Ideological content mainly refers to the conception of poetry; The ancients said: Poetry expresses ambition. "ambition" refers to ambition, obligation, desire, feelings and so on.
Generally speaking, Tang poetry attaches importance to emotion, while Song poetry attaches importance to reason. Common thoughts and feelings in ancient poems are:
Worry about the country and the people, serve the country, cherish the past, despise the powerful and cynical.
When you don't meet your talents, you will have a good impression on mountains and rivers and retreat to the countryside.
Nostalgia, homesickness, long pavilion, farewell, homesickness, knowing each other, lovesickness, don't hate parting.
Example:
1. Read the following poem and then answer this question. (06 Jiangxi Volume)
Sanjiang xiaodu
Yang Wanli
The stream will never return to the bridge, and the boat is still leaning on the short pole. Friendship should flow forever like a mountain stream, regardless of the hardships.
Note: OK, flow through.
Q: In what way does the poet express the main idea of his works? Try to make a brief analysis of the whole poem.
The whole poem describes friendship. By means of metaphor, metaphor and symbolism, the poet compares "the river does not return to the bridge" with "no matter what the wind and rain", and compares "friendship" with "crossing the mountain stream", giving symbolic meaning to "crossing the mountain stream" and "storm", thus expressing the theme that friendship will last forever and stand the test of wind and waves.
2. Read the following Song Ci, and then answer this question. (National Volume II)
2. Nan Kezi Rebecca
The mountains are dark and the weather is cold and rainy. Several branches were bright and wet, and they were red with tears. Don't feel sorry for the east wind.
The hat faces outwards and ditches are everywhere. Hard work is a problem concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers. Get a plow and look forward to a good year.
(Note) ① Agriculture, countryside and farmers: refer to spring ploughing, summer sowing and autumn harvest.
Q: Try to analyze the contents of Xiaque and the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author in his poems.
Described the hard-working life of farmers, issued a sigh that "hard work on earth is three rural issues", and expressed farmers' expectations for good weather and abundant crops.
Read the following two poems of Qing Dynasty, and then answer this question. (06 Chongqing Volume)
Zhang Xinlei weiping
The creation is silent but affectionate, and every time it is cold, it feels spring. Colorful arrangements, just waiting for the first sound of the new thunder.
Ji Hai's Miscellaneous Poems (V) Gong Zizhen
The vast sadness of parting extends to the setting sun, away from Beijing, riding a whip to the east, feeling that people are on earth. I quit my job and go home, just like a flower falling from a branch, but this is not a heartless thing. It can be turned into the soil of spring and can also play a role in nurturing the next generation.
Q: What is the difference between the thoughts and feelings of the last sentence of the two poems?
The former has pinned the yearning and expectation for a new life and a new atmosphere; The latter has placed selfless care on new things.
◆ Analysis of common thoughts in ancient poetry;
● When worrying about the country and hurting the country.
1. Expose the fatuity and decay of the rulers, such as Du Mu's Crossing the Qing Palace. There are piles of embroidery in Chang 'an, and thousands of doors are opened at the top of the mountain. As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.
2. Reflect the pain of leaving chaos, such as Du Fu's hope of spring, although a country is torn, mountains and rivers last, and trees and grass are green again in spring. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
3. Sympathize with the people's sufferings, such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind" and Bai Juyi's "Selling Charcoal Weng".
4. Worries about the country's future and destiny, such as Du Fu's "Climbing the Building", flowers reach my window and hurt the heart of a vagrant, because I see that from this height, sadness is everywhere. The spring scenery of Jinjiang flooded in, and the clouds on the mountain, ancient, varied and changeable. The imperial court, like the North Star, will not change in the end, and the Western Hills of Kohl will not invade Tibet. However, in the twilight, I felt sorry for the sorrow of a long-lost emperor. I sang the songs that his prime minister sang when he was not unfamiliar on the mountain. This is a poem with a sense of time and concern for things. The author wrote about going upstairs to see the boundless spring scenery, and he couldn't help but feel sad when he thought of the once-in-a-lifetime and changeable situation. Then I think the imperial court is as unshakable as the Arctic constellation. Even if Tubo invades, it is difficult to change people's orthodoxy. Finally, it reveals the ambition of imitating Zhuge Liang to assist the court, which is full of the spirit of clarifying the world. The whole poem is lyrical on the spot.
