationship between man and nature formed in production will eventually penetrate into the specific content of aesthetic activities through various social intermediary factors, and determine the direction and level of aesthetics; Third, the historical emergence and evolution of various aesthetic forms is essentially an aesthetic condensation and reflection of the continuous development of people's realistic situation, living state and ideal pursuit in history. It can be said that the degree and breadth of aesthetic consciousness is the humanized measure of the continuous generation and expansion of people's rich inner nature in reality. 3. The value connotation of aesthetic activity (1) Aesthetic activity is a kind of value activity. Aesthetic activity itself is a person's world, so this world only exists for genius. No matter how different and different the specific objects involved in aesthetic activities are, these objects are related to people when they enter the aesthetic world. Once these objects enter the aesthetic field, they become objectified and objectified people, and become full confirmation and affirmation of their own essential strength. Therefore, aesthetic activity is valuable because it embodies the value of life. (2) The essence of aesthetic value and general value activities. First of all, they all show a special relationship between subject and object, which is based on subject, purpose and trend. The attribute of the object itself becomes the value object that the subject needs, and the subject's need is the value confirmation of the object's own attribute. Therefore, the development of aesthetic activities is not only the process of humanization and internalization of the object, but also the process of objectification and realization of the aesthetic needs of the subject; Secondly, they are bound to be deeply restricted by social practice activities and develop with the development of social practice. (3) The particularity of aesthetic activity as a value activity. First of all, aesthetic activities pursue spiritual values that can meet people's spiritual needs, and the subject mainly uses his own aesthetic senses to directly grasp the aesthetic characteristics of the object and experience emotions; Secondly, in aesthetic activities, the subject enters a special world with profound life significance from the world of daily work, and pursues a unique spiritual value that can enlighten people to understand the true meaning of life and inspire people to constantly create their own life meaning. (4) Aesthetic activity is the most primitive way of human existence. First of all, the way of human existence in aesthetic activities is different from that in daily life, and it is a transcendental way of existence; Secondly, human existence in aesthetics is different from human existence in alienation activities, and it is a free way of existence; Thirdly, the existence of people in aesthetics is different from the actual existence of people, and it is a natural way of existence. 4. Aesthetic subject and object only exist in aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity is the basis of aesthetic subject and object, which provides a realistic basis for the existence of aesthetic subject and object. This is because: first of all, beauty is not something that exists before people, but a special value produced by the interaction between aesthetic subject and aesthetic object in aesthetic activities; Secondly, only in the relationship between subject and object can we grasp the essence of aesthetic subject; Thirdly, as far as aesthetics is concerned, it is the objectification of human beings that constructs the realistic aesthetic object and the corresponding aesthetic subject, and determines the stipulation of the aesthetic relationship between subject and object. In a word, aesthetic subject and aesthetic object are two basic elements of aesthetic activity, and aesthetic activity is a contradictory movement process of interdependence, mutual adjustment and mutual agitation between aesthetic subject and aesthetic object. 5. The existence state of aesthetic activity of aesthetic subject is essentially a spiritual activity of human beings, which determines that subject is mainly a spiritual existence mode in aesthetics. The so-called man is a way of spiritual existence in aesthetics, which only means that in aesthetic activities, man mainly exerts his spiritual essential strength, and in the process of spiritual possession, he confirms his realistic existence through spiritual labor. The characteristics of spiritual existence in aesthetic activities are mainly reflected in the three basic links of surprise, experience and clarity and their ups and downs. (The characteristics of the spiritual existence of the aesthetic subject in aesthetic activities) ① Amazing: jumping out of daily life. Aesthetic surprise is a special psychological state which is different from daily life experience because of its direct consistency with the object in a certain realistic situation. It is manifested not only by the object's call to the subject, but also by the subject's yearning for the object. ② Experience: Immerse in the direct relationship with the object. Aesthetic experience is a unique mental state in which the subject is deeply attracted by the object with a certain unique nature in specific aesthetic activities, and can't help but comprehend, appreciate and chew, thus intoxicated, and his mind is shaken and shocked. ③ Clarity: Going to the real world. Only in aesthetics can people directly meet the whole world with a complete "I", and all the obscurity between people and the world is opened, thus making the subject enter a bright and clean state, a highest living state. Aesthetic experience is a unique mental state in which the subject is deeply attracted by the object with a certain unique nature in specific aesthetic activities, and can't help but comprehend, appreciate and chew, thus intoxicated, and his mind is shaken and shocked. 