What are the daily expressions (pronunciations) of Shanghai dialect?

The important feature of Shanghai dialect is that the initial consonant is voiced, the vowel is mostly single vowel, and there are two pronunciation systems (literary and colloquial pronunciation), in which the tone is left into the tone and the multi-word tone sandhi.

Simply put, the opposition between voiced sound and unvoiced sound means that in addition to unvoiced sound (bp, dt, gk, J, X, H in Mandarin), there are also corresponding voiced sounds (bh, dh, gh, jh, xh, hh), that is, the vocal cords are vibrated from the beginning of pronunciation. The opposition between clarity and turbidity inherits the characteristics of ancient Chinese. Modern Japanese, English and French all have voiced sounds. For example, in the English word stand, both S and T are unvoiced (basically corresponding to S and D in Mandarin), while D is voiced.

Rusheng refers to the fourth of the four tones in Chinese: ping, Shang, Qu and Ru. Don't confuse it with the four tones of Mandarin. The four tones in Putonghua are actually four tones, that is, four tones in Chinese, four tones in eight tones, rising tone, rising tone and music. Shanghai dialect was consistent with ancient Chinese at the earliest, with four tones and eight tones. Recently, some tones have been merged, leaving only five tones. The entering tone is still reserved, but it is simpler and does not distinguish the ending. All of them end with a throat plug. Simply put, it is to make a sound in the middle and then "swallow" it back.

Shanghai dialect is a branch of Wu dialect. Wu dialect has a long history, which can be traced back to before the Tang and Song Dynasties. The pronunciation of many words is consistent with that recorded in Guang Yun in the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, the key to learning Shanghai dialect is to know the original appearance of a word, what it looks like in ancient Chinese, whether it is voiced or voiced, and what tone it is. Because the voiced sounds of Putonghua are all merged into unvoiced sounds, some initials are even converted into tongue sounds (there is no tongue sound in ancient Chinese), and the entering tones are also merged into the other three sounds. Therefore, to know the original features of these words, we can only learn and practice.

Literary and colloquial refers to two pronunciations of a word. White reading is used to read traditional vocabulary, while literature reading is used to read foreign words and new vocabulary. There are two ways to read Chinese and English, sometimes you can read them arbitrarily, and sometimes it will be strange to read them wrong.

Continuous tone sandhi means that when a paragraph or some continuous words are fast, the whole tone is usually determined only by the first word, ignoring the original tone of the following words. Shanghai dialect, which has evolved rapidly, is developing into a two-tone system, that is, it is only high-key and not low-key, similar to Japanese.

The tone differences between Shanghainese and Mandarin are as follows (5 points scale):

Shanghai dialect (new school):

52 Yin Shang 334 Yin 334 Yin (55)

Yang Ping 223 Yang Shang 223 Yang Qu 223 Yang Ru (12)

Shanghai dialect (old school):

Yin level 52 Yin rises 44 Yin falls 35 Yin enters (55)

Yang Ping 22 Yang Shang 2 13 Yangqu 13 Yangru (22)

Mandarin:

Grade 55 ranges from 2 14 to 5 1.

Yangping 35

Let me tell you two pinyin schemes of Shanghai dialect first, although they are both simplified versions. The first one is close to Mandarin Pinyin, and the second one is close to International Phonetic Alphabet. I can't finish the rest for a while, so I can only study and practice slowly.

The first pinyin scheme of Shanghai dialect;

Initial consonant: b peel p park bh thin m touch f rich fh suit d answer t tower dh reach n sodium l spicy.

Z capital C female S thinking sh word J chicken Q deceives jh flag X Xi xh flag

G grid k guest gh gunng forehead H scar hh pass

Rhyme: I, I, U, Wu, Yu, Y.

Ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah.

Zhang An 'en Town Zhang Ang ong ak Zha ek Zhejiang ok as ik pen.

Uh, uh, m m n ng fish

The zero initial is changed to Y before I line and Y before Yang tone; W and wh are used before u line; Use Yu and yhu before Yu leaves.

Nasal and lateral sounds are called mh nh lh nhg.

Tone: All initials starting with the second letter of H are masculine tones; Everything ending in k is entering tone: thus, the tones of yin going, yang going, yin entering and yang entering are distinguished; The tone of a flat tone is expressed by two initials except that the initial letter H is HR.

In fact, when the word "Yang" begins with the word "No" and the tone sandhi is read at the beginning of the word "Yin", the letter V is used as the initial consonant of the word "No", which is different from the general tone sandhi of the word "No".

The Second Scheme of Pinyin in Shanghai Dialect;

Initial consonants: P skin ph, Park B, thin M touching F, V, T answering th tower D reaching N, sodium spicy L.

Ts-funded tsh female S-thinking Z-word C chicken ch deceives J flag sh Xi zh Qi.

K lattice khke g gunng forehead x scar h Guan

Rhyme: I, I, U, Wu, Yu, Z.

Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh.

Zhang An 'en Town Zhang Ang ong ak Zha ek Zhejiang ok as ik pen.

fish

The negative tone of zero initial is changed to y before I line and yr before yang tone; Use w and wr before u line; Use Yu yru before I go.

Nasal and marginal sounds call mr nr lr ngr.

Tone: all the syllables starting with r in the ancient voiced consonants and sub-voiced consonants are positive tones; All syllables ending in k are entering tones: thus, the tones of eliminating yin, yang, yin and yang are distinguished; Flat tones are represented by the letter q at the end of syllables.

Some people pronounce "rice" and "noodles" as different vowels, and then "I" means the vowel of "rice" and "ii" means the vowel of "noodles".

Both pinyin schemes have fuzzy sounds. Some people (mainly in New Shanghai dialect) combine the vowels an and ang, and then use ang to represent the combined sound. When vowels ak and ek are combined, ak is used to represent the combined sound.

Introduce several everyday expressions (close to the second one):

Pronouns:

Me: Me (old ngu, middle ngo, new Wu)

You: Nong

He: Yi (Yi)

We: ak 'lak, ngu 'gni.

You: That (Na)

They: Ira.

Mine/yours/his: ngu'ek/nong'ek/yi'ek.

This: gek'ek or tik'ek.

That: e'ek or e 'ek.

Which one: Alec.