(1) Propagation and seedling raising
Seeding and seedling raising is the main breeding method for cultivating single-dried osmanthus fragrans. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings have vigorous growth, developed roots, strong vitality and long life, especially the trunk is developed, which is suitable for street trees or shade trees. This method is often used to cultivate single-dried osmanthus seedlings in osmanthus producing areas. In this way, Osmanthus fragrans grows fast and the trees develop well, which can achieve the goal of fast growth and high yield. For specific methods, see the related contents of sowing, propagation and seedling raising in the first section of Chapter IV.
(2) plastic trimming
Pruning is an important measure to cultivate single-stem osmanthus trees. Through pruning, the nutrients of trees are redistributed in a planned way, so that the excessively dispersed nutrients are concentrated and mainly supplied to the growth center. To cultivate single-stem osmanthus trees, timely and reasonable pruning should be carried out to make the tree structure reasonable and form a single trunk, so that branches and leaves with strong assimilation ability can be planted in the favorable position of the trunk, and a large amount of nutrients can be promoted for the growth of the trunk to thicken, and the contradictions between the trunk and crown growth, flowering and vegetative growth, growth and aging and renewal can be regulated to make it grow into the required tree shape and reach the ideal height. It can also reduce pests and diseases, make sweet-scented osmanthus grow fast, the trunk is straight and the tree shape is beautiful, meet people's ornamental requirements and achieve the effect of beautifying the environment.
Different pruning methods can be used in different growth stages, such as seedling stage, young tree stage and adult tree stage. Because dried osmanthus fragrans has been in the nursery for a long time and needs to be transplanted many times, plastic pruning can be combined with transplanting pruning.
Osmanthus fragrans seedling stage is mainly to cultivate trunk. For one or two-year-old seedlings, let them grow freely, leaving upright branches as the trunk and branches and side branches as auxiliary branches. For 3-year-old seedlings, all the branches and side branches in the middle and lower part of the trunk are cut off. Branches and lateral branches on the upper part of the trunk can be selected according to the height of the trunk. In the first few years, thick branches will not be left on the trunk, but thin branches can be left. When the height of the trunk is suitable, choose 3 ~ 4 main branches on it. All selected branches should be lightly cut, destroying their original consumption centers, improving the transportation direction of nutrient solution, providing nutrients for the growth center at the top of the trunk, promoting the high growth of the trunk, and orienting the trees according to the cultivation purpose. On each branch, other branches may not be pruned, except that competitors appearing with the selected extended branch need to be controlled and pruned. If there are sprouts at the base of the trunk, they should be cut off as soon as possible, so as not to affect the growth of the trunk, concentrate water and nutrition, promote the development of the upper branches, and form an ideal ten-tree shape.
The plastic management of young trees is mainly to cultivate the trunk and expand the crown. In order to ensure the growth of the main branch and expand the crown rapidly, all the competing branches that hinder the growth of the main branch must be controlled and thinned in time. The main branch of the main branch and the main side branch should be selected with strong branches and strong buds, so as to straighten it and reduce bending to ensure its growth advantage. Long branches and competitive branches that disturb the tree body or protrude from the periphery of the crown should be retracted or thinned in time. Cross branches, overlapping branches, inner branches, dead branches, pests and diseases in the crown should also be removed in time to facilitate ventilation. In this way, the branches stayed. Uniform distribution and high density. Young osmanthus trees have the habit of shooting many times a year, so we should make rational use of them. Spring bamboo shoots germinated in that year were mainly used for flower production; Summer shoots are used for crown expansion. Most of them should be kept. Autumn shoots are vulnerable to freezing injury and should be cut off in time.
Entering the flower season, the plastic surgery is basically completed. After that, we can combine seedling transplantation to deal with the relationship between growth and flowering and continue to improve the tree shape. When pruning, the peripheral branches that are too dense should be thinned; Take back the long branches; For overlapping branches, cross branches and thin branches, they should be retracted or thinned; Dry branches and branches with pests and diseases should be cut off. This can form a canopy structure with good ventilation and light transmission and beautiful tree posture, and achieve the effect of three-dimensional flowering.
(3) Seedling transplantation
The green seedlings of osmanthus trees need to be cultivated in the nursery for many years before they can be used out of the nursery. Therefore, transplanting osmanthus fragrans moderately can promote the development of its fibrous roots, make the trees beautiful and improve the survival rate of planting.