6. The emergence and appearance of aesthetic objects (1) The objective conditions of aesthetic objects themselves The material factors of aesthetic objects mainly refer to the perceptual attributes of specific things, such as colors, lines, shapes, sounds, etc., which can be directly grasped by people's ears and eyes, which is determined by the fact that aesthetic activities are basically a spiritual observation activity. 1) color: it is one of the most important perceptual materials in various aesthetic conditions of things, and its aesthetic significance is mainly manifested in expressiveness and symbolism. The so-called emotionality means that color can directly arouse people's feelings and emotions; The so-called symbol means that in different nationalities, due to traditional habits, a certain color has a relatively fixed connection with a certain content, thus making the color have certain cultural significance. 2) Line: Different from color, line is not a ready-made direct object, but an abstraction of the shape of the object in time. In this abstraction, line is endowed with certain conceptual meaning, thus becoming a special vocabulary of plastic arts. 3) Shape: Everything exists in space in a certain shape, and shape gives things a concrete sensibility. It not only constitutes the outline of things, but also the most basic level of all aesthetic objects, and it also has certain expressive force. The most basic and universal formal laws of aesthetic objects are diversity and unity. The so-called diversity refers to the formal differences and connections of various material factors contained in the whole aesthetic object; The so-called unity refers to the internal relationship that different parts of aesthetic objects and different material factors are interrelated, echo, set off and reflect each other in the whole, so as to be organically integrated. "Pluralistic unity" contains more than one, which keeps the consistency of internal blood in colorful expression. (2) The transformation from aesthetic conditions to the reality of aesthetic objects. Things with aesthetic value must first be real things in people's life world, but any objective thing can only be realistic as a specific object if it is related to a specific subject and actually located in some activity. The attribute of aesthetic value only provides a possible condition for aesthetic objects, and only in specific aesthetic activities can this possibility be transformed into concrete reality. Aesthetic objects can only be generated and manifested in specific aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activity, with its freedom, comprehensiveness and transcendence, not only fully exposes the aesthetic value of things, but also opens a living real world full of life, that is, aesthetic objects, and obtains the existence of reality. (3) The immateriality and openness of aesthetic objects are different from those of general activities because of their immateriality and openness. 1) immateriality: the aesthetic object is both a material entity and a spiritual entity. It's just a unique image formed by the mutual infiltration and integration of matter and spirit, objectivity and subjectivity. The aesthetic object lies in the unique observation and experience of the aesthetic subject to objective things with certain aesthetic value attributes. The reason why the aesthetic object is unrealistic is that the aesthetic activity is not a simple meditation, but a positive construction process, which is not only a dynamic transformation process of external things from reality to emptiness, but also a full objectification process of the internal essential strength of the aesthetic subject, so the aesthetic object has become a new spiritual object with the unity of subjective and objective. 2) Openness: that is, the aesthetic object is uncertain and inexhaustible. The aesthetic object is limited and definite, but it is infinite and uncertain. The infinity of aesthetic object lies in its limited individual existence, and the uncertainty and inexhaustible of aesthetic object are rooted in its generating structure, which not only communicates the past, but also opens the future. 