Ramet: A propagation method in which small branches at the base of roots and stems of plants are cut off and then planted separately to grow into independent new plants. This method is simple and quick to survive. Widely used in gardening.
Cutting: Cutting, also known as cutting, is a common propagation method for cultivating plants. Stems, leaves, roots, buds, etc. Some plants can be cut off (called cuttings in gardening), or inserted into soil, sand, or soaked in water, and can be planted after taking root, making it an independent new plant. In agricultural and forestry production, different plants have different requirements for cutting conditions. Only by understanding and adapting to their needs can we achieve a higher reproductive success rate.
1. Selection and treatment of cuttings. Choose strong branches without pests and diseases as cuttings. After selecting cuttings, handle them carefully. The tender cuttings should be cut immediately after harvest to prevent wilting from affecting survival. Succulent plants (such as cacti). ) should be cut and put in a ventilated place to dry for a few days, and then cut when the incision is slightly dry; Or barbecue the incision slightly with a small fire to prevent decay. General plant cuttings.
2. temperature. Generally, the cuttings of plants take root fastest at 20 ~ 25℃. If the temperature is too low, it will take root slowly, and if the temperature is too high, it will easily cause cuttings to rot. Therefore, if the temperature is artificially controlled, cutting can be carried out all year round. Under natural conditions, the temperature is suitable in spring and autumn.
3. Humidity. Care should be taken to keep the cutting substrate moist after cutting, but it should not be too wet, otherwise it will cause rot. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the humidity of the air, which can be maintained by covering it with plastic film, but we should pay attention to ventilation for a certain period of time.
Layering method: layering method is a method that plants' branches and vines are buried in a wet substrate, and after they take root, they are cut off from the mother plant to form new plants. The success rate is high, but the propagation coefficient is small, so it is often used when it is difficult to propagate by other methods or when it is necessary to propagate large plants and new plants. Layering is a method of artificial vegetative propagation of plants. Different from grafting, the branches remain intact, that is, they are not separated from the parent plant, and some of them are buried in the soil, and then they are disconnected from the parent plant after taking root.
1. Ordinary layering. Suitable for plants or tree species with soft branches and vines (Flos Magnoliae, Chimonanthus praecox, etc.). ) There are more flexible branches near the ground. Bend the 1 ~ 2-year-old branches of the mother plant in all directions, cut off the lower part, press them into the into the pit, fix them with hooks, soil up and compact them, expose the branches slightly vertically upward from the ground and insert them into the bracket.
2. Horizontal stratification. Suitable for tree species with long branches and easy rooting (such as apple dwarf rootstock, vines, etc.). ). Also known as continuous pressure and trenching pressure. Dig a shallow ditch along the branches, cut the branches at appropriate intervals, fix them horizontally in the ditch, remove the downward buds from the branches and fill them with soil. After rooting and sprouting, each seedling is accompanied by a section of mother body under the internode.
3. Ripple layering. Lianas (such as grapes) suitable for long branches and vines. Bend branches and vines up and down into waves, bury the ground part in the soil, and cut them into new plants step by step after they take root and protrude from the ground for a certain period of time.
4. Stacking soil in layers. It is suitable for trees with strong root and neck tillering or clumping (such as magnolia flower, pearl plum, yellow thorn rose, plum, pomegranate and so on). ) cut off the base of the root neck branch, pile it up and bury it, and cut it into new plants after rooting.
5. air stratification. Created by China, it is also called China stratification or high pressure. Suitable for tall or inflexible plants, mostly used for precious tree species (camellia, osmanthus, longan, litchi, pistachio and so on. ). Select 1 ~ 3-year-old branches, tie them around for 2 ~ 4 cm, scrape off the cambium or carve them into the wound, and wrap them with plastic sheets, split bamboo tubes, crocks, etc. Tie it tightly and fix it, fill it with moss or fertile soil, water it often and keep it moist, and cut it into new plants after taking root. Seed stripping is generally carried out before sowing, which can be separated by manual or mechanical stripping, and then the seeds are washed with clear water and dried indoors. After the seeds are dried, they can be sown. If you can't sow immediately, you can keep it in the refrigerator for a short time, but don't be too dry, otherwise it will affect the germination of seeds.