1. Preparation of transplanting area: Before transplanting osmanthus seedlings, the transplanting area must be deeply plowed and raked, and it is required to achieve "three plows and three rakes". It can improve the physical properties of soil, loosen soil, enhance air permeability and water retention capacity, facilitate the activity of aerobic bacteria, promote the decomposition of organic fertilizer, and create a good growth environment for seedling roots. Never turn the ground, make the bed or raise seedlings.
At the same time, we should apply 100 ~ 125 kg of human-based fertilizer, such as bean cake and rapeseed cake, every 667 square meters. For example, organic fertilizers such as decomposed pig, cattle and chicken manure should be applied at a rate of 1 500 ~ 2 000 kg per 667 square meters to meet the nutrients needed for the growth of osmanthus fragrans seedlings. After fertilizing and ploughing, the seedbed is made, with the width of 1.5 ~ 2m, the height of 20 ~ 25cm and the length of 5 ~ 10m, which is convenient for operation and management. The bottom of the walkway between seedbeds is about 30 cm wide, slightly lower on both sides and slightly higher in the middle, which is convenient for drainage.
2. Same as when transplanting: Generally, transplanting in late winter and early spring is appropriate. At this time, osmanthus seedlings have not germinated. If the transplant is late, osmanthus will grow new buds, which will affect the recovery and growth of osmanthus. In Guilin, the seedlings of osmanthus fragrans can be transplanted from the end of June 165438+ to February of the following year. At this time, the root system of osmanthus fragrans seedlings recovered quickly and new roots grew quickly. The root wound will heal well, and there is no slow seedling stage. Shooting in time during the spring growing season can speed up the growth process, save management costs, and enable seedlings to resume growth as soon as possible. Transplanted seedlings have developed fibrous roots, beautiful tree shape and high survival rate.
3. Seedling transplantation: When the 1 year-old osmanthus seedlings reach 25 cm, the first transplantation can be carried out in the early spring of the following year. When transplanting, the weak seedlings should be removed first, and the strong seedlings should be transplanted in the interval rows of drilling or other seedling raising places, and the row spacing between plants can be set at 20 cm ×20 cm. When the height of 2-year-old seedlings is 60 cm, or when the height of 3-year-old seedlings is 120 cm, the second transplanting can be carried out, and the plant spacing is L m× 1 m, and as much soil as possible should be taken during seedling raising to keep the root system intact. And cut off the long taproot properly. When the trunk diameter of Osmanthus fragrans seedlings reaches 3 ~ 4 cm, it can be transplanted for the third time, with the plant spacing of 2.5 m × 2.5 m, and the soil balls should be dug well when transplanting. The diameter and height of soil balls are generally 25 ~ 30 cm× 25 ~ 30 cm. Seedling raising techniques should be planted with digging, keeping the soil ball intact and preventing damage to the root system. Water once after planting to ensure the survival of osmanthus seedlings.
(4) scientific fertilization
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen tree species, and the growth of branches and tips consumes a lot of nutrients for one year. If nutrition is supplemented in time, the growth of trees will be poor and flowering will be affected. The available nutrients in the soil are limited and need to be supplemented by fertilization. Scientific fertilization can promote the growth of osmanthus fragrans, enhance the tree potential and adjust the flowering period.
Single-stem osmanthus trees need to be fertilized 3 ~ 4 times a year during planting in nursery. In early spring, before the buds begin to swell, the roots begin to move and absorb fertilizer. Therefore, the application of fertilizers containing quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, such as decomposed bean cake, pig manure and poultry manure, before germination in early spring can promote the growth of spring shoots. After osmanthus fragrans blooms in autumn, in order to restore the tree vigor and supplement nutrition, it is advisable to apply decomposed manure into the tree tray from flowering to winter. According to the growth of osmanthus fragrans. Fertilize 1 ~ 2 times, mainly with available nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, to promote the trunk growth and crown expansion of osmanthus trees.
Osmanthus fragrans is a kind of green seedling. By applying fertilizer, the root system of the seedling can be developed and concentrated, and it is easy to survive after transplanting. When applying fertilizer, the fertilizer must be applied where the roots can absorb it. For example, fertilization in a tree tray with a diameter of 1 ~ 2 meters should not be too far away from the crown, otherwise the roots will spread out excessively, which is not conducive to the excavation of soil balls, and the survival rate of seedlings will also be affected. However, it should not be applied under the trunk to avoid burning trees and is not conducive to the absorption of fertilizer. Fertilizers should be mixed with water or covered with shallow tillage. Try not to dig too deep, otherwise it is easy to loose or carry the soil ball when digging it. The application of base fertilizer should be combined with seedling transplantation. In the transplant pit, pig manure, high-quality pond mud and garbage are put as base fertilizer, and mixed with soil evenly before covering the soil. Root system should not be in direct contact with fertilizer, so as not to damage root system and reduce survival rate. The newly transplanted osmanthus fragrans has a weak absorption capacity due to the damaged root system, so it is not appropriate to topdressing too early, so as not to affect the transplanting survival rate of seedlings.
