Osmanthus fragrans, English name: Osmanthus fragrans, alias: Osmanthus fragrans has many aliases: it is called "Osmanthus fragrans" because its leaves are like Osmanthus fragrans; Its texture is like rhinoceros, also known as osmanthus; It is called "Xianyou" because of its elegance and purity, and its fragrance is overflowing; Osmanthus fragrans is also called "fairy tree" and "in the old flower of the moon".

Osmanthus fragrans of Oleaceae. Evergreen tree, 3- 15m high, with gray branches. Leaves opposite, leathery, rectangular, 6- 12 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, entire. Flowers clustered in leaf axils, pale yellow and white, 4-lobed. Drupe oval, purple-black when mature. The flowers are fragrant, and the fragrant oil is extracted to make osmanthus essence, which can be used in the production of food and cosmetics. Flowers used as medicine have the effects of dispelling cold, resolving phlegm and promoting fluid production. Fruit is eaten by squeezing oil. It is also an ornamental plant.

Osmanthus fragrans bloomed everywhere in August, and osmanthus fragrans bloomed happily. Every year, the mid-autumn moon is bright, the sky is high and the clouds are light. In front of courtyards, squares and parks, patches of osmanthus are in full bloom, and the air is filled with osmanthus fragrance. Coody Leng, moonlight and flowers can stimulate feelings and give people endless reverie.

August of the lunar calendar, called Gui Yue in ancient times, is the best month to enjoy the moon. Osmanthus fragrans in China and the bright moon in Mid-Autumn Festival have been linked with the cultural life of our people since ancient times. Many poets write poems and lyrics to describe it, praise it and even deify it. A series of moon palace myths, such as the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and WU GANG, Moon Palace and Wonderland in the Palace, have become household names in the past dynasties, and it is osmanthus that links them together. The osmanthus tree became a "fairy tree". Han Zicang in the Song Dynasty wrote: "There are guest species in the moon, and there are no flowers in the world to compete for fragrance." Li Qingzhao called osmanthus tree "the first among flowers". In modern times, after public selection, osmanthus tree jumped to the throne of 10.

Osmanthus fragrans generally grows on rock ridges, also known as "rock osmanthus"; Osmanthus fragrans has a far-reaching fragrance when it blooms, and its fragrance is clear and rich, and it can be washed far-reaching, so it has the reputation of "nine-mile scent"; Yellow flowers are as thin as millet, so they are also called "golden millet"; Osmanthus fragrans is a "Xianke"; Flowers bloom in autumn, and it is said that the autumn god belongs to the west, so it is also called "Xixiang" or "Autumn Township"; Although the osmanthus flower is small, it has a strong aroma and is called "golden autumn pride"; If you look closely, you will find that the flower of osmanthus fragrans is tubular and consists of five small petals, which is called "corolla tube"; After the Han and Jin Dynasties, people began to associate osmanthus with the moon, weaving many beautiful legends such as the Moon Palace and the land where Wu Gang cut laurel, so it was also called "Gui". Therefore, the moon is also called "Ghost Palace" and "Ghost Woman".

(2) Origin and distribution:

Osmanthus fragrans is native to the eastern Himalayas in southwest China, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. Now there are wild plants in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and other provinces. They are widely planted in the Huaihe River basin south of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and many potted plants are also planted in the north. Relatively concentrated producing areas are Guangfu in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Bai Dun in Xianning, Hubei, Manjue in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Yangshuo in Guilin, Guangxi, Guishuo in Xinxiang, Sichuan and other places. In addition, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing, Changsha and other cities have also been planted in large quantities recently. Osmanthus fragrans is cultivated in Japan and India. From 65438 to 70s, it was introduced to Britain from Guangzhou, China, and 1789 cultivated the Royal Kew Garden. Later, it was introduced to some European countries. However, only some countries along the Mediterranean coast can successfully introduce them and cultivate them in the open field.

(3) Morphological characteristics:

Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree, which is as high as 15 meters in the wild or planted underground, and its crown can reach 400 square meters. The height of potted adult osmanthus fragrans is 2-3 meters, and the crown can reach 2-3 meters. Bark is rough, grayish brown or grayish white, sometimes showing lenticels. It is often a stout shrub, which can become an obvious trunk after close planting or pruning. Hanging flowers have strong branching and low technical points, especially in the early stage, and often appear shrub-like for a long time.