Sowing is usually carried out from March to April. After sowing, cover with plastic film or build a plastic shed on the seedbed. After 8~ 10 days, the seedlings can be unearthed. E.g. covered with a plastic film. After most of the seedlings are unearthed, remove the plastic film in time to prevent the seedlings from being burned. At the same time, the seedlings are irrigated 1 time, and the seedlings are dripped and flooded to prevent the sludge from burying the seedlings. In the future, it can be irrigated every 10 day/time. When the seedlings grow the first pair of true leaves, they can be irrigated every 15 days/time. At the same time, we should pay attention to loosening the soil and weeding. When the seedlings grow to 5~6cm high, we can carry out one-time thinning and seedling fixing.
Before planting, ditch should be used to apply base fertilizer. Water is often done in spring. Every year, new long branches will grow from the roots and bloom on the side branches of that year. After flowering, the blossoming branches should be cut off. Wild rose is very cold-resistant and fat-tolerant. During the growth process, pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention in rainy season, and apply fertilizer for 2-3 times to promote the flowering of non-flowering branches in the next year.
Before planting seedlings, the soil can be disinfected with disinfectants such as chloropicrin and metsulfuron-methyl, and at the same time, decomposed organic fertilizer should be applied. After planting, base fertilizer can be applied once a year in late autumn to facilitate growth and flowering. The soil must be kept moist before flowering, and if it is affected by drought at this time, the number of flowers will be affected; Pay attention to drainage and flood prevention in rainy season. If there is too much water, the roots will rot easily. It is appropriate to apply 1~2 times pancake fertilizer and water for pregnancy in bud stage. If painted, it will have a good color and a long flowering period. Pruning is usually carried out before leaf buds germinate. When pruning, the main branch is about 1.5m, and the lateral branches only have about 3~5 buds at the base. At the same time, the dead branches, weak branches, pests and diseases should be thinned out, and the branches that are too old and too dense should be cut off. Potted roses are usually potted in June 1 1 or March-April of the following year, and the cultivation container is larger to facilitate the extension of roots. When transplanting, the roots should be tidied up a little (cut off the injured or excessively long roots) before planting, the planting depth should be shallow, the roots should be left out of the ground, and then the water should be poured.
After the new buds grow in spring, properly sparse the buds, sparse the poorly developed or over-dense buds, and maintain strong buds. Trimming and shaping should be done at least twice a year. 1 is after the end of spring and summer flowers, probably in July and August. The second time was in 65438+February after autumn flowers or March of the following year. Principle of thinning branches: remove weak and sick branches, keep strong branches, and thin dense branches so that the remaining branches are evenly distributed and occupy reasonable space. Pruning: After potted Rosa davurica, it is necessary to prune the branches, generally leaving 15-20cm. The main pests and diseases are powdery mildew and black spot, and 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times can be sprayed. Pests do great harm to aphids and moths, and spraying 10% insecticide is 2000 times.
There are two main conditions for the epidemic of powdery mildew, one is to plant susceptible varieties in a large area, and the other is suitable environmental conditions. Generally, in the case of high wheat density and excessive nitrogen application, it is often serious when wheat plants grow vigorously, plants are weak, the humidity in the field is high or lodging occurs in the wheat field. The disease center usually appears from the end of March to the beginning of April, and the incidence rate rises rapidly with the gradual increase of temperature after mid-April, leading to an epidemic under suitable conditions.
Prevention and control methods:
1. The first agricultural measure is to plant disease-resistant varieties; The second is reasonable close planting and reasonable fertilization.
2. Chemical control First, the plots with serious autumn seedlings can be dressed with chemical agents like wheat head smut; 2. When the field morbidity is 3%~5% in autumn or spring (the morbidity is calculated from the flag leaf to the lower two leaves of the flag leaf), 20 ~ 30ml of 20% triadimefon emulsifiable concentrate or 50g of 15% triadimefon wettable powder should be used and 50 ~ 60kg of water should be sprayed every 666.7m2.. You can also use 50 ml of 25% pest control EC every 666.7 square meters, add 50 kg of water and spray evenly.