● Serve the country and make contributions.
Desire to Make Achievements: Cao Cao's Turtle Life and Lu You's Angry Book
The determination to defend the country: Wang Changling's "joining the army"
There is no way to serve the country —— Xin Qiji's Nostalgia at Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou
The Pain of the Decline of Mountains and Rivers: Lu You's Xiuer and Wen Tianxiang's Crossing the Zero Ocean
Years have passed, and the ambition is hard to pay: Su Shi's Nian Nu Jiao? Chibi nostalgia "
Exposing the Militarism of Rulers: Du Fu's The Car Shop
Tragedy with Unknown Ideals: Qu Yuan's "Wandering Water"
Nostalgia and nostalgia
1, Travel and Worry: Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande River", my boat is sailing in a foggy berth, and at dusk, old memories begin. How vast the world is, how close the trees are to heaven, and how close the moon is to the water! . "
2. Missing relatives and friends: Wang Wei's "Memories of Jiuri Mountain East Brothers in September" "Being in a foreign land, I miss my relatives every holiday, and I know where my brothers are climbing in the distance, and I am short of one person everywhere."
3, frontier homesickness: Gao Shi "Listening to the flute on the plug" "Snowy Hutian herding horses, Moonlight flute guarding the building. I would like to ask where the plum blossoms fall, and the wind blows all over Tianshan Mountain overnight. "
4, pregnant with people in the boudoir: Wang Changling's "in my heart forever" "Young women in the boudoir don't know how to worry, spring comes to make up, and they go to the Cuilou. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. "
● Don't hate leaving sorrow.
1, affectionate farewell: Li Bai's "A Restaurant Leaving Nanjing" "A gust of wind brings catkins, and the shop is more fragrant. Wu Ji presses the wine to persuade customers to taste it. Comrades in my city came to see me off. When each of them drank his glass, I said to him when leaving. Oh, ask this river flowing eastward, whether it can go further than the love of friends! .
2. Deep encouragement: Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan" and "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, heaven will still be our neighbor." Gao Shi's "Biedongda" "Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and no one in the world knows you."
3. Frankly speaking: Wang Changling's "Farewell to Furong Inn and Xin Qiji" entered Wu on a cold rainy night, seeing off guests in Chushan. Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith!
● Miscellaneous feelings of life
Landscape Feelings and Pastoral Leisure —— Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains and Meng Haoran's Passing by the Old People's Village
I feel that the past has overcome the present: Slow Yangzhou by Jiang Kui and Wuyi Lane by Liu Yuxi.
A sense of satirizing the present through the past —— Xin Qiji's Nostalgia at Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou
Feeling of Youth: Li Qingzhao's Dream-like Order
The Depression of Career Frustration: Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip
Comfort the Joy of Life: Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night and the two sides of the Yellow River recovered by the imperial army
The ideological content of classical poetry is often related to the style and genre of the work itself. Genre is a comprehensive factor, which mainly involves the range of materials, the characteristics of conception and the language style. Understanding the relevant literary schools and the main poets of each school is helpful to analyze and appreciate the works and grasp the writing characteristics of poetry as a whole.
(1) Landscape poetry: mainly through the description of scenery, to show readers a natural beauty.
Red spring falls, and the atmosphere is half purple. Run down the miscellaneous trees and return to the clouds. The sunshine is like red neon, the sky is clear and the wind and rain smell. Lingshan is full of gorgeous colors and ethereal water. -Zhang Jiuling's "Hukou Wanglushan Waterfall"
This poem describes the Lushan Waterfall far from the mouth of the lake and realistically depicts a picture of Rizhao Waterfall. Just as famous as this poem is Li Bai's romantic masterpiece Looking at Lushan Waterfall.
Some landscape poems, viewed alone, simply describe the scenery and give people a beautiful feeling; However, if we combine the poet's experience, thoughts and overall creative style, there may be some ideological connotations. For example, Wang Wei's representative works in Wang Chuan Ji are mostly poetic and picturesque. Su Shi commented: "There is a picture in poetry: there is a poem in painting." The poem is exquisite and delicate, and the scene is beautiful. It is a masterpiece of landscape poetry, but if analyzed as a whole, there are naturally traces of the poet's hermit thought.