(4) Ecological habits:

Osmanthus fragrans likes warm environment, and should grow in acid sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage, fertility and rich humus. Not drought-tolerant and barren, it grows very slowly in shallow, hardened and barren soil, with few branches and leaves, thin and yellow leaves, no flowers or few flowers, and even periodic dead tops. In severe cases, the whole plant of osmanthus fragrans died; It likes sunshine, but it has a certain shade tolerance. Small trees need some shade, and adult trees need relatively sufficient light to ensure the normal growth of osmanthus fragrans. It is observed that one side of the crown of osmanthus fragrans clings to the wall, or when the crowns of two osmanthus fragrans plants overlap with each other, the crown close to the wall or the overlapping part will soon become sparse, which will affect the shape and beauty of the whole crown. It can be seen that osmanthus fragrans is suitable for planting in ventilated and light-transmitting places; Osmanthus fragrans likes clean and ventilated environment, is not resistant to the harm of smoke and dust, and often cannot blossom after being victimized; Afraid of waterlogging, if waterlogging damages, the root system will be black and rotten, the leaves will be scorched at the tip first, and then the whole leaves will wither and fall off, leading to the death of the whole plant; Not very cold-tolerant, but compared with other evergreen broad-leaved trees, it is still a relatively cold-tolerant tree species, which provides the possibility for potted osmanthus fragrans in the north.

(5) Diversity

After long-term planting, natural hybridization and artificial breeding, osmanthus fragrans has produced many cultivated varieties. Through further investigation and arrangement, 32 osmanthus fragrans varieties were preliminarily identified. As far as color is concerned, there are Jingui, Yin Gui and Dangui. From the leaf type, there are willow leaf laurel, golden leaf laurel, dripping yellow, sunflower leaf and firewood handle yellow; As far as the flowering period is concerned, eight laurels, four seasons of laurel and beautiful months are concerned. At present, there is no unified variety classification in China. It is customary to divide osmanthus fragrans into the following four varieties: Jingui, Yin Gui, Dangui and Sijigui. Four Osmanthus fragrans varieties groups were formed: Sijigui varieties group: shorter plants, more buds, less fragrant flowers than Yin Gui, Jingui and Dangui, with lemon yellow or light yellow flowers. There are four varieties of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum cassia. Flowering in all seasons, there are varieties such as "Gui Yue", "Nissin Osmanthus fragrans", "Big-leaf Buddha Dingzhu" and "Four-season Osmanthus fragrans". Yin Gui Variety Group: It blooms in autumn, and its color is pure white, milky white, yellow white or light yellow. The varieties are broad-leaved seed Yin Gui, willow Yin Gui, hard leaf Yin Gui, seed Yin Gui, Jiulong Yin Gui, early Yin Gui, late Yin Gui, Baijie Yin Gui and Qingshan Yingui. Jingui Variety Group: Flowering in autumn, with lemon yellow to golden yellow flowers. The varieties are Dahua Jingui, Dayehuang, Huangchuan Jingui, Late Jingui, Round Leaf Jingui, Xianning Late Jingui, Qiugui, Bianyuan Jingui, Willow Sugui, Jinshigui, and Boye Jingui. Osmanthus fragrans variety group: it blooms in autumn, and its color is dark, orange yellow, orange yellow, orange red to vermilion. The varieties are "cinnabar Dangui", "big leaf Dangui", "small leaf Dangui" and "tooth Dangui".

Cultivation of osmanthus fragrans

First, cutting and grafting

The propagation methods of osmanthus fragrans include sowing, cutting, grafting and layering. Cutting and grafting propagation are the most common in production.

Cutting propagation technology is simple, with a large number of propagation, high speed, high survival rate and low cost. It is the most widely used propagation method for seedling producers and flower lovers.

Cutting time: 1 annual spring shoots can be cut from early March to mid-April, which is the best cutting time. You can also choose semi-mature branches from late June to late August for heel cutting, but it needs high temperature and humidity control.

Cutting and treatment: select strong, full and pest-free branches in the middle and upper part of the tree as cutting. Cut the branches into 10- 12 cm long, and remove the lower leaves, leaving only the upper 3-4 leaves. If possible, put the cuttings into GGR6 solution with a concentration of 50- 100 per million for 0.5- 1 hour, which is beneficial to the rooting of cuttings.

Preparation of soil insertion: the slightly acidic, loose, ventilated and water-retaining soil is used as the cutting substrate. Before cutting, use carbendazim, pentachloronitrobenzene and other drugs to disinfect the inserted soil.

Post-cutting management: mainly controlling temperature and humidity, which is the key to rooting and survival of cutting. The optimum rooting temperature is 25-28℃, and the optimum relative humidity should be above 85%. It can be controlled by shading, arching plastic shed, sprinkling water and ventilation. Secondly, we should pay attention to mildew prevention, because high temperature and high humidity are easy to produce mold, and carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl can be used alternately every week for spray sterilization.

Grafting propagation has the advantages of rapid seedling formation, vigorous growth, early flowering and small variation, and is also one of the more commonly used methods.

Rootstock cultivation: L-2-year-old seedlings such as Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum and Fraxinus microphylla are used as rootstocks. Among them, Osmanthus fragrans grafted Ligustrum lucidum has a high survival rate and rapid initial growth, but the wound healing is not good, and it is easy to break when it is hit by strong wind or external force.

