The core of the peach tree leaning technology is the tree shape of the peach tree. The peach trees in the greenhouse are neatly tilted to one side, and the angle of each tree is 45 degrees, that is to say, the angle between these trees and the ground is 45 degrees. You may laugh when you see this. It turned out to be some crooked-necked trees. Don't underestimate these crooked-neck trees, but they are crooked. Now, let's analyze the reasons for their high yield.
1. It weakens the upward growth potential of peach trees and turns the growth potential into fruiting potential
As we all know, all fruit trees have a top advantage, which is the upward and upward trend in the growth process of fruit trees, which is also the reason why all fruit trees can grow tall and grow up. But the growth is vigorous, and the ability is reduced as a result.
One-sided technology artificially pulls the peach tree crooked, which weakens the upward growth potential of the tree, and nutrients accumulate on the branches and leaves, making it easier for the peach tree to blossom and bear fruit.
2. Let every branch and leaf of the peach tree receive light evenly
In ordinary peach trees, the branches all grow upward and radiate from the middle to the surrounding. Because the light is blocked up and down, the leaves overlap, and the light cannot penetrate, it will inevitably lead to the bareness of the inner chamber and less fruit in the inner chamber, while the branches and leaves in the inner chamber are still thickening and consuming nutrition, so the yield is low.
However, the one-sided tree never blocks the light from up and down, the light can penetrate the leaf curtain, there is no baldness, and the whole tree bears fruit, which consumes less nutrients ineffectively, so the yield is high.
The "one-sided" tree type has a light utilization rate of over 8%. You see, the sun comes out from the east and shines on the east of the leaves. The sun goes to the west and shines on the west of the leaves, which are lighted on both sides.
3. Reasonable close planting
Reasonable close planting can increase the utilization rate of greenhouse.
4. Saving space
One acre of greenhouse can plant 5 trees. Compared with the traditional planting method, the utilization rate of greenhouse has increased several times, and the yield is naturally much higher.
After analyzing these reasons, you know why the greenhouses in Liu Chengde are producing so much. However, this technology is a complete and systematic one. Let's start with the construction of greenhouses.
5. Construction of greenhouses
What kind of greenhouses can be used to grow one-sided peach trees? The common winter-warm greenhouse in northern China can be used. If there is no winter-warm greenhouse, the ordinary arch shed can also be used. There is no specific requirement for the length and width of the greenhouse, but there are certain requirements for the direction and height of the greenhouse. The greenhouse should be east-west and the height should be between 2 meters and 3 meters, which is the most favorable for the lighting of peach trees.
6. Selection of varieties
In order to obtain higher economic benefits, it is very important to select suitable varieties, such as early-maturing or extremely early-maturing varieties with short growth period, varieties with short dormancy period, and excellent varieties with large amount of pollen, stable fruit setting, high yield, large fruit and good quality. Having determined what kind of varieties to cultivate, the next step is to apply sufficient base fertilizer.
7. Apply sufficient base fertilizer
Peach trees are plants that like big fat water. Therefore, one month before planting, apply sufficient base fertilizer, generally using 35 kg ~ 5 kg of decomposed chicken manure per mu. When applying fertilizer, ditch in the greenhouse, dig a fertilization ditch every 2 meters, and the depth of the ditch is more than 5 cm, and evenly apply the decomposed chicken manure.
8. Planting peach trees
One month after fertilization, the planting time can be from January to April in the solar calendar. For planting peach trees in the greenhouse, it is best to choose strong grafted seedlings, not all grafted seedlings can be used, but strong seedlings with a thickness of more than .7 cm above the grafting interface should be selected.
before planting seedlings, root pruning means cutting off rotten roots and residual roots, and at the same time cutting off a small part of main roots. The main function of root pruning is to prevent diseases from spreading under diseased roots and stimulate the germination of new roots.
after pruning, the peach seedlings should be dried, that is, measure 1 cm upward at the junction of the peach seedlings and cut them with scissors. Fixed-stem has two advantages. First, after fixed-stem, the remaining seedling segments keep balance with the root system, which reduces the water loss of seedlings, thus directly improving the survival rate of seedlings; Second, it can promote multiple new branches and increase the early yield after the stem is fixed.
