All ships raise fire and live ammunition to prepare for battle. 12: 05, the first guerrilla of the Japanese joint fleet was the first, and our team was behind, in a single vertical array, close to Beiyang Navy. 12: 20, Beiyang navy changed from a double longitudinal array to a horizontal array, with the flagship Dingyuan as the center, and other ships deployed on the left and right in turn, and the fleet was in a wedge echelon. At the same time, Deng Shichang also issued an order: "All teams must act in unison; Always face the enemy with the bow; These ships are within the possible scope and move with the flagship. " 12: 50, the two fleets are 5300 meters apart, and the flagship Dingyuan ship of Beiyang Navy fires first. The first guerrilla of the joint fleet turned left 5000 meters away from Beiyang Navy and headed for the right wing of Beiyang Navy. The joint fleet sailed to the right wing of Beiyang Navy, risking the fleet being exposed to Beiyang Navy. Ten seconds later, Zhenyuan Ship also fired shells, and then, beiyang fleet's ships also fired shells and bombarded them together. Three minutes later, Japan's flagship Matsushima ship also began to fight back. 12: 53, the flagship of the joint fleet, Matsushima, began to fight back. The main mast of Dingyuan was shot, and the signal rigging was destroyed by gunfire (it is said that the flying bridge collapsed when the warship was old and fired), and Ding, who was supervising the war on the flying bridge, was seriously injured. At the brake time, the guns of the two ships were in full bloom, the smoke was filled, and the sea was boiling. At the beginning of the war, the strength of the two sides was compared as follows: name gun/door torpedo tube/total displacement of frame/total ton force/average speed per person/knot.
Beiyang Navy19555632100212610.2
Japan's United Fleet 268 568 40840 391614.5
Among them, the average speed of the first Japanese guerrilla reached 19.4 knots. According to the statistics of the British Naval Yearbook, the firing rate of rapid-fire guns at that time was six times that of the original rear-mounted guns, so it was calculated that the firepower of the Japanese fleet was actually three times that of beiyang fleet. According to the sailing order, the Japanese warships are equipped as follows: the first guerrilla: the name of the warship, the captain's displacement (tons), the speed (knots) and the main gun (door)
A 42 16 22.5 150mm rapid-fire gun x4 is needed at the source of Yoshinoya River.
"Gao Chihiro" Nomura Zhen 3709 18 260mx2
"Autumn Jinzhou" Uemura Hiichi 3 150 26 150mm rapid-fire machine gun x4
[Wave speed] Tougou Heihachirou 3709 18 260mm×2
The first formation of our team: name of ship, captain, displacement (ton), speed (knots) and main gun (door)
Matsushima flagship tail Zhihu 4278 16 320mm x 1.
"Chiyoda" Yamami Uchida 2439 19 120mm rapid-fire gun x 1.
[Yandao] Hengwei Road Yu 4278 16 320mm 1
The second formation of our team: name of ship, captain, displacement (ton), speed (knots) and main gun (door)
The "abutment" will grow by +06 320mm x 1.
"Bi Rui" Sakurai Chrysanthemum Brain 2284 13.2 170mx2
The new well of "Fusang" is Gong 3777 13 280mx2.
Left side of the team: name of ship, captain, displacement (ton), speed (knots), main gun (door)
"Xijing Pill" Green Leaf Jinyong 410015120mm
[Chi Cheng] Sakamoto Bataro 622 10.25 120mm
The equipment of beiyang fleet 12 warship is as follows: captain's name (pipe belt), displacement (ton), speed (knot), main gun (door).
[Dingyuan] Flagship Liu 7335 14.5 305mm x4
"Zhenyuan" Lin Taizeng 7335 14.5 305mm x4
【 Jingyuan 】 Lin Yongsheng 2900 15.5 2 10mm x2
"Source" Qiu Baoren 2900 15.5 2 10mm x2
"Zhiyuan" Deng Shichang 2300 18 2 10mx2
Jingyuan Ye Zugui 2300 18 2 10mm 2
Jiyuan Fang Boqian 2300 15 2 10mx2
Plain Li He 210014.5 260 mm x1.