Grafting was carried out before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day. There are two methods commonly used in production, one is split grafting and the other is abdominal grafting. It is advisable to select fully lignified 1-2-year-old robust and disease-free branches from adult trees, remove leaves and keep petioles. If the split grafting method is adopted, the rootstock should be cut off 4-6 cm above the ground before grafting. The thickness of the scion should match that of the rootstock, and the section of the scion should be smooth. The key to successful splitting is that the cambium of rootstock and scion should be aligned and tied tightly. If abdominal grafting is adopted, the rootstock is not broken, the grafted buds are directly buried in the water of the rootstock, and then the rootstock is broken after successful grafting. No matter which method is used for grafting, it should be grafted with the ear as much as possible. When picking from other places, you must keep the cuttings fresh. It is best to choose sunny and windless weather for grafting. Pay attention to check the survival rate after grafting, and do a good job in patching, wiping buds, cutting rootstocks, removing binding bands, water and fertilizer management, pest control and so on.

Second, layered communication.

Osmanthus fragrans can be planted and propagated in addition to cutting and grafting. However, because some varieties have no or few fruits, and the seedlings cultivated by sowing method have a long flowering time, which takes more than 10 years to blossom, and the variation is great, so seedling producers and family flower lovers rarely use this method. The seeds of osmanthus fragrans ripen in May. Sowing can be divided into two stages after seed collection: first, inserting after harvest can reduce the process of seed storage, and some seeds will germinate and emerge in autumn. Its disadvantage is that it is difficult to manage the seedlings over winter and is vulnerable to freezing injury. Second, the seeds should be stored in the sand after collection, and the seeds should be selected from the sand before sowing in the next spring. Germination and emergence in April. The advantages of this method are: rapid growth of seedlings and low difficulty in seedling management. When seeding seedlings, we should pay attention to prevent seedlings from dying and getting wet, strengthen water and fertilizer management, replant in time, intertillage and weed, and do a good job in shading, cooling, cold prevention and antifreeze.

Propagation of osmanthus fragrans by layering. The layering time should be selected before the germination of spring buds. Because the branches of osmanthus fragrans are not easy to bend, the pressure method is generally not used, but only the high pressure method is used. When using high pressure method, select 2-3-year-old branches with strong growth potential on excellent mother plants, peel off a circle of cortex with a width of 0.3 cm on the branches, then coat GGR6 solution of one million parts per million 100 or NAA with the same dosage on the circle skin, and then fill plastic film with mountain mud, humus soil, moss, etc. And wrap the cut part, pour water on it, and then bind and fix the bag mouth. Always pay attention to observation and replenish water in time to keep the dressing moist. After cultivation in summer and autumn, new roots will grow. The next spring, cut off the branches with roots from the mother branches, untie the bandages, move the soil into the basin, water it, and maintain it in the shade. After a large number of new buds germinate, it will be fully illuminated.

Third, cultivation management.

1 year-old osmanthus seedlings cultivated by planting and cutting. Because of their poor drought resistance, cold resistance and barren resistance, they are not suitable for immediate use as green seedlings. They should be transplanted in the nursery for 2-5 years, and then transplanted. The main points of cultivation management are briefly described as follows:

The slightly acidic sandy loam with sufficient light, deep soil layer, rich humus, strong permeability and convenient irrigation and drainage is selected as the cultivation nursery. In the autumn and winter of the previous year, all nurseries were reclaimed once, with row spacing of 1m× 1.5m (after two years, they grew thick and tall, and separated by one tree, so that the row spacing became 2m× 1.5m) and planting holes were 0.4m× 0.4m× 0.4. Apply 2-3 kg of farm manure (pig manure and cow dung) to each hole, and 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizer. Mix the base fertilizer with the surface loam and fill it in the pit. Fertilizer is easily absorbed by saplings after being eroded and fermented by winter snow and spring rain.

Transplanting is best when the sap is not flowing or just flowing, usually from early February to early March. When picking seedlings, leave as many roots as possible and do less harm to the roots. Sow as soon as possible after taking it. If you need to adjust seedlings from other places, pay attention to moisturizing to prevent seedlings from dehydration. After planting, the soil should be compacted and watered once to make the roots of seedlings closely connected with the soil.

Water and fertilizer management. After transplanting, if the nursery is flooded by heavy rain, ditch should be dug for drainage. In case of drought, use water to fight drought. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, apply fertilizer three times a year, that is, in late March, apply 0. 1-0.3 kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer to each plant to promote its growth and bud more; In July, each plant was applied with 0. 1-0.3 kg of effective phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve its drought resistance; From June+10 in 5438, 2-3 kilograms of organic fertilizer (such as farmyard manure) was applied to each plant to improve the cold resistance and prepare for overwintering.