7. Special signs of aesthetic occurrence (the appearance of primitive aesthetic consciousness is one of the most important signs of aesthetic activities, please explain the occurrence process of primitive aesthetic consciousness) One of the most important signs to judge that aesthetic activities have occurred should be the appearance of primitive aesthetic consciousness. There is a close relationship between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic needs: only when aesthetic needs are clearly realized and transformed into conscious spiritual pursuit can they really constitute a positive force to promote aesthetic occurrence. Aesthetic needs are the internal driving force of aesthetic consciousness, and aesthetic consciousness is the psychological expression of aesthetic needs. Generally speaking, the so-called aesthetic consciousness refers to people's own aesthetic needs and aesthetic significance to external things, and the psychological reflection form of the aesthetic value relationship between them. It mainly includes people's aesthetic desire, aesthetic taste, aesthetic concept, aesthetic ideal and so on. The production of real human consciousness plays a decisive role in the production and labor activities in which ancient human ancestors began to use and manufacture tools. It began to upgrade the animal's instinctive needs to a conceptual form, thus finally making human activities have the characteristics of conscious purpose, which is the fundamental condition and significant symbol of human consciousness. The main characteristics of primitive consciousness: (1) primitive consciousness contains abstraction in concrete. (2) Primitive consciousness permeates authenticity in ignorance. (3) Original consciousness embodies creativity in mystery. Abstraction, authenticity and creativity in primitive consciousness are the basic factors that constitute aesthetic consciousness. When these consciousness gradually divide, aesthetic consciousness may be born. The process of differentiating aesthetic consciousness from people's general consciousness is the process of separating people's aesthetic needs from people's practical needs, that is, the process of gradually surpassing spontaneous natural needs, making it rise to the level of social life and giving it certain social and cultural significance. The awakening and development of people's self-consciousness has contributed to the transformation of this process. Self-study "Aesthetics" Important Knowledge Points: Aesthetic Activities Chapter II China's animation and animation design are from abroad, and their works mainly show their application value in various fields by using aesthetic principles. At first, China's animation design came from Japan, the United States and Britain. At first, animation design mainly focused on the content of the film, but paid little attention to its aesthetic design application. Nowadays, animation design pays great attention to aesthetic design. The spread of beauty needs various channels, and only diversified media can ensure the development of beauty. This painting feature of cartoon media is a special way to convey beauty, which brings new opportunities for the spread of beauty. It is a novel form and brings people more beautiful enjoyment in a new way. Aesthetics is applied to all aspects of film and television animation: theme, artistic conception, picture, character modeling, color and so on. The design premise of these things is actually how to give people a good feeling. 1. Aesthetic embodiment of animated film and television content. The main content of animation lies in its novel theme and audience's interest. The choice of theme content absolutely depends on its aesthetic color, clear image quality and other issues. The aesthetic design in animation mainly involves the fantasy space in animation, so that the theme in animation content can be perfectly applied. In fact, the aesthetic application of the theme is in all aspects. The mystery and magic of the theme itself is a manifestation of beauty, and its attraction is where the aesthetic application lies. Animation art is the art of giving life. Through the processing of art and technology, it makes the inanimate fictional characters originally composed of lines, blocks and colors show the audience a real flesh and blood body with distinctive personality, flexible movements, exaggerated expressions and vivid language. Generally speaking, virtual animation characters are actors in animation art. In a virtual world, according to the arrangement of drama structure, professional performances are used to interpret an illusory but real and touching world for the audience. 2. The visual aesthetics in animation design embodies the aesthetics in 2. 1 screen. Aesthetics in the picture is often designed in combination with media content, and its main purpose is to perfectly combine the application of visual effects in animated films. Good visual effect also represents a very good aesthetic application, which has been widely used to reflect the image quality. Animation can not only rely on pictures, but also need the rational use of various shooting techniques. Film and television animation realizes the sense of space by changing the lens. When choosing a theme, we should first consider the camera lens movement and lens editing. The visual aesthetic language of animation design can be divided into two parts in terms of attributes. The first is the content of "motion", that is to say, as a kind of "moving image", it can show the actions and states in continuous space-time. These include the law of "moving", the skills of "moving", personality, interest and so on. It is necessary to convey the emotions that the character wants to express to the audience through the display of time. The other part is "painting", which means painting or hand-making, which is different from the general "real shot" film and television images. In animation, various visual elements are not simply piled up, not simply pursuing a special shooting angle, a clever moving lens or the boom lens itself, but combining "moving" and "painting" perfectly for the overall visual value. Therefore, in animation, the aesthetic quality of visual language will directly affect the audio-visual effect, rhythm and aesthetic feeling of the picture. 