[Super Brave] Huang Jianxun 1350 15 250mm x2
135015 250mm x2 "Yangwei" forest shoes
[Guang Jia] Kingyung Woo129615150mm x2
"Light Soldier" Cheng Biguang100017120mx3
The other six are gunboat Zhennan, Zhong Zhen and torpedo boat Long Fu, with one left, two right and three right. Shortly after the battle began, beiyang fleet's flagship "Dingyuan" ship was launched 12 years, and it was not repaired for 7 years. The turret of the main gun caught fire, Ding was burned and the national flag was destroyed. Ding refused to lift himself into the inner cabin and insisted on sitting on the deck to bid. But he can only boost the morale of a boatload of people. At the beginning of the battle, beiyang fleet lost command and contact. The 4th Ship of the First Guerrilla took advantage of its speed to attack the right-wing "Chaoyong" and "Yangwei" of beiyang fleet, and the 2nd Ship was hit and caught fire one after another, thus quitting the battle. The Japanese ship Yoshino was also hit by beiyang fleet and caught fire, but it was quickly put out. /kloc-around 0/3: 30, the Chaoyong sank and was thrown into the water. The Left One torpedo boat approached the rescue and threw a long rope to help it, but Huang did not die calmly, and most of the officers and men on board died heroically. When the Japanese First Guerrilla attacked the right wing of beiyang fleet, our team also attacked the main force of beiyang fleet. Japanese warships Birui, Chicheng, Fusang and Xijing Maru were intercepted by beiyang fleet. Dingyuan, Laiyuan and Jingyuan hit Japanese ships Bi Rui and Chicheng hard. The captain of Chicheng Sakamoto Bataro was killed. "Xijing Maru" was also hit hard. At around 14: 00 and 15: 00, the Japanese fleet went around the rear of beiyang fleet and formed a double attack with the first guerrilla. Beiyang fleet between Scylla and Charybdis, formation more Deng Shichang.
Chaos. In the scuffle, the former Zhiyuan ship that beiyang fleet had been robbing and killing was bombarded by Yoshino and Takahashi, with many injuries and tilted hull. Ito Sukeyuki ordered the First Guerrilla to rescue Chicheng and Bi Rui. "Yoshino" rushed to the front and was encountering the "Zhiyuan" ship on fire. When Deng Shichang saw that Yoshino was being bullied by his ship, he said angrily, "Japanese ships only rely on Yoshino. If it is a ship, then our army can collect things." Determined to collide with it and die together. Deng Shichang resolutely crashed into the starboard side of the Japanese capital ship Yoshino at full speed. When the Japanese officers and men saw it, they were shocked and concentrated their fire on Zhiyuan. The torpedo tube on the right side of Zhiyuan was hit, causing a big explosion. At 3: 30, it tilted to starboard and sank in the Yellow Sea at east longitude 123 degrees 34 minutes and north latitude 39 degrees 32 minutes. Except for seven people who were rescued, all the officers and men of the ship died heroically. This statement is the closest to the truth at present. Zhiyuan ship rushed to Yoshino, probably for torpedo attack. There is also a saying that the Zhiyuan ship was sunk by Japanese artillery fire, and the Beiyang Navy had already thrown the torpedo into the sea before the war. "Jingyuan" continued to fight against "Yoshino" and was besieged by four ships: Yoshino, Su Lang, Qiu jinzhou area and Qiu Gao Qiu. A cluster of bullets caught fire in the middle, and the whole ship bravely resisted. The officers and men of the Jingyuan ship "fired at the enemy, stirred the water to put out the fire, and there was still order." After one enemy and four long-distance ships, they refused to fight for a long time. In the fierce battle, Lin Yongsheng, the captain of the pipeline, was unfortunately hit by a shell, his brain ruptured and he died. Chen Rong, the first mate of the pipe chief, and Chen Jingying, the second mate, also died of gunfire. Finally, under the siege of Su Lang, Yoshino, Qiujinzhou and Gao Qiu Hill, the long-distance ship suffered heavy losses. Soon, "the bow of the port ship sank into the water", and in the sea area of east longitude 123 degrees 40 minutes and 7 seconds and north latitude 39 degrees 5 1 minute, the bow turned east, and the port side capsized and sank. More than 200 officers and men of the whole ship were killed except 16 who were rescued. After Zhiyuan sank, "Zhiyuan" managed Fang Boqian and "Guang Jia" managed Kingyung Woo, and they left the game (there are different opinions about whether Fang Boqian left the game in recent years). "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" quit the battle because of too many bullets, and took refuge near Dalu Island to repair the damaged machine urgently. Dingyuan and Zhenyuan fought bloody battles, were shot many times and caught fire several times. At 3: 30 pm, Zhenyuan 30.5 cm cannon hit the Japanese flagship "Matsushima" twice in a row. After the No.4 turret on the back deck of Matsushima was shot, the flame caused an explosion and a big explosion occurred. Matsushima's ship's shaft tilted 5 degrees, emitting white smoke and blazing fire. Soon, Jingyuan and Laiyuan completed emergency repairs and re-entered the battle. Japanese warships Chicheng, Birui and Xijing Maru were injured, and the flagship Matsushima was not optimistic. Yoshino and Fuso were also injured. See also beiyang fleet regrouping, Ito Sukeyuki leaving the Japanese joint fleet commander Ito Tomohiro 17: 40.