I leaned alone in the dense bamboo, playing the pipa and humming a song. It's too light for anyone to hear, except my partner, Mingyue. -"In the Bamboo Pavilion"
(2) Pastoral poetry: Pastoral poetry mainly describes pastoral scenery or labor scenes.
Generally speaking, it is fresh and natural, unpretentious and full of life sentiment. Pastoral poems mainly describe pastoral scenery or labor scenes, and most of them reflect the poet's simple thoughts and feelings towards the working people.
Qingpingle? Cunju
The thatched roof of the hut is low and small, and the stream is covered with green grass. When you are drunk, your voice is charming and your hair is white.
The eldest son is weeding in the bean field on the east side of the stream, and the second son is busy knitting chicken cages. I like children and scoundrels best, lying on the head of the stream peeling lotus flowers.
This is a word that describes rural life. With fluent writing and lyrical style, the author draws a picture of farmers' life in spring. This word does not focus on the description of the labor scene, but mainly describes the natural environment, simple characters, simple life and harmonious taste in a fresh and light style, which reflects the author's simple feelings for the working people.
(3) Poems about things: Poems about things are generally superficial, but in fact they often entrust the poet's feelings or thoughts under this superficial image. The most prominent feature of writing is to express one's will by supporting things, which often achieves the goal that "things" and "I" are inseparable and things and I are one. Sometimes there are two situations: one is to concentrate on writing, but there is me in it; The other is to see things with me and empathize with them. In short, things have the image, personality and thoughts of "I".
Cicadas sing in the west, and guests think of the south. It was a shadow that broke the heart of a white-haired prisoner. His flight passed through the thick fog, and his pure voice was drowned in the world of wind. Who knows if he is still singing? Who will listen to me? ? -Luo "A political prisoner listens to cicadas" (writing his own talent)
(4) Nostalgia: Generally speaking, nostalgia should not only narrate ancient events, but also integrate the poet's own feelings and comments. Sometimes they satirize the present through the past and reflect their concern for reality in a tortuous way.
1, this place is different from yan dan, and a strong man is crowned. No one was there at that time, and the water is still cold today.
(Expressing the poet's yearning for ancient heroes and chivalrous men) —— Luo's "Giving Gifts to Yishui"
2. Where were those lost times before me? Behind me, where are the future generations? . Only the boundless universe, boundless, can't stop the tears full of sadness.
It shows the poet's frustrated situation and lonely and depressed mood —— Chen Ziang's Youzhou Tower.
3, broken halberd sinking sand iron does not sell, self-grinding will wash the former dynasty. If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.
(Lamenting the Rise and Fall of the Country) —— Du Mu's Red Cliff
(5) Farewell poems: Farewell poems generally express feelings of parting, or nostalgia, or comfort, or instructions, or wishes, sadness, melancholy, expectation, and so on. Generally speaking, its emotional color is rather sad. But there are also extraordinary farewell sentences.
"However, as long as China maintains our friendship, heaven will still be our neighbor." (Wang Bo's Farewell to Vice-Governor Du's appointment in Shu) [Inspired and enterprising, open-minded]
"Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and no one in the world knows you." (Gao Shi's "Don't move big" [sincere friendship, firm belief]
"I advise you to drink more wine, there is no reason to go out to the west." (Wang Wei's "Send Two Stones to Anxi") [Words are plain and affectionate]
(6) Travel poems: mainly express the loneliness and hardship of travelers' journey, as well as their yearning for pastoral areas and relatives.
