Pitaya is planted in a variety of ways, some climbing on the wall, some in shed, but column cultivation is the most common, with low production cost and high land utilization rate. The specifications of the so-called columns and cement poles are as follows
1 0cm×10cm× 210cm, there should be steel bars in the rod body, and1symmetrical holes should be punched at the top, so as to set up support in the future. The row spacing of vertical cement poles is 2m× 3m, and there are 1 10 vertical lines per mu, each line.
The cement pole is buried 50 cm underground, and the ground part is 160 cm. 440 seedlings per mu, around each cement pole 1 plant. After the seedlings grow, they are tied to cement poles to make them grow upwards.
Fertilizer, water and soil management
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Longan root system grows shallowly, and the root system grows most actively at a depth of 2 ~ 5 cm below the soil surface. Therefore, fertilizer and water management and soil management should be carried out according to this characteristic. Pitaya is drought-resistant and waterlogged-tolerant, but its rapid growth still needs sufficient water.
Therefore, it is necessary to give the roots enough water, not to drench the whole plant or soak in the ground, which will lead to the death of the roots due to lack of oxygen. Fertilization is mainly based on decomposed farm manure, and the best formula is 1∶2∶7 cake residue, chicken manure and pig.
The application amount of manure and chemical fertilizer depends on the growth and soil fertility. In the growth, flowering and fruiting stages of new branches, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied appropriately, and most of the fertilization methods are spraying. Fruiting plants are generally divided into spring, summer, autumn and winter.
Four times fertilization can promote germination, spring shoot growth, flowering and fruiting, and rejuvenation after harvest. The soil should be kept loose, which can be combined with fertilization and weeding, without damaging the root system, and the aerial part can take root.
Take measures such as traction and binding to guide it to take root, enhance the absorption function of plants and promote growth.
Field cultivation management
In the process of management, apply some organic fertilizer properly, pay attention to irrigation in hot and dry summer, pay attention to drainage in rainy days, prevent water accumulation and avoid bacterial and fungal infection. General pests and diseases rarely occur, even if a small amount occurs, some high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides can be used for prevention and control. The flowering and fruiting period of pitaya is May ~165438+1October every year, and the fruit can be harvested when it turns from green to purple.
Pitaya begins to blossom and bear fruit about 14 months after planting, which is an efficient economic crop with simultaneous flowering and bearing fruit. Every year, April ~165438+10 is the fruit-bearing period, and the flowers can be harvested 30 ~ 40 days after withering, and the weight of a single fruit is generally 500 ~1000g. In the first year, the plant bears more than 5 fruits, and in the third year, it enters the fruit-rich period.
Pitaya begins to blossom and bear fruit 12- 14 months after planting, and can blossom every year.
12- 15 times, 4- 1 1 month is the fruit-setting period, the fruit ripens 30-40 days after flower withering, and the weight of a single fruit is 500- 1000 g, and more than 20 fruits are produced per column in the second year after planting.
If the output is relatively high, the output can reach 2500kg/667 square meters. The key points of high-yield cultivation are as follows:
1. Qin Ying uses little fertilizer and water management. Because of the long fruit harvesting period, organic fertilizer should be applied again, containing nitrogen,
Phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer should be applied in a balanced way for a long time. Potassium fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer should be supplemented during flowering and fruiting to promote the accumulation of sugar in fruits and improve the quality and sugar content. Pitaya can adapt to all kinds of soil, but it contains a lot of humus, which can keep water and fertilizer.
Sexual soil and weak acid soil are better. In order to make them grow vigorously after planting, it is necessary to apply more organic fertilizers such as human and animal manure, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and compound fertilizer at seedling stage, and the dosage depends on the plant size.
2. When the branches grow to about 1.3 ~ 1.4 meters, it is necessary to remove the heart, promote branching, let the branches droop naturally, accumulate nutrients, and blossom and bear fruit early.
3. Pruning branches: cut off the branches that bear fruit after harvest every year and let them grow new branches again to ensure the yield of the next year.
4. Pest control: It is observed that there are basically no special pests, but they are vulnerable to snail ants at seedling stage and can be controlled by pesticides; However, in high temperature and high humidity season, it is easy to be infected with diseases, and some branches appear necrosis and mildew spots. Bactericidal pesticides can be used for disease prevention and control, and good results can be achieved.
Cultivation management
1. Seedling management. Seedlings grow rapidly, and temperature and humidity are very important. The temperature should be between 20 and 34℃ and the humidity should be between 60% and 80%.