Other cultivation techniques of osmanthus fragrans
(A) the cultivation of osmanthus hedge
Hedge is a living, seasonal and pastoral fence with isolation and prevention functions, which is composed of green plants around the garden green space.
To form a osmanthus hedge, it is necessary to choose osmanthus varieties with outstanding shrub characteristics, such as osmanthus fragrans and other clustered and dry osmanthus trees. Pruning osmanthus hedge is the key to improve its landscape effect.
1. Pruning season: The key period for shaping and pruning osmanthus fragrans is the budding stage of spring shoots. In the growth period of spring shoots, branches should be selected to promote control and build frames; In the vigorous growth period of spring shoots, it is suitable for comprehensive renovation.
In the early stage of summer shoot growth, we should continue to renew, pay attention to the proper coring of strong shoots and reduce the branching parts. If the lower branches are weak, they can also be properly trimmed and rejuvenated at this time, and then completely renovated when the growth of summer shoots (or autumn shoots) is over. Pruning in the early growth stage of autumn shoots is the same as pruning in the growth stage of summer shoots.
2. Pruning method
(1) Pruning in the current year: Because the amount of branches and leaves in the current year is generally small, in order to restore tree vigor and promote root growth, only the large seedlings with large seedlings and many branches and leaves are moderately pruned to help restore vitality. Other seedlings can grow naturally.
(2) Pruning in the second year: in the second year of germination, firstly, according to the height of most seedlings, the 1/3 of the main shoots is cut off. Taking this as a standard, stakes are set at both ends of the hedge to make the plant height of the whole hedge consistent. When cutting off the main stem (central branch), the incision should be placed on the first branch below the specified height, which can not only avoid the exposure of the main stem wound, but also promote the healing and make the main branch grow normally. After each pruning, we should pay attention to controlling the height of the plant, and use the methods of restraining the strong and helping the weak, pressing up and pressing down, controlling the front and promoting the back to ensure that the upper part of the hedge is not strong, the lower part is not weak, the height is consistent, the base of the hedge is not empty, and the top and sides of the hedge are straight, so that it can be basically shaped.
(3) Normal pruning every year: With the sprouting and growth of new shoots, the local lush branches will be cut short continuously to avoid staying away from the hedge. At the same time, we must ensure the momentum of the foundation and prevent the recession from drying up. Therefore. For hedge pruning, we must look at the overall situation, taking into account the growth and appearance of the top, bottom, left and right. For baldness and premature aging that may occur at the base, it is especially necessary to check it frequently and update it before aging. In terms of pruning methods, winter and summer are combined, with growing season pruning and moderate and severe pruning as the main methods. Pruning is usually about four times a year.
(2) cultivation of spherical osmanthus fragrans
Spherical osmanthus tree is a common plant material for shrub layer configuration in landscaping. Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction can be used to raise seedlings. Osmanthus fragrans (especially Osmanthus fragrans varieties) have a strong ability to grow naturally into irrigation, and a spherical crown can be formed as long as it is properly pruned.
The tip advantage of Cinnamomum cassia is obvious when it is young, so the trunk should be shortened as soon as possible to keep the new leaves with high photosynthetic efficiency and promote the differentiation of new branches. The shorter the cutting time before germination, the better When the secondary apex growing on the apex is lignified, it is removed; Soon, each new shoot will grow 2 ~ 4 new buds, and 2 ~ 3 outer buds will be kept, so that the crown will continue to expand and the branches will continue to multiply, which is conducive to continuous flowering. For clustered upright branches, methods such as pulling, pulling, pressing and twisting can be used to make their angles open, their crowns expand and their shapes plump. After the new branches meet the modeling requirements, unnecessary new branches should be eliminated as soon as possible to save nutrients; The terminal secondary branches of new branches (future trunk) can still be removed in the process of semi-lignification, which promotes the growth of new branches and expands the crown. Generally, after three years of cultivation, spherical osmanthus trees can take shape. China Organic Agriculture Network