Guests compete for the sun and the moon, looking far away. Autumn wind treats no one, go to Luoyang city first. (Zhang said "The Later Period of Suffering in Shu")
(By complaining about the autumn wind, I express my worries about going back, which is implicit and euphemistic)
Stop the boat in a foggy small state, when new worries come to the guest's heart. The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon. (Hao Haoran, "Sleeping on the Jiande River")
(Live lyric, expressing the poet's lonely and melancholy mood during his journey)
The sorrow of the Yangtze River has stagnated, and Wan Li's thoughts will return. The night is high and windy, and the mountains fly. (Wang Bo, "In the Mountains")
(Written in a foreign land, the scenery in late autumn, the sorrow of travel, little by little. )
(7) frontier poems
This is a wonderful flower in Tang poetry. Strange frontier scenery, tragic battlefield battles, lonely military life, and sad homesickness for the moon. Traditional themes mostly describe women's grievances, or exaggerate the cold situation in the border jam, or describe the hard life of soldiers.
That night, the black geese flew very high, and Khan quietly escaped during the night. I was about to lead the light cavalry to catch up when the snow fell full of bows and knives. ("Song of Lv Lun Xia Sai") The general is preparing to lead his troops to chase the enemy on a snowy night. The heroic spirit is compelling and the scene is mixed. )
It is still the moon and border pass in Qin and Han dynasties, and the enemy has fought a protracted war. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan. ("The Great Wall" Wang Changling) (Leng Yue shines on the border, and the scene is bleak. The poet hopes to have a good general to quell the war as soon as possible)
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa, hurry up immediately. Drunk lying on the battlefield, you don't laugh, there have been several wars in ancient times. (Liangzhou Ci, William Wang) wrote that the soldiers stationed in the garrison drank alcohol, and the life in the frontier fortress barracks was rich and slightly sad.
◆ Boldness and gracefulness of Song Ci
Bold and unconstrained, initiated by Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty and developed by Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty, broke through the barrier that Ci is a colorful theme, expressing one's mind and being bold and unrestrained in style. The artistic conception is magnificent and broad, the realm is grand and magnificent, while Wang Yang is bold and unconstrained, advocating frankness and fluent language. Representative figures such as Su Shi and Xin Qiji. , "I am extravagant, I have the world, and I am carefree" ("A Brief Interpretation of Poetry").
Graceful and restrained means implicit. Graceful ci school is characterized by its emphasis on children's customs. The structure is profound and meticulous, paying attention to the harmony of melody, and the language is round, fresh and beautiful, with a kind of femininity. Representative figures are Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao and others.
According to Yu Wenbao's "Continued Blowing Sword Record" in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Dongpo has a good teacher in Yutang. Because he asked,' How is my word better than Liu's?' Yes, Liu Langzhong said, "In Liu Langzhong's words, only 178 girls clapped their hands with red teeth and sang the waning moon of Yang Liuan Xiaofeng. Bachelor degree, you must be a big shot in Kansai, holding an iron plate and singing the river of no return. "Volkswagen was completely defeated." This story shows the contrast between two different styles of words.
Example 1: Yan Shu's Huanxisha [graceful and restrained]
A new song and a glass of wine. Last year, the weather got old. When does the sun set? Helpless, let the flowers fall, as if I had met Yan's return, and Xiaoyuan Xiangjing wandered alone. (This word means to hurt the spring and cherish the time, with an emotional expression. The combination of ancient and modern characters and the overlapping of time and space focus on thinking about the past; The following film skillfully borrows the scenery in front of us and focuses on today's sadness. The language of the whole word is fluent, popular and fluent, beautiful and natural, with profound implications, inspiring and intriguing. The profound reflection on the life of the universe in Ci shows that time is eternal and life is limited, which gives people philosophical enlightenment and artistic aesthetic enjoyment. )
Example 2: Xin Qiji, Bodhisattva Xia? Book Jiangxi made a mouth wall [bold and unrestrained]
How many pedestrians shed tears in the middle of Qingjiang River in Yugutai! Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, there are countless poor mountains! Castle peak can't cover up, after all, it flows east. In the evening, the river is gloomy and there are partridges in the mountains.
(this word focuses on the big points, and the ink drops in the small points. Good at contrasting complex inner feelings through specific scenery. The last movie was about Homesickness by the River. The next film was lyrical on the spot, showing the people's strong desire to reunify the motherland. The last two sentences reflect the author's grief and indignation with the wailing of partridges. This word implicitly expresses the author's dissatisfaction with the wrong policy of humiliating and seeking peace of the ruling clique in the Southern Song Dynasty, and expresses his patriotic feelings for the reunification of the motherland. Vivid image, concise language and profound meaning. )
◆ Test exercises
There is "worry" in the following poem. Please analyze the specific content of "worry" in each poem.