After 2.6 months, the seedlings grew into medium seedlings, and the medium seedlings with a height of 1.3 ~ 1.4 meters began to branch, with 4 ~ 6 branches per plant. When the branches grow to 1.2 ~ 1.3 meters, they are capped, and the capped branches quickly plump and grow buds. This is 14.
There won't be many fruits in the first year, so there is no need to prune. In winter, the temperature should be controlled well, and no new buds should be left on the branches, so as not to affect the annual output in the future. Pruning began after the fall of the following year, so that the old branches with long fruits could keep new branches. At this time, high temperature is needed, and new branches will grow rapidly. Increase production and income in the coming year, and the fruit trees have reached their full fruiting stage.
4. Result period management. The fruit stage is the time when water and fertilizer are most needed, so it is necessary to apply them frequently and thinly to ensure the branches need them. The branches are full, the pulp tastes better, and the organic fertilizer can be combined with chicken manure, which has good taste, long fertilizer effect and sufficient stamina. Pure green high-calcium potash fertilizer can also be applied in moderation, but chemical fertilizer is not allowed.
5. Pest control. There is a layer of wax on the skin of pitaya, and there is not much disease. Meat will rot only if there is poor ventilation in the shed. Scrape off the rotten meat and coat it with lime powder. The natural enemies of pitaya are ants and snails. As long as the mosquito killer is sprayed, it can be prevented from eating fruits and flower buds.
grow seedlings
Pitaya is propagated mainly by cutting seedling or grafting.
1. Transplanting: Spring is the most suitable time. Cuttings were selected from well-grown stems and cut into small pieces with the length of 15cm. After the wound is air-dried, it can be inserted into the sand bed, and it can take about 15-30 days to take root. When the root grows to 3-4cm, it can be transplanted into the seedbed.
2、
Grafting seedlings: select a ruler with no pests and diseases, strong growth and full stems and flesh as the rootstock, and graft on sunny days. Cut the pitaya stem into a plane with a knife, insert the scion, align it with the cambium, tie it tightly with cotton thread and fix it at 28-
Under the condition of 30℃, a large number of callus were formed on the wound joint surface in 4-5 days, and the color of scion and rootstock was similar, which indicated that their vascular bundles had healed and grafted successfully, and they could be transplanted into the heel of seedbed for further culture.
3、
Seedling management: The seedbed should be a field with sunny ventilation, fertile soil and convenient irrigation and drainage. The border is 90cm long and 667m2 of decomposed chicken manure or cow dung1500 kg-2,000 kg, which is mixed into the grain.
Shell ash 1000 kg, fully mixed, and applied to the topsoil below the boundary surface 10-20 cm during soil preparation; After that, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 100- 150 kg was applied, which was fully stirred with a hoe and applied to the surface with a depth of 4-5 cm.
In the soil layer, then sow the seedlings in the seedbed according to the row spacing of 3 cm, water them, spray carbendazim 1 times for 500 times, and apply 5 kg -7 kg of compound fertilizer every 10- 15 days until the first stem is full of pulp.
You can leave the nursery.
Shaping and pruning technology
In the seedling stage, one main branch of pitaya grows upward, and the other lateral branches are erased. After the seedlings grow to the height of 1.5 meters along the cement pole, the top branches spread in all directions.
Umbrella-shaped, the top of cement rod is tied into a circle with steel wire, which is used to pull, fix and support plants. After the fruit seedlings grow vigorously, 2/3 branches are selected to hang fruit branches, and 1/3 branches grow upward as vegetative branches.
Stand by and hang fruit branches. The old branches gradually become thinner after fruit hanging.
1. After pruning and planting at seedling stage, the plant will climb up along the cement column. At this time, when the seedlings grow, one strong and upward branch should be kept, and the rest should be cut off in time, which is beneficial to concentrate nutrition for the strong branches to climb quickly.
2. When the plant grows to the height of 1.5 m, it can be divided into more than three naturally drooping branches. When the branches are mature, these drooping branches will have a chance to blossom and bear fruit during 4~ 1 1 month. It is observed that the upper middle part
Branches, especially drooping branches, have a high flowering and fruiting rate, and the branches in the middle and lower parts rarely bloom. From the distribution position of branches, the growth potential of upper branches is usually greater than that of middle and lower branches, which may be caused by apical dominance, but the upper branches are made of
Its growth potential is strong, but its mechanical strength is poor, and it is often easily blown off by the wind. The upper branches can be gradually supported, pulled, hung and tied, and then gradually let go after the branches mature and begin to bloom.
Its drooping reduces the damage of the wind.
3. After fruiting, 2/3 branches of each plant can be arranged as fruiting branches, and the remaining 1/3 branches can be smeared with buds or flowers, so as to narrow the growth angle of their branches and promote their realistic vegetative growth and culture.
