Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a shrub with high economic value and an important woody oil and spice tree species. Zanthoxylum bungeanum is deeply loved by the masses because of its strong adaptability, wide distribution and large income, but Zanthoxylum bungeanum prefers water to waterlogging and is afraid of wind and rain. Therefore, it is not suitable to raise seedlings at the top of the mountain, in the tuyere and in cold areas in mountainous areas.
1, seedlings:
① Seed collection: There are many varieties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. When collecting seeds, plants with strong growth, early fruiting, high yield and good quality should be selected as mother trees. The collected seeds should be aired, not exposed to the sun, to prevent high temperature injury and loss of germination ability.
(2) seed treatment: after the seeds are dried in the shade, the grains are removed by a winnowing machine. Soak in alkaline water or washing powder water (5 kg seeds with alkaline or 50 g washing powder) for two days, scrub by hand to remove fat, and then rinse with clear water.
③ Nursery land arrangement: It is best to choose the nursery land in yellow loam or sandy loam with irrigation and drainage conditions, first turn over the soil, then combine with the turn-over to apply about 3000 kilograms of accumulated fertilizer or 50 kilograms of ammonium hydrogen phosphate, and then rake it for ridge or border.
④ sowing time and method; Generally, it is carried out in winter and spring in front of beginning of spring, and the sowing method can be border sowing or semi-high bed; The sowing amount of selected seeds is 20 kg per mu, and the sowing amount of unselected seeds is about 40 kg per mu.
⑤ Nursery management: Keep the seedbed moist after sowing. When the seedlings grow to 4 cm-5 cm, they can be thinned, and the spacing between seedlings should be 10 cm- 12 cm. When weeding pepper seedlings, manual or chemical weeding should be adopted, and hoes should not be used to avoid damaging seedlings and moving roots. Urea can be applied 3-4 times in June-July, with an interval of about 15 days, 5-7.5 kg per mu each time, or about 300 kg of decomposed human excrement and urine. When the seedlings grow to more than 60cm, they can go out for afforestation.
2. Soil preparation and afforestation: Different types of afforestation sites adopt different soil preparation methods. Generally, large pits are used for afforestation, and horizontal ditches are used for afforestation when the slope is steep. The size of the pit should be greater than 30×30×30cm, and farmyard manure and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer should be put into the pit as base fertilizer.
Afforestation specifications: plant spacing is 3×4m, with 56 plants per mu.
Afforestation time: generally in winter and spring, in front of beginning of spring. In areas that are too dry in winter and spring, it can also be carried out in rainy season, but it should be completed before beginning of autumn. When planting, some leaves should be removed to reduce evaporation, so as to improve the survival rate.
3, production management:
(1) After planting, loosen the soil and weed for 2-3 times in that year. Starting from autumn every year, the inner side of the crown of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is dug shallowly, and the outer side of the crown is dug deeply, so as not to damage the root system. When applying fertilizer, we should give priority to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to maintain vigorous growth.
② Soil-raising, water storage and moisture conservation: During intertillage and weeding, attention should be paid to soil-raising the roots of Zanthoxylum bungeanum to keep warm and prevent excessive water accumulation in the roots.
(3) Pruning: Pruning can make Zanthoxylum bungeanum form a reasonable tree skeleton, remove pests and branches in time, make full use of light energy and air, promote root growth, facilitate early fruiting and improve fruit yield.
Pruning time: young trees are pruned in autumn, while old trees are pruned weakly in spring and summer. Pruning immediately after harvest every year is the best time.
Pruning method: Pruning can be divided into thinning and short cutting. Thinning can promote flowering and fruiting, and short cutting is beneficial to sprout strong new shoots. Thinning is cutting from branches, mainly cutting off dense branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, twigs, dead branches and diseased branches; Short cutting is mainly to cut off some branches, vigorous vegetative branches, clustered branches, aging branches and unnecessary side branches.
Shaping: The ideal trunk should be low or no trunk, and the trunk branches are evenly distributed. There are mainly two kinds of trees: "happy" and "multi-branched".
4. Harvest, storage and storage:
1 picking. The present way of picking fruits is still manual, and the leaves cannot be broken.
2 drying. You can't bask in it except the seeds. Generally, in good weather, it can be dried in a day or two. Impurities are removed during drying.
③ storage. Put the dried Zanthoxylum bungeanum (without seeds) into a jar or plastic bag, seal it and keep it for a long time.
5. Development and utilization:
① Economic Value Zanthoxylum bungeanum products are widely used. It is not only an indispensable condiment for people, but also a raw material for making paint and soap. The essence can be used as a flavoring agent for advanced cosmetics and foods.
② Greening and beautifying Zanthoxylum bungeanum is drought-resistant and barren-tolerant, with strong adaptability. You can plant trees in the mountains to conserve water and soil, or you can plant trees in the yard to beautify the environment and reap the consequences. Because of its own thorns, it can also be planted around fields, ridges and orchards to develop ridge economy and cultivate green fences.