Right ordered to withdraw from the battlefield. Beiyang fleet short pursuit, also closed back to Lushun. The naval battle in the Yellow Sea, which lasted more than five hours, ended here. The Yellow Sea naval battle lasted more than five hours, and its scale and time are rare in the Far East theater in the history of modern world naval battles. The result of naval battle: beiyang fleet lost five warships, namely Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia (Guang Jia ran aground after fleeing the battlefield and self-destructed a few days later), killing and injuring more than a thousand officers and men; Japanese fleets Matsushima, Yoshino, Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru suffered heavy losses, with more than 600 casualties. Beiyang navy suffered heavy losses in this battle, but it was not completely defeated. However, in order to preserve his strength, Li Hongzhang ordered beiyang fleet to hide in Weihai Port and not to patrol the sea to meet the enemy. Japan seized the sea power of the Yellow Sea. The naval battle in the Yellow Sea further exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. At the beginning of the establishment of Beiyang Navy, the fleet far surpassed the Japanese Navy in firepower and overall tonnage. The Japanese navy has made plans to expand its navy. In order to raise funds, the emperor even allocated funds from the harem funds to the navy. In sharp contrast, Empress Dowager Cixi took money from naval funds to build her Summer Palace. The warships of the Qing navy were in disrepair for a long time, the naval training was poor, sailors smoked more opium, senior officials were corrupt, and the quality of the whole army was low. The Japanese navy stepped up training to maintain warships. While building its own ships, it bought new ships from the Royal Navy to learn from its experience. Before the start of the naval battle, the warships of Beiyang Navy were old, the boilers were damaged, and the naval guns used armor-piercing projectiles, which had slow firing rate and insufficient power. The Japanese navy is well-trained, equipped with a large number of new warships, using large-caliber guns, equipped with rapid-fire guns, and developed new artillery shells, which also surpass the Beiyang navy in overall tonnage and have great advantages in naval battles.
stage Ⅱ
From1894 September 17 to165438+1October 22nd. During this period, several battles were fought in Liaodong Peninsula, including the battle of defending Yalu River and the battle of Shanxi Province. The defending battle of Yalu River began on June 24th of 10, which was the first defensive battle of the Qing army against the Japanese army. At that time, there were about 28,000 Qing troops deployed on the north bank of Yalu River. The Qing government appointed Song Qing as commander-in-chief to control the army. The Japanese attack force is the first army under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo, including the Third Division of Lieutenant General Kyotaro and the Fifth Division of Lieutenant General Nojin Dojo, with a total of 30,000 people. The two sides are equal in strength. However, although Song Qing was in the name of controlling the army, all the troops of the Qing army refused to accept the dispatch, Pyongyang was newly defeated, and morale was low. Many generals had no determination to resist the enemy. On the other hand, Japan's morale is high and ambitious. The Japanese side issued a campaign entitled "Heroes in Eighteen Provinces" drafted by the spy Kotaro Fang, and launched a political offensive against the Qing Dynasty, threatening to go straight to Beijing and let the Qing emperor "tie his face and beg for mercy". The war situation after that can be imagined. Before noon on October 24th, 65438+ year/KLOC-0, Japanese troops successfully swam across the river in front of Anping River mouth in the upper reaches of Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area. That night, the Japanese army set up a pontoon bridge in the middle reaches of the Yalu River near Hushan, and the Qing army did not notice it. At 6 o'clock in the morning on the 25th, the Japanese army crossed the pontoon bridge and launched an attack on the position of the Qing army in Hushan. Ma Xujin and Nie Shicheng, commanders of the Qing army, led resistance, but suffered heavy casualties and were forced to withdraw from their positions. The Japanese army then occupied Hushan. Other ministries of the Qing army heard that Hushan fell and fled without fighting. On 26th, the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and Andong County (now Dandong) without firing a shot. In less than three days, the Yalu River defense line guarded by nearly 30 thousand troops of the Qing army collapsed across the board. The Golden Journey War also began on October 24th, 65438/kloc-0, and fell to Lushunkou on October 22nd, 165438/kloc-0, which was the key battle of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The first Japanese army attacked Lushun massacre.