1, Sauvignon Blanc (Bai Juyi)
Bianshui, Surabaya, flows to Guazhou ancient ferry, Wu Shan is a little sad. Think of dragons, hate dragons, hate to rest when returning, and the moon people lean on the building.
2. Bodhisattva Man (Xin Qiji)
How many pedestrians shed tears in the middle of Qingjiang River in Yugutai. Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, there are countless poor mountains. Castle peak can't cover up, after all, it flows east. In the evening, the river is gloomy and there are partridges in the mountains.
3. I heard that Wang Changling left and moved to Longbiao Kiln to deliver this (Li Bai).
After the easy autumn, cuckoo clock, I heard you pass five streams. I entrust my sad thoughts to the moon, hoping to accompany you to the west of Yelang.
4. Wu Lingchun (Li Qingzhao)
The wind has stopped the dust, the fragrant flowers have blossomed, and I am tired of combing my hair at night. Things are people, not everything, and tears flow first. It is said that Shuangxi Spring is still good, and it is also planned to make canoes. I'm afraid the boat won't move. I'm worried.
5. Nanxiangzi (Wang Anshi)
Since ancient times, the empire has flourished. This is a dream for 400 years, which is worrying. Gold's clothes are ancient dust.
Swim around the water, up to the top of the city and upstairs. Mo Wen, look back. Outside the threshold, the Yangtze River flows by itself.
6. Liang Zhu (Liu Yong)
Leaning against the dangerous building, the wind is fine, looking forward to spring sorrow, and the sky is dark. In the afterglow of the grass, no one will lean on the fence and be silent.
I plan to get drunk on the map of madness and sing songs for wine, which is strong and tasteless. I don't regret that my belt is getting wider and wider, which makes people haggard for Iraq.
7. Night parking on Jiande River (Meng Haoran)
Stop the boat in a foggy small state, when new worries come to the guest's heart. The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon.
8. Yu Meiren (Li Yu)
When is the spring flower and autumn moon, how much is known about the past. The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon.
The jade carving should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed it. How much sadness can you have? It's just a river flowing eastward.
9. Shu Yun (Li Bai), Xie Tiao Building, Xuanzhou, sent a farewell school book.
Since yesterday, I have to leave Bolt and me behind. It hurts my heart even more today. Autumn geese are escorted by Changfeng, and I treat them in this villa and drink my wine. The bones of great writers are all your brushes. In Tianyuan, I grew up beside you, Xiao Xie. We are all lofty distant thoughts, longing for the sky and the bright moon. But since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with the sword, the sadness is back, although we drown them with wine, because the world can't satisfy our desire, I will let go of my hair and get on a fishing boat tomorrow.
10, piling snow (Du Fu)
Most of the people crying on the battlefield are the ghosts of the newly killed soldiers, only the old people who are sad to write poems. At dusk, suddenly snowflakes are dancing in the wind. If the bottle floats away, it will be red in the furnace. The news of the front-line battle and the news of his wife and sisters are unknown. Sadness sits in the air with his hands in the air.
Attach the answer
1, worrying about people's boudoir; 2. Worry about national subjugation and serving the country; 3. Worried about friends and depressed; 4, the sorrow of hurting the spring, the sorrow of the home country; 5, the past is not forgotten, the teacher of the future; 6. I miss the loneliness of my lover; 7. Travelling guests; 8. Worry about national subjugation; 9. Setbacks in life; 10, wars are frequent, mountains and rivers are broken, and people are miserable.
Another: Analysis of Yuanqu
Poetry is a bit like modern bel canto, folk songs, pop songs, pop songs. Not everyone can sing bel canto and folk singing, but everyone can sing pop songs and pop songs in the streets, and Yuanqu belongs to the latter. However, it is a great pity that with the decline of the powerful empire of the Yuan Dynasty until its demise, Yuan Qu also declined.
The style of Yuanqu is not as serious and luxurious as poetry. It is lively and simple, full of folk flavor and a little cold humor. Yuanqu is similar to the style in The Book of Songs to a great extent. It is unpretentious, catchy and easy to understand.