Trimming and shaping. Osmanthus fragrans has strong germination ability and has the characteristics of naturally forming shrubs. It is shot twice a year, in spring and autumn respectively. If it is not pruned and germinated in time, it is difficult to cultivate tall plants, and it is easy to form the phenomenon of dense upper branches and sparse lower branches. When pruning, except for those who are not good because of the growth of trees and branches, we should give priority to thinning branches, only properly thinning out the peripheral branches that are too dense, and cutting off the overgrown branches and pests and diseases to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of plants. It is necessary to erase the sprouting branches from the base of the trunk in time to avoid consuming nutrients in the tree and disturbing the tree shape.

Loosen the soil and weed. Intertillage in spring and autumn should be done separately, combined with fertilization to improve soil structure. Laying the foundation once before wintering and brushing the trunk white once can enhance the cold resistance. Weed 2-3 times a year to avoid the competition between weeds and seedlings for water, fertilizer and light.

Control pests and diseases. Osmanthus fragrans has less pests and diseases, such as anthracnose, leaf spot, red spider and oyster scale, which can be controlled by Bordeaux mixture, sulfur mixture, thiophanate-methyl, dichlorvos and dicofol.

Four, osmanthus tree transplant points

Transplanting time: 65438+1mid-October to early February is the best. At this time, the trees are dormant, and soon after transplantation, their activity becomes stronger and they are easy to survive. Avoid transplanting in summer.

Truncation: it can reduce nutrient consumption and water transpiration in the tree. The number of cuttings depends on the age and growth potential of the tree. Hundreds of years old trees should leave few or no branches, because their growth is weak. Young trees with strong growth potential can leave more branches appropriately. When pruning, we must first remove pests and diseases, excessive growth and cross branches. Then apply vaseline or Bordeaux solution to the wound to avoid pests and diseases and rain erosion.

Root cutting: In order to improve the survival rate of transplanted osmanthus trees, 65,438+0-2 roots were cut off in the spring of 65,438+0-2 years before transplantation, and the distance between the cut roots and the stump was 2-3 times the diameter of the stump. Then, 50- 100 ppm GGR6 solution or 0.65,438+0% indoleacetic acid solution was applied to the cut roots, covered with soil, and watered to make them grow newly.

Pile taking: Make sure that the size of the excavated soil ball is generally 4-6 times the diameter of the stump. If it is really difficult to start transportation because the diameter is too thick, it should not be less than 3 times. While digging, bind the soil ball with wet straw curtain and straw rope to prevent loosening. The big roots of the tree are sawed off with a saw, and the steel mouth is coated with rooting powder such as GGR6. After digging, wrap it with wet straw curtain and straw rope, and tie it tightly with straw rope until the trunk is 2.5 meters high.

Transportation: When transporting, handle with care. When loading the car, the trees should be fixed and separated by buffers to prevent the trees from colliding, so as not to hurt the skin and touch the loose soil balls. Pay attention to moisturizing on the way.

Planting: In 1 month of planting, first dig a planting hole, the size of the hole is 1.5-2 times of soil balls, then fill the hole with mycorrhizal soil, stop 5- 10 kg of farm manure and 2 kg of quick-acting phosphate fertilizer for later use. When planting, hoist the tree with a crane and gently put it into the planting hole, cut the packing straw curtain and straw rope with scissors, then backfill the stabilized soil, step on it and water it.

Management and protection: 1. Support fixed frame: erect a tripod around the trunk of the tree to prevent the tree from shaking due to human-animal collision and strong wind. 2. Build a shade shed: After April, build a shade shed on three sides of the tree (except the northwest) to prevent direct sunlight from burning the bark-proof part and reduce water transpiration. It can be removed when the weather turns cold in June+10/October, 5438. 3. Watering: The newly planted root system is damaged and its water absorption is weak. Therefore, the amount of water should not be too much to avoid root rot. But not too little, otherwise it will cause the tree to die of water loss. 4. Infusion: Infusion can meet the needs of appendages for water and nutrition, and can greatly improve the survival rate of transplantation. Blood transfusion is usually carried out from April to September. Before grouting, drill 3-5 grouting holes at the base of the tree with a carpenter's drill at a 45-degree angle from top to bottom, reaching the pith. Then the liquid medicine was prepared, with 0. 1 g water-soluble human ABT6 rooting powder and 0.5g potassium dihydrogen phosphate per liter. Hang the bottle full of liquid medicine high, insert the trunk syringe into the infusion hole, turn on the infusion switch, and the liquid can be input into the tree. When the liquid medicine is used up, pull out the needle and plug the infusion hole with a cotton ball. You can squeeze the cotton ball out the next time you need an infusion. The frequency and interval of infusion depend on the degree of drought, temperature and water demand of plants. After the plants are completely out of danger, seal the infusion hole with Bordeaux solution.