Leaves, petioles, shoots and pedicels of black spot disease will be damaged, but mainly leaves. Symptoms are divided into two categories: one is the reddish-brown to purple-brown spots on the surface of leaves at the early stage of the disease, which gradually expand into circular or amorphous dark black spots, with yellow halo around the spots and radial edges, and the diameter of the spots is about 3- 15 mm, and small black spots are scattered on the diseased spots at the later stage, that is, the pathogen meristematic vesicles. In severe cases, the lower leaves of the plant wither and fall early, causing individual branches to die, such as rose black spot. The other is the appearance of brown to dark brown near-round or irregular wheel spots on the leaves, on which black mold, the conidia of pathogenic bacteria, grows. In severe cases, the leaves fall off early, which affects the growth, such as Ulmus pumila black spot.
Prevention and cure method
① Select excellent disease-resistant varieties.
(2) after autumn, clear the litter and burn it in time.
③ Strengthen cultivation management, pay attention to shaping and pruning, and be ventilated.
(4) Spraying 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500- 1000 times, or 75% chlorothalonil 500 times, or 80% zineb 500 times, 7- 10 day for 3-4 times.
The prevention and control of aphids should use various means to stop their harmful activities, mainly including the following points:
First, the eradication of aphids should start from the wintering period of flowers, which can get twice the result with half the effort. If we only rely on the spring and autumn when aphids are the most harmful, the control effect is not significant.
Second, strictly check the newly introduced flower seeds and seedlings to prevent the invasion of new pests from other places, disinfect the soil and old flower pots and kill the remaining eggs.
Third, combined with pruning, the residual flowers and diseased branches and leaves hidden by aphids or eggs will be completely removed and burned centrally.
Fourth, different varieties of flowers have different insect resistance, so we should choose insect-resistant varieties, which can not only reduce the harm of aphids but also save the cost of medicine.
5. When a small number of aphids are found, brush them with a brush dipped in water, or rotate the potted flowers under tap water, which not only kills aphids, but also washes the leaves, which improves the ornamental value and promotes the respiration of the leaves; If conditions permit, natural enemies such as ladybugs and lacewings can also be used for control.
Six, found a large number of aphids, should be isolated in time, and immediately choose drugs or indigenous methods to eliminate pests, the specific measures are as follows:
1. Prepare tobacco leaf water according to the ratio of 1: 15, soak for 4 hours and then spray.
2. Prepare a solution of washing powder, urea and water according to the ratio of 1: 4: 400 for spraying.
3. Spray with 10% omethoate emulsion 1000 times or malathion emulsion 1000 to 1500 times or dichlorvos EC 1000 times.
4. Myzus persicae should be covered with wax powder, and 1‰ neutral soapy water or washing powder should be added when applying any medicine.
Cilia elata: North 1 generation, 2 generations in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and a few 3 generations. All mature larvae overwinter before cocooning in 3-6 cm soil layer under the tree. In the 1 generation area, pupation began in mid-May and eclosion began in early June. The occurrence period is irregular, and the newly hatched larvae can be seen from mid-June to early August, which is the most harmful and begins to mature and cocoon in late August. 2-3 generations began to pupate in mid-April, and emerged from mid-May to early June. The occurrence period of 1 generation larvae is from late May to mid-July. The second generation larvae occurred from late July to mid-September. The occurrence period of the third generation larvae is from early September to 65438+ 10. Overwintering and cocooning in the soil with the last mature larvae. Adults are mostly unearthed at dusk, emerge at night, mate after emergence, and lay eggs two days later, mostly scattered on leaves. The egg period is about 7 days. Larvae * * * is 8 years old and can eat whole leaves from the age of 6. When it matures, it goes down to the ground to cocoon at night.
Prevention and cure method
1. Dig out cocoons in the soil around the tree base to reduce insect sources.
2. Spray 80% dichlorvos EC 1200 times or 50% phoxim EC 1000 times, 50% malathion EC 1000 times, 25% iminophosphate EC 1000 times and 25% Aikasi EC/kloc.