When planting seedlings, use a ruler to determine the row spacing of plants in the greenhouse. The row spacing is .75m and the row spacing is 1.8m, so that 5 seedlings can be planted in one acre.
along the determined cultivation line, dig out the soil with a width of 4cm and a thickness of 1cm to form a series of cultivation ditches, then dig holes to plant seedlings, and the depth of the seedlings is flush with the original depth. After the seedlings are planted, gently compact them by hand.
All the saplings in a shed should be planted in one day. When all the saplings in the shed are planted, water the cultivation ditch thoroughly.
the next day, the water in the cultivation ditch basically infiltrated into the soil, and the soil was ridged along the seedlings, and the height of the ridge was about 3 cm. Because peach trees are drought-resistant and afraid of waterlogging, the purpose of ridging is to ensure that drought can be irrigated and waterlogging can be discharged. In addition, peach trees planted on ridges have good ventilation and light transmission, which is beneficial to the growth of peach trees.
9. Choose and keep the main branches
From the beginning of planting, many new branches have sprouted from peach trees in about one month. At this time, an important task is to choose and keep the main branches.
these branches are growing vigorously, and we can't bear to cut any of them, but we can only keep one main branch. How to choose? In addition to the traditional saying, there is also a principle, that is, to see which branch is most suitable for cultivating into an oblique main branch.
after choosing the main branch, I had to cut the other branches mercilessly. In the days to come, some branches will inevitably grow on the saplings, so every once in a while, the buds should be wiped and the branches should be pruned to ensure the vigorous growth of the main branches.
If the length of the main branch is more than 2 cm, it should be gently tied with a bamboo pole, and the direction of the main branch can still be extended upward, which is beneficial to the growth of the main branch and the germination of the lateral branches.
1. Spraying growth regulators to accelerate the growth of the tree
When the length of the tree is about 5 cm, plant growth regulators can be sprayed once, such as naphthylacetic acid and indoleacetic acid. The function of the growth regulators is to stimulate the cell division of the cambium of new shoots and stems, promote the elongation of internodes of new shoots of fruit trees, and thus promote the growth of new shoots. Growth regulators are generally sprayed on the leaves and used according to the dosage in the instructions.
11. Cultivate strong main lateral branches
After spraying growth regulators, the branches of peach tree seedlings began to grow vigorously. Within three months from the beginning of planting, the main branches were covered with lateral branches, and the length of the lateral branches exceeded 3 cm. At this time, the side branches should be cored. When coring, each side branch should be left 2 cm, and the tip beyond 2 cm should be cut off or pinched off.
The purpose of coring is to cultivate strong main lateral branches and prevent them from growing vigorously, and also to concentrate nutrition on the main lateral branches and cultivate fruiting branches.
12. Cultivate a one-sided tree
After several months of growth, the peach tree has grown slim and graceful, and the green branches are more than one person tall. At this time, it can no longer grow upward. Now, let's take a look at the one-sided shaping of the peach tree.
firstly, untie the tied bamboo pole, fix the bamboo pole at a distance of 3-4cm from the trunk, then gently pull the trunk to make the west naturally incline to form a 45-degree angle with the ground, and then fix the trunk on the bamboo pole. However, don't bend the main branch into a bow, the main branch is still straight, just oblique.
So, which direction should peach trees be planted? Most greenhouses in China are east-west, that is to say, when planting, the plant spacing has been determined. The plant spacing in the north-south direction of peach trees is small, and the plant spacing in the east-west direction is large, so it is better to tilt the peach trees to the west.
Every peach tree in the greenhouse adopts the same fixing method. After shaping, we will find that each tree has its own space. Because the row spacing is 1.8 meters, there is enough distance between each row of trees, and no matter where the sun goes, it will not block the light. The trees are dense and orderly.
after plastic surgery, we will find another phenomenon, that is, some lateral branches are perpendicular to the main branch. We call these branches perpendicular to the main branch as dorsal branches. In the plastic surgery technology of one-sided tree, it is not allowed to keep these dorsal branches. Now, we can use the method of taking branches to change their growth direction and make the dorsal branches become parallel branches.