2.2 The modeling in aesthetic animation is mainly reflected in its design, but also in the application of aesthetics, and its aesthetic effect lies in its role in animation film and television design. The shaping of animated characters also embodies the perfect combination of animated characters' personalities, and shows the aesthetic beauty of plastic arts through the storyline of characters. The embodiment of role is very important in animation, especially its artistic value reflects the individual artistic characteristics of animation. The structural proportion of animated characters, the design of facial features and the design of clothing are all inseparable from the guidance of aesthetics. The design of Chihiro, the protagonist of Spirited Away, is accurate and deeply rooted in people's hearts. The design of this role is very close to real life, pure and kind, which can close the distance with the audience. Chihiro is a child with unique charm. She is simple, simple and natural, infecting people around her with her kind nature. The design of this image can be described as very successful. 2.3 Aesthetic in Color The color in animation is closely related to aesthetics, and the embodiment of color also shows that the quality of animation is closely related. The beauty of color design is an important content of animation design in contemporary society. People's living habits often regard color as an important content of life, and good color brings people pleasant feelings. No matter what role or animation content, it is inseparable from the display of color beauty. People's feelings and interpretations of subjective colors will naturally be reflected in animation design, which is the key to our application of colors in animation scenes. Whether the color is used naturally or not also plays an important role in the aesthetic feeling of the whole animation work. The design of color in animation works should be consistent with its environment, and necessary fashion elements should be added on the basis of bright colors, which is also the best expression of color to beauty. To sum up, aesthetics can be said to have penetrated into all aspects of film and television animation. Animation works transfer the written media to the image media, penetrate their own thinking and what they want to convey, let people explore its significance and value from a new height, and at the same time gain new entertainment experience and aesthetic feeling. 3. Artistic conception of animation design Aesthetic animation design is inseparable from the artistic conception shaped by aesthetics, and animation is also inseparable from the analysis and embodiment of lyric works. Animation design is not only rich in content, but also full of scenes, reality, vitality and infinite charm of poetic space. All of the above reflect the value of animation content and the aesthetic connotation of artistic works. Animation creators create virtual animation art, which is to bring people's mood and consciousness into a strange aesthetic scene with virtual dynamic images and exaggerated narrative scenes, and produce spiritual images of virtual reality and scene blending. It can create light and shadow phenomena that human vision can't feel in real life, and even plan to create another completely strange world. In this strong contrast with the original visual scene and psychological gestalt, the curiosity and appreciation desire of the animated audience are enhanced, so that their aesthetic imagination can be freely exerted and quickly integrated into the artistic atmosphere of the animated film, forming an aesthetic mood. Animation can make people living in industrialized society get visual impact, revive the initial memory of human beings, relive childhood dreams and different ideas, and thus feel extremely strong spiritual shock.
Is the teaching material for self-taught accounting major the same as that for unified recruitment? The self-taught textbooks for accounting majors are the same as those for unified recruitment. The content is similar, the depth of unified recruitment is more difficult, and the teaching materials for self-study are slightly simpler. 1. The self-study exam is relatively loose and strict, and the undergraduate students recruited by the state need to take the college entrance examination and score online before they can be admitted ~! 2. Self-taught undergraduate students have to pass about 33 courses to get a diploma! Unified recruitment means going to school, attending classes, being taught by teachers, and the examination papers for unified recruitment are generally issued by schools, which are relatively easy to test. 3. Most of the self-taught candidates are self-taught while working, with no classes and no teachers. If you take the self-taught exam, it is basically a national unified exam paper, which is more difficult to take.
Can I use the People's Education Edition textbook for the self-study exam? What are the teaching materials for the self-study exam? Can I use the People's Education Edition textbook for the self-study exam? That depends on whether you want to be admitted to adult education. Or self-study.
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