(3) Processing and Utilization In order to expand the benefits and broaden the way for rural people to get rich, we must do a good job in the processing and production of pepper products. At present, the products developed mainly include pepper powder, spicy powder, pepper oil, spicy oil and so on.
1. Planting
Seedlings can be planted for afforestation or directly planted for afforestation. It is best to sow in spring and winter, when the pepper buds begin to sprout, and sow around the beginning of winter in winter. In order to prevent freezing injury, you can cut it down and plant it, then bury the trunk and remove the mound after thawing in the next spring.
The direct seeding is mainly in early autumn, with the combination of harvesting and sowing, land selection in advance, digging holes with a diameter of 70 cm and a depth of 50-60 cm, returning soil and leveling, sowing in autumn, 8- 10 seeds per hole, covering soil about 1 cm, and seedling emergence in the next spring. Summer rainy days to interplant seedlings, replanting at the same time. When interplanting, leave 1 strong seedlings in each hole. The forest land for seeding and direct seeding afforestation should be selected on sunny and semi-sunny slopes at the lower part of the hillside, and sandy loam is the best.
2. Fertilizer and water management
After planting Zanthoxylum bungeanum, loosen the soil and weed for 2-3 times in the same year, and irrigate in time in case of drought. The root system of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is shallow, and weeds compete with trees for fertilizer seriously. There is a saying that pepper will wither if it is not weeded. After the results, we should manage the soil, fertilizer and water in time. Fertilization is the key to high and stable yield in areas lacking irrigation. Pig manure is the best farmyard manure. 10- 15-year-old trees are harvested and put into circular ditches, each with a weight of about 25 kg. In addition, pepper can be intercropped with beans and green manure crops, which can improve soil and increase income.
3. Measures to protect flowers and fruits
Zanthoxylum bungeanum generally germinates in late March, germinates in mid-April, blooms in early May, and begins to wither in mid-May. If the management can't keep up at this time, a lot of hairs and fruits will be lost. The following measures can be taken to protect flowers and fruits: ① spraying gibberellin 10 mg/kg on the leaves in full bloom; (2) Spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5% urea aqueous solution in full bloom and full bloom; ③ Spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.7% urea aqueous solution every 65,438+00 days after flowering.
Reasonable pruning
Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a light-loving tree species with strong branching ability, which is easy to cause dense crown and poor indoor illumination. Reasonable pruning can change this situation. After the fruit is harvested, it can be pruned before germination in the following spring: young trees and fruit trees should be pruned in autumn; Weak trees and fruit trees should be in autumn; Weak trees and old trees should be in spring.
(1) plastic mode. There are triangle, block and natural happy shapes: ① triangle. After truncation, three main branches are left, which are distributed in three directions, preferably one in the north, southwest and southeast, and the bottom angle is kept at 600-700. There are 4-7 lateral branches on each main branch, and the bearing branches and bearing branch groups are evenly distributed on both sides of the main branch. This kind of tree has abundant sunshine, large crown and high yield. ② Nerve plexus. After planting, many branches germinate from the roots by cutting off the trunk, and it takes 3-4 years to form after retaining 5-6 main branches. This kind of tree is easy to yield in the early stage, but because there are many main branches, the branches are crowded when it grows to a large size, and the lighting conditions, if the management can't keep up, the tree is easy to age. Suitable for premature close planting in arboretum. ③ Natural happy shape. After planting, the first lateral branch is left about 30 cm, and it can be cultivated and shaped in 4-5 years. This tree has good light and can produce high and stable yield.
(2) pruning method. When pruning Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees, corresponding pruning methods must be adopted according to different growth stages: ① Young trees should master the principle of paying equal attention to shaping and fruiting, cut off branches according to the required height in the first year after planting, and remove branches at the base of trunk 30-50 cm before germination in the second year, and keep 5-7 main branches for short pruning on average, and the rest branches should not be short-cut, so as to remove crowded branches, thin branches, branches of the current year, branches of pests and diseases, and long branches. (2) As a result, the tree should gradually remove the redundant big branches, complete the plastic work, carefully trim the branches in the crown, give priority to thinning, remove the branches of pests and diseases, cross up the space, combine with the short vegetative branches, slowly release the moderately growing vegetative branches first, and then shrink them into branches after fruiting. For the flourishing branches with space, cut them lightly first, leave weak branches in the second year, and cultivate them into branches. ③ Old trees are mainly sparse, with big branches, weak branches and big buds. The rejuvenation and fruiting branches are updated in time, the old ones are gone, the new ones are raised, the weak ones are sparse, and the strong ones are picked, which is the first to restore the vitality of the trees. For old trees that have aged and need to be updated, on the one hand, we should pay attention to the utilization of long branches, and at the same time, we should update the skeleton alternately.