Holding branches, also known as smoothing branches, is a pruning method of holding the roots of branches with hands and bending branches in turn to ease the growth angle of new shoots before they are completely lignified. The direction of holding the branch is to extend the branch to both sides, that is to say, hold the root of the branch with your hand and change its growth direction bit by bit, so that the back branch is parallel to the inclined direction of the main branch.
13. Pollination in time
If it is a peach planted in January, peach blossoms will be flying in the greenhouse around the Spring Festival next year, as the saying goes: peach blossoms are brilliant and green trees are enchanting. During this period, the most important thing is to pollinate peach blossoms, because naturally pollinated fruits vary in size and there are many deformed fruits. Under the same management conditions, the fruit of artificial pollination can increase by about 1% on average compared with that of natural pollination, and the head is uniform without abnormal fruit.
At this time, we saw another advantage of the one-sided peach tree. You see, because the tree is short, it is quite convenient for people to work in the greenhouse, and there is enough space between rows, that is, there is no waste of land and no congestion.
14. Prune the fruit in time
Soon after the flowers faded, little peaches appeared and filled the branches. These fruits can't be allowed to grow wildly. Because one-sided fruit trees have a large amount of flowers and a high fruiting rate, if the necessary fruit thinning is not carried out, it will lead to nutrient deficiency, weak tree potential, serious flower and fruit drop, small fruit, low quality and low yield, and will also affect the differentiation of flower buds in the coming year, which will reduce the yield and lead to the phenomenon of year and year.
Look at how serious this is. In fact, there are many secrets to thinning fruit. Double fruit, diseased fruit, damaged fruit, deformed fruit and small fruit are all the objects of thinning. In addition, we should master one thing, that is, leave more strong trees, less weak trees, more strong branches and less weak branches.
15, to prevent the branches from bending or breaking
At the beginning of the fruit, there is another important work that must be done, that is, pulling the wire in the greenhouse and hanging the main branches. This reason is very simple. These main branches have a short growth period and the branches are soft. After the peaches grow up slowly, the main branches can't bear these weights. Therefore, we pull the wire horizontally in the greenhouse and then put each main branch.
With the coming of spring, the peaches in the greenhouse are covered with red branches. In recent years, many very early-maturing nectarines have been introduced to China. Due to the one-sided tree management, these nectarines have been fruitful in early April.
Let's look at this peach variety called Novelty Peach, which also started to bear fruit in early April. After mid-April, the fruit weight reached 3 to 7 grams, crisp and sweet, with bright red skin.
16. Pruning after harvest
After tasting the joy of bumper harvest, there is still important work to be done. Because the branches were allowed to grow some time ago, they were allowed to grow more branches and bear more fruits. After picking the fruits, they should be straightened.
As we know, a one-sided tree shape means that the tree grows obliquely at a 45-degree angle, and the branches spread parallel to both sides. The whole tree shape looks like an inverted fishbone. But after picking the fruit, we can see that some branches on the main branch are not parallel to the direction of the main branch, but grow perpendicular to the direction of the main branch, which is what we call the back branch. At this time, it can no longer be controlled by relying on the method of taking branches. In order not to disturb the overall tree shape, cross it or block the light, it has to be cut off reluctantly.
in addition to thinning the upper branches on the back, the lower branches on the back should also be thinned one by one. The lower branches on the back are branches opposite to the upper branches on the back and perpendicular to the main branches. If you keep the back branches, it will affect the lighting of the whole tree, so after the first year of fruit, you should remove the back branches in time.
after the first year of fruiting, there is another key point of pruning, which is to cultivate the main lateral branches, and the method of cultivating the main lateral branches is to retract the lateral branches. What is retraction? Retraction is to cut off a part of the tip of the branch. After retraction, the nutrition is concentrated on the branch, which is conducive to the growth of new branches and the cultivation of fruiting branches in the coming year. When retracting, each side branch is left 3 to 4 cm, and the spacing between side branches is 1 to 2 cm.
after the first year of fruit, other pruning is just like ordinary fruit trees. For example, cross branches should be cut off, too dense branches, etc., branches that cannot see the sun should be removed, branches that cross other trees should be removed, ventilation and light transmission conditions should be improved, and light should be fully utilized.