On the same day that the Qing army defended the Yalu River, the 25,000-strong second army led by General ōyama Iwao, under the cover of Japanese ships, began to land at Huayuankou on the road behind Lushun. Because Li Hongzhang was bent on protecting Lushun Port, the Qing army did not fortify here. The landing activities of the Japanese army lasted for 12 days, but the Qing army stood by and only local farmers spontaneously fought against the Japanese army, temporarily delaying the Japanese army's actions. 165438+1On October 6th, the Japanese army defeated Lian Shun and Xu Bangdao of the Qing army and occupied Jinzhou (now Jinzhou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province). On the 7th, the Japanese army attacked Dalian Bay in three ways. The commander of Dalian, Zhao Huaiye, fled at the wind, and the Japanese army won Dalian Bay without fighting. After ten days' rest in Dalian Bay, the Japanese army began to advance to Lushun. At that time, there were seven commanders of the Qing army in Lushun area, and Taoist Gong Zhaogan was the former general manager of the enemy camp, known as "Zang Shuai". * * * had jurisdiction over 33 battalions, with about 13000 people. 18, the Japanese striker advanced into Tuchengzi, and Xu Bangdao Gong Weijun stubbornly resisted. The next day, Gong ignored the whole army and fled to Yantai by torpedo boat. 19, Huang Shilin, Zhao Huaiye and Wei Rucheng also fled. On February1day, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Lushunkou, and the next day, Lushun, known as the "first fortress in East Asia", fell into the hands of the Japanese army. After the Japanese army captured Lushun, it created the Lushun Massacre, killing more than 20,000 China residents in four days. With the retreat of the Qing army, within the Qing court, the pacifists prevailed and surrendered wantonly. After the fall of Lushunkou, the Japanese navy gained an important base in Bohai Bay. From then on, the Beiyang portal was opened, and beiyang fleet was hidden in Ahava Port, and the war situation took a turn for the worse.
The third stage
Sakuma Samata
The Battle of ahava was a defensive war to defend the Beiyang naval base, and it was also beiyang fleet's last war against Japan. At that time, there were 26 Beiyang Navy ships in Ahava Port. 189565438+1October 20th, under the command of General ōyama Iwao, the Second Japanese Army, including Lieutenant General Mita's Second Division and Lieutenant General Heimuweizhen's Sixth Division, with 25,000 men, began to land on Rongcheng Longxu Island under the cover of Japanese ships, and all of them landed on the 23rd. On 30th, the Japanese army concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. There are only six battalions of the Qing army in Nanbangbao, with 3,000 people. Zhou Jiaen, the camp official, resisted tenaciously to defend the Motianling position and was finally annihilated. The Japanese army also suffered heavy casualties, and its left-wing commander Major General Kang Chengdaxi was killed by the shells of the Qing army. This is the only Japanese general killed in the war. Due to the disparity in strength, Nanbangbao was finally captured by the Japanese army. On February 3, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis. Weihai was completely occupied by the Japanese army, and Ding's command became an island. The commander of the Japanese joint fleet, Ito Sukehiro, sent a letter to Ding to surrender, which was rejected by Ding. The flagship Dingyuan Zhong Lei ran aground in the early morning of the 5th, and it is still used as a "water battery". At 438+00 on June 5, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition and Liu committed suicide. On June 1 1, Ding refused to commit suicide under the threat of foreign officers transferred from Weihai business office and major generals such as Niu Chang. Yang Yonglin, the governor of Zhenyuan, finally committed suicide under the pressure of foreign officials and Niu Chang, who presided over the surrender. In June of 5438+02, American foreigner Hao Beiyang Navy surrendered in Weihai.
Wei drafted a surrender, pretending to be Ding, and sent Guangbing and Cheng Biguang to the Japanese flagship. 14, Niu Chang and Ito Sukehiro signed the Weihai Surrender Treaty, which stipulated that all ships in Ahava Port, Liu Gongdao Fort and all ordnance materials on the island should be handed over to the Japanese army. 17, Japanese troops landed in Liu Gongdao, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out. The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan and Haicheng. Qing transferred Liu Kunyi, governor of the two rivers, as an imperial envoy, supervised the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition, granted full command of the internal and external military affairs of Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dacheng and Song Qing, governors of Hunan Province, as emissaries in order to save the decline. From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army launched four campaigns to recapture Haicheng, but they were all repelled by the Japanese because of poor command. On February 28, the Japanese army pursued victory and launched an attack from Haicheng. On March 4, Niuzhuang was captured, Yingkou was taken without fighting on the 7 th, and Tianzhuangtai was captured on the 9 th. In just ten days, more than 60,000 people from the Qing army 100 battalion fled from the east bank of Liaohe River.