This is a powerful preparatory fruit branch. If some plants produce more fruits, it is less likely to form a large number of concentrated flowering branches in the second year. After a large number of thick branches are formed at the base of plants, thinning can be used to weaken and leave branches.
Strong or short and weak branches to promote them to develop into strong vegetative branches; When thinning or cutting short, the overall nutritional area of the plant should be considered; Thinned or shortened branches can be used as: ① propagation scion; (2) peeling old branches.
The pulp can be dipped in mustard sauce or made into salad; ③ Old branch meat and tender branch meat can become delicacies, such as stir-frying, cold salad and braising in soy sauce. ④ It can be used to treat constipation without side effects.
Irrigation and drainage technology
1, irrigation
Water is the lifeblood of plant growth and an important part of all organ activities. In the life activities of fruit trees, water plays the role of maintaining cell swelling pressure, ensuring stomata opening and carbon dioxide entering. All the chemical changes in the body
Chemistry can only be carried out in the presence of water. Nutrients in soil can only be absorbed and utilized if they are dissolved in water. More importantly, water is the necessary raw material for photosynthesis and the basis for yield formation. Besides, only when there is water.
Only in this way can we maintain the transpiration of fruit trees, regulate the temperature of trees and ensure the transportation of photosynthetic products and mineral nutrients. Therefore, timely watering is an important measure to ensure early maturity, high yield and high quality in fruit tree cultivation.
(1) irrigation period
Irrigation should be carried out before the fruit trees are affected by water shortage. Never water the fruit trees when there is drought (such as wilting and shrinking fruit). Judging whether it is necessary to water mainly depends on soil moisture. Generally speaking, the maximum water holding capacity of soil
60% ~ 80% is most suitable for the growth and development of fruit trees. Pitaya grows in desert area for a long time and has strong tolerance to water shortage. In foreign countries, measuring instruments are generally used to measure soil moisture to guide irrigation. Determine the irrigation cycle of root removal.
According to the soil moisture, we should also consider the climatic conditions and the growth and development stages of fruit trees themselves. In production, it is often watered in the following periods.
① If the soil moisture is sufficient before and after germination to flowering, it can strengthen the growth of new shoots, increase the leaf area, enhance photosynthesis, make flowering and fruit setting normal, and lay the foundation for high yield in that year. This kind of irrigation is especially important in spring drought areas.
② The period of shoot growth and young fruit expansion is often called the critical period of water demand for fruit trees. At this time, the physiological function of fruit trees is the most vigorous, such as water shortage, leaves take away the water of young fruits, which makes young fruits shrink and fall off.
(3) During the period of rapid fruit expansion, this kind of watering can meet the requirements of fertilizer and water for fruit expansion. But at this time, we must master the water quantity.
(4) Before and after fruit picking and dormant period, in dry areas in autumn and winter. At this time, irrigation can make enough water in the soil, which is helpful to the decomposition of fertilizer, thus promoting the growth and development of fruit trees in the next spring. After harvesting the last batch of fruit in autumn and winter, pitaya enters the dormant period. At this time, if there is proper irrigation, it can promote the growth of plants and make branches become fruiting branches as soon as possible.
(2) Irrigation method and irrigation amount
① Flood irrigation
In areas with abundant water resources and flat terrain, irrigation is often carried out throughout the park. However, this method has certain damage to the soil structure, which is labor-consuming, time-consuming and uneconomical, and has gradually decreased.
② Border irrigation
Repair the tree tray with plants as a unit, or make a long border along the tree, and introduce water into the tree tray or border when watering. This method saves water, is easy to manage and is widely used. But it will also destroy the soil structure at the edge of the tree and cause the death of the absorption root.
③ Acupoint irrigation
In case of water shortage, 8- 12 holes with a diameter of about 30 cm can be opened at the outer edge of the crown drip line, and the depth of the holes should not damage the roots. Water should be injected into the hole and filled after the water has infiltrated.
④ furrow irrigation
An irrigation ditch with a depth of 20-30 cm and a width of about 50 cm is opened at regular intervals between two rows of trees. Generally, there are two plants in each row, and one plant can also be planted in low-density plantations to introduce water into the ditch and gradually penetrate into the soil. This method not only saves water, but also destroys soil structure, and should be advocated.
⑤ Drip irrigation
Drip irrigation is an advanced mechanized and automatic irrigation technology developed in recent years. It is an irrigation method that slowly applies water drops or small streams to the roots of plants. Now it is gradually adopted in production. Drip irrigation has many advantages: for example, drip irrigation only
Moisturize the soil layer and topsoil near the roots of crops, greatly reducing water evaporation; This system can be fully automated to minimize labor; But also can regularly supply water to the soil in the root zone, so as to keep the soil moist evenly and make it unusable.