Let's take a look at the middle paragraph of "A shower hits a new lotus":
Ru Yan chicks talk, while sorghum sings cicadas. After the shower, Zhu Qiong was scattered all over the new river.
What a beautiful sentence, beautiful and apt, catchy. The best use here is to break up. Scattering can make us imagine the fierceness of rain, and beating again and again can write the rapidity of rain, which fully embodies the crazy scene of "shower" It's true that there is a picture in the poem, and there is intention in the picture. The words Zhu Qiong and Xinhe highlight the beautiful scene of early summer, while the words Nong Yu are ambiguous and describe the inner warmth, which is great.
There is also: life has hundreds of years, don't let it go.
This is what the poet finally wants to express. Don't miss the beautiful scenery Life is short. How can you miss such a beautiful scene? Teach people to cherish time. This is more stable, poetic and positive than Mr. Li Bai's "If you drink today, you will get drunk today". Comrade Li Bai's words, after all, are a bit lazy.
Let's sing another song: A girl turned around a few times, and soon a group of people came out, and the middle one took the goods.
Make the performance on the stage popular, vivid and humorous, which makes people want to laugh. Like this:
Dai Yue Pixing stood under the window in fear for a long time, waiting for him. When he heard Pierre walking outside the door, he only knew that he was an enemy. It turned out to be windy.
It can make people smile, and it can also make people feel anxious about waiting for their loved ones to come home at home.
In this case, if it is accompanied by music and sung into today's pop songs, it will be very nice. So many people write songs. I don't know why no one uses these precious resources, but a few Song Ci poems are overused. I'm tired of hearing when there will be a bright moon, what I miss each other, two worries, what the Yangtze River flows eastward, and so on. Duality commonly used in yuanqu. Let's take a look at this song:
The lonely village is in the setting sun, and the old tree is in the west of Western jackdaw. Under the small Fei Ying, there are green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.
At first glance, it's a bit like Ma Lik Zhiyuan's "The Old Vine is Faint, the Bridge is Flowing", but the artistic conception is not so deep, especially the two sentences behind the hand, green mountains and green waters, white grass, red leaves and yellow flowers, which is the most important artistic conception to express. What I want to describe here is only the landscape flowers and plants, and there is no tragic feeling of "the sun sets and the world is reduced" behind Qiu Si. But from the two songs, we can see the application of antithesis, that is, the first two sentences, Lonely Village, Sunset and Sunset; Light smoke, old tree, western Western jackdaw. Dead vines, old trees, faint crows; Small bridges and flowing water. It's quite artistic.
Let's look at another sentence: fame, Wan Li, busy as a swallow, gentle as a line. The story of Wanli's fame sealed by Ban Chao in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the well-known poem "Empty City Planning Old Yumenguan", which says that General Ban Chao joined the army. Although he was sealed, thousands of miles away, the general kept his skills to the old age, and the hero was useless. A pulse of tenderness comes from the Analects of Confucius. Heaven will lose tenderness, and human morality will be destroyed. Criticism of social status quo can be seen everywhere in The Analects of Confucius. For example, Confucius said, "I have never seen a person with good virtue as a good lover", that is, there are far fewer people with good virtue than lewd people, which shows that Kong Old Master Q is also very humorous. We can see that Wan Li and Sven come down in one continuous line. The duality of being busy is very neat, and the artistic conception of the two sentences is also very good, which vividly expresses a kind of helplessness and dissatisfaction with society. There is a song with similar artistic conception, which is also very good. Let's enjoy ourselves:
When the morning chicken crows at first, the faint crow quarrels, which one doesn't go to the world of mortals? The road is far away, the water is far away, and the fame is all on Chang' an Road. Today's teenagers will be old tomorrow, the mountains are still good, and people are still haggard.
Here, I write about a state of life, a kind of helplessness, expressing my anguish, and I am a little tired of this busy rush about in the world. This is a mentality that anyone can have. This is also a major feature of Yuanqu, which is quite popular. Everyone describes it and sings it with the same voice. For example, "flowers will reopen and people will not be young." This is also the psychological state that everyone has, and it is also the natural expression of people's true feelings. Wang Guowei said, where is the beauty of Yuanqu? In short, it's natural.
The greatest frustration of scholars in the Yuan Dynasty was the unprecedented sense of loss and the unpredictable sense of hesitation about the future. The natural channels of becoming famous by reading and gaining a stable social status are blocked, and new ways to realize self-worth have not yet been established. The sadness of being at a loss and at a loss hangs over their hearts, and seeking survival and development has become a serious and even cruel practical problem. This is indeed a great change since the Han and Tang Dynasties.
A group of Yuan songs selected here fully exposed the inner pain of intellectuals in the Yuan Dynasty. On the surface, however, they ridicule or laugh at themselves, admire Tao Qian, criticize Qu Yuan, laugh and curse, be arrogant and unrestrained. Saying that it is "very carefree to my heart" is actually a portrayal of a sad mood.
In a word, the literati in the Yuan Dynasty struggled in anguish, trying to use seclusion to fight against the alienated society, hoping to find their lost selves among the landscape fairies. Or wash your body and mind in nature and maintain your independent personality and self-esteem; Or go to extremes and prove your existence value by being wild and uninhibited in the dirty real society. No matter which destination they pursue, they are so persistent, so real and so naive! For example:
[Lu Nan] A flower will never grow old (choose)
[Tail] I am a copper pea, which can't be steamed, boiled, pounded, fried or exploded. Who taught you to dig his hoe, hoe it down, untie it, take it off, and slowly? I played Liang Yuanyue, drank Tokyo wine, enjoyed Luoyang flowers and climbed Zhang Tailiu. I can also go, play chess, play rough, cut corners, sing and dance, play, swallow, recite poems, and be amphibious. You just lost my tooth, crooked my mouth, mutilated my leg, broke my hand and gave me these hooliganism symptoms. Shangwu refused to rest. Then, in addition to the call of Yan himself, ghosts and gods came to hook themselves, three souls went to hell, and seven souls lost. God, meanwhile, don't walk on the fireworks road.
◆ Yuanqu includes two styles:
● One is Sanqu.
Sanqu is opposite to zaju. Zaju is a script for performance, writing lyrics, explanations and actions of various roles; Sanqu is poetry in a broad sense, which can be divided into lyric and narrative categories. In form, Sanqu is similar to Ci, but in language, Ci should be elegant and implicit, and Sanqu should be popular and lively. In terms of meter, words are more rigorous, while Sanqu is more free. Sanqu can be divided into "Xiao Ling" and "San Tao". Xiao Ling, also known as Ye Er, has a short system and is usually just an independent tune (a few contain two or three tunes). Three peaches are composed of many songs, and it is required to always use a rhyme. Qupai of Sanqu also has various names, such as Diaodaoling, Chuidi, Huanle Spring, Alpine Sheep and Hong Xiuxie. Most of these names are vulgar, which also shows that Sanqu is closer to folk songs than Ci.
With its profound reality, extensive theme, popular language, vivid form, fresh style, vivid description and changeable skills, Yuanqu radiated dazzling brilliance in China ancient literary garden.
Lamenting the impermanence of life, the impermanence of ups and downs, and advocating staying away from the world of mortals and eating, drinking and having fun in time are common themes in Yuan Sanqu. Ma Zhiyuan has a divertimento called Qiu Si [Disyllabic? Night boat], very representative. From the rise and fall of Qin, Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, he talked about the real society in front of him, and from the hard-hearted rich boy (see Qian Nu), he talked about his leisurely life without seeking fame and fortune and drinking in the thatched cottage. There are sighs about the limited reality and life, and there are arrogant shows that don't want to go with the flow. This contains almost all the connotations of similar works. The divertimento is very successful in art: bold style, appropriate metaphor, vivid image, rigorous and broad structure, bright and fluent language and strong sense of music.