It can be divided into wet and too dry, and at the same time, it can keep the soil in the root zone well ventilated. For example, drip irrigation combined with fertilization can continuously supply nutrients to the roots, which is most conducive to the growth and development of fruit trees and plays a role in killing two birds with one stone. According to foreign news.
Irrigation and drip irrigation can increase production by 20% ~ 50%. However, the drip irrigation system needs many pipes, large investment, water tower and water filtration system with certain pressure, and also needs to introduce water into the main pipe and branch pipe of orchard and surrounding trees.
Capillary and emitter of plants. Pipes and drippers are easy to be blocked, so the requirements for good filtration equipment are strict.
No matter which irrigation method is adopted, the primary irrigation amount should not be too large or too small, and it is appropriate to soak the soil in the main root distribution layer. When determining the irrigation amount, soil quality, growth and development period of fruit trees, fertilization and meteorological conditions should also be considered.
Conditions, etc. , theoretical irrigation calculation, determine the most commonly used soil moisture. Generally speaking, the minimum irrigation amount is that the soil water content is 60% of the maximum soil water capacity, and the ideal water content is 80% of the maximum soil water capacity. In addition, according to the fruit
Agricultural technicians have accumulated experience for a long time and think that when irrigation is completed, it is actually the most suitable irrigation amount.
Step 2 drain water
Pitaya roots are most afraid of lack of oxygen, avoiding water accumulation. Too much soil moisture and weakened air permeability will hinder the root's breathing. In severe cases, it will suffocate the active parts, cause fruit drop, reduce fruit taste and even cause plant death. because
Besides saving water and timely irrigation, we should also do a good job in flood control and waterlogging prevention, build drainage ditches and spillways, and prepare for flood control and drainage in rainy season. The number and size of drainage ditches in orchards should be based on when
Rainfall depends on soil water-holding capacity and groundwater level. Under normal circumstances, the depth of drainage ditch in pitaya orchard is about 1 m.
Third, colonization.
Planting: Pitaya is the capital of spring, summer and autumn.
It can be planted, preferably in the middle and late May, so that Yingjiang Dam is close to the rainy season and easy to survive. Terraces should be planted on gentle slopes. After the planting site is determined, the boundary shall be leveled, and the middle 1 m shall be reserved within the row spacing of 3m as the sidewalk and under the column.
The planting bed is 2 meters wide and 20 centimeters high. A ditch with a depth of 40 cm and a width of 40 cm is opened in the middle of the boundary, and 2000 kg of farm manure, 2000 kg of plant ash, and nitrogen and phosphorus15:15 are applied in the ditch.
50 kg of potassium ternary compound fertilizer is mixed with soil to make base fertilizer. Then plant qualified fruit seedlings on the planting bed according to the design. After planting, it is necessary to water the roots once, and then keep the soil humidity between 60% and 80%.
Variety collocation: pitaya has red skin and red meat, red skin and white meat. White meat varieties have high self-pollination fruit-setting rate, while red meat varieties have poor self-pollination compatibility and low fruit-setting rate. Therefore, more than two varieties should be interplanted or mixed when planting, so as to pollinate each other and improve the fruit setting rate.
Fourth, scientific management.
Topdressing: Fertilization can be carried out after the plant survival is confirmed. It is better to combine water and fertilizer at seedling stage, apply thin fertilizer frequently and gradually increase the amount of fertilizer applied. Adult plants should be re-fertilized in May every year, mainly with phosphorus and potassium, supplemented by nitrogen fertilizer. Flowering and fruiting period
Potassium fertilizer should be applied occasionally to promote sugar accumulation and improve fruit quality. When picking the last batch of fruits, apply 0.5 kg compound fertilizer to each row to promote the development of new branches. Drainage and irrigation: Pitaya grows rapidly in a warm and humid environment with sufficient sunlight.
Speed. Water more in dry winter to keep the root system growing vigorously. Drainage should be carried out in time in rainy weather, so as not to be infected with germs and cause the stem meat to rot. Always keep the soil moist during the fruiting period.
Intermediate tillage: Long Orchard does not need to be plowed, and weeds in the row are controlled with 30 times of 10% glyphosate, and weeds around the tree tray are pulled out in time.
Pest control: Pitaya has fewer pests, mainly snails, ants, termites and aphids, which can be controlled in time. It can be sprayed on the ground, tree trunks and cement columns below 1 m to prevent and control the disease. When snails are in full bloom, you can sprinkle 6% fighting snails around the tree tray, and the effect is quite good.