There are also feelings about the rise and fall of past dynasties, how painful it is. Such as [in Lu? Nostalgia: Beauty committed suicide on the banks of Wujiang River. The war once burned Chibi Mountain, and the generals were empty and old. The sad flames of Qin and Han Dynasties have made countless people miserable, and those who study can only sigh deeply. [The author cites examples of competing for kingship and ethnic disputes, lamenting the tragic fate of profligate people, and highlighting the conscious sense of compassion and rise and fall of scholars. ]
Some Sanqu writers' long divertimento is humorous, which adds a sense of humor and acrimony. Don't like Chen Jing's [Sha Zongqu]? Whistle] Gao Zu returns. The humorous lashing and vivid ridicule of social injustice and ugliness is another important theme in the creation of Yuan Sanqu.
● The second is Yuan Zaju.
"Wen Qu" consists of several sets of tracks, mixed with Bai Bin and Ke Fan's tracks, and specially performed on the stage. Yuan Zaju has a strict system:
① Structure: Generally, Yuan Zaju is a complete story with 60% discount, and some are 50% discount, 60% discount or even more.
Folding is the unit of music organization and the natural paragraph of story development. Not limited by time and place, each fold mostly contains more times, similar to the "curtain" of modern drama. Some zaju also have a "wedge", which usually plays an explanatory role before the first discount. It is equivalent to the prologue of modern drama, which is used to explain the plot and introduce the characters.
A set of songs composed of songs in the same palace tune at each discount of zaju. During the performance, a book is 60% off, all of which are solo by Zheng Di or Zheng Dan. (other characters only say it), which are called "the last book" or "the last book" respectively.
(2) Role: The roles played are extreme, bold, clean and ugly. There is only one protagonist in every play of Yuan Zaju. The hero is called the ending, and the heroine is called Zheng Dan. In addition, supporting roles also include auxiliary actors (secondary protagonists), peripheral actors (elderly men) and young actors (teenagers). Supporting actresses include Vice Dan, Waidan and Xiao Dan.
Jing: Commonly known as "big painted face", most of them play characters with distinctive personality and appearance. Such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui jy.
Ugliness: commonly known as "little face", it generally plays a male secondary role.
In addition, there are uncles () old people (old people), uncles (old women), aunts (officials) and laier (page boys).
Composition of the script: The script consists of three parts: singing, learning and writing.
Lyrics are rhymes written according to certain palace tunes and qupai. It is stipulated in the Yuan Dynasty Zaju that every time a play is broken, a set of songs with the same Gongdiao is sung, and the order of Gongdiao and each set of songs is established. About Gongdiao. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the tunes of music have been composed of "Twenty-eight Tunes of Le Yan" and seven tones of Gong, Shang, Jiao and Yu. Seven tones in Gong Sheng, such as Gong Zheng, Lv Zhong Palace, Lu Nan Palace and Lv Xian Palace, are called "Gong", while the other 2 1 tones, such as Yuediao, Shuangdiao and tones related to General Tone, are called "Tone", so the tones are called "Gong Tone". Twenty-eight Tunes of Le Yan is the basis of Song Ci and Yuan Qu, but there are not many practical tunes. Only twelve songs were used in Yuanqu, while only nine songs were commonly used in legend. These nine Gongdiao and their expressions are as follows:
Gong Zheng-melancholy, Huangzhong Palace-lingering, Lv Xian Palace-fresh, Lv Zhong Palace-ups and downs, Nanlu high sigh, double tone-Jianlang, up-melancholy, Yuediao-humor, dashidiao-implicative.
Each Gongdiao has its own Qupai, and there are more than 500 kinds of Qupai in common use. Legend has inherited the tradition of North and South songs, and there are few other songs.
Paragraph is the general name of dramatic action. Including stage programming, martial arts and dance.
White is "guest white", which is the white part of the people in the play. Bai Bin can be divided into the following four categories: dialogue: dialogue between characters; Monologue: the characters narrate themselves; Narrator: Recite the psychological words of other characters; White: a break in the lyrics.
● Four Masters of Yuan Qu and Their Masterpieces
Guan Hanqing: No. His masterpiece is Dou Eyuan.
Bai Pu: Tai Su, not Gu Lan. His masterpiece was immediately hung on the wall.
Ma Zhiyuan: A thousand miles, a hedge. His masterpiece is Autumn in the Han Palace.
Zheng Guangzu: The word is virtuous. The masterpiece is Ghost Story.