5, removing the core and thinning the bud.
Picking: when the branches grow to 1.3 ~ 1.4 meters, pick the heart and promote the branches, so that the branches naturally droop, accumulate nutrients and blossom and bear fruit early.
Bud thinning: all the lateral buds at the base are thinned at seedling stage, and the top 1 ~ 2 strong buds are selected to guide them to grow up along the climbing column. In the vigorous growth period, the new buds that are too dense and weak should be drained in time to reduce nutrient consumption and ensure the growth of main branches.
Six, sparse flowers and fruits
Sparse flowers: when in full bloom, there are many buds in each batch, and sometimes the number of buds in one branch can reach 10 ~ 20. Within 8 days after emergence, it is advisable to leave 2 ~ 3 strong buds in different directions on each branch, and the others are sparse.
Fruit thinning: 5 ~ 7 days after flowering, each branch selects healthy fruits 1 ~ 2 which have been successfully pollinated, and all the others are cut off to improve the commercial fruit rate.
Seven, replanting, pruning
Replanting: For individual plants with weak growth, it is necessary to dig out and replant new seedlings to increase the annual output in the future.
Pruning: After autumn, the top or weak branches bearing a lot of fruits should be cut off, so that the remaining thick branches can grow new branches again to ensure the yield and quality in the coming year.
Eight, timely harvest
After 5-7 days of flower withering, the fruit room of the successfully pollinated pitaya will obviously increase, and the fruit will gradually turn red from green to 365,438+0 days. After 5 to 7 days, the fruit can be harvested when it looks full and shiny.
Key points of pitaya planting management:
1. About seed selection and propagation. The seedlings planted in this trial are grafted seedlings directly introduced from Taiwan Province Province. Someone has done a comparative experiment, that is, comparing seedlings, grafted seedlings and cuttings, grafted seedlings grow fastest and strongest. suggestion
It is best to choose improved grafted seedlings. Wild Trigonella (overlord whip) is the best rootstock, which grows rapidly after grafting. If there is no rootstock, it can be propagated with a skewer like aloe.
2. Vertical pitaya is a kind of high-yield fruit, and the total weight of plants and fruits can reach 200 kg in full fruit stage, which needs to be supported by cement columns for absorbing roots to climb. The specification of the column is: on the planting ground, it is erected according to the hole spacing of 2.5×2.5 meters.
Vertical column, vertical column inserted into the soil for 30 to 40 cm. The column is 2.2m high and the cross section is 10× 9cm. Put a 6-8 mm thick iron wire in the center of the column, protrude from the stigma, and bend it into a notched circle with a diameter of 1 cm.
Thus, the iron wire is sleeved on the top of the column, and the plants can droop freely by relying on the stems and branches, so that the light receiving area is increased, which is beneficial to pruning and improving the yield.
3. Digging and fertilizing Pitaya planting density is 2.5×2.5 m, 2 plants are planted in the pit, and pits with length, width and depth 1×0.3 m are dug around the climbing column. 25 kg of pig manure or chicken manure, 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer 1 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg of lime 1 kg of compound fertilizer were applied in the pit, and the effect of adding soil to supplement microbial compound fertilizer was better. If the seedlings are mainly propagated, they can be densely planted.
4. Place a fruit bowl with a depth of 5 to 10 cm next to the column base and water it. After planting the seedlings, cover the topsoil and slightly compact the seedlings. Never plant seedlings upside down. After planting, irrigate the planting water, then irrigate every 2-3 days for 20-30 days.
5. Weed and cover weeds in time, and cover the fruit bowl with heat preservation. Because the root system of pitaya is shallow, herbicides must not be used to avoid damaging the root system.
6. In the growth, flowering and fruiting stages of young stems of pests and diseases, attention should be paid to preventing snails, slugs and ants. Sulphur lime plaster can be applied to the roots and columns of plants to prevent pests from climbing on plants, or to trap and kill pests with poison bait. For the decay caused by insect mouth injury or mechanical injury, the treatment method is to cut off or cut off the diseased part with a knife in hot and sunny days.
7. Fertilization is the fruiting period of pitaya from April to 1 1. At this time, fertilization should be based on organic fertilizer, supplemented by phosphorus, potassium, magnesium fertilizer and trace element fertilizer to promote its flowering and fruiting and improve yield.
8. Replanting and pruning For individual planting holes with weak growth, new seedlings should be replanted. Increase the annual output next year. It is necessary to cut off old branches and branches with weak growth potential so as not to consume nutrients and affect yield.