1936, in order to seek political recognition from all countries in the world, the puppet Manchukuo, at the initiative of the Manchu Cultural Association, photocopied and published the Records of the Eleventh Dynasties from Qing Taizu to Dezong in Shengjing, with 300 volumes.
"Before photocopying, the Japanese side specially sent people to check the records of the Qing Dynasty one by one. Whenever there is a description that is not conducive to Japan and a text that hinders' Japanese Goodwill', the staff is ordered to dig. " He said to him, this record is made of Jingxian county list paper. Before digging, the Japanese cut out the calligraphy and painting with a pencil, then glued it on four sides of the same blank rice paper with water, dried it and filled it in with the same font.
He, director of the Compilation, Research and Exhibition Department of Liaoning Provincial Archives, said that many places in the records of the Qing emperor were dug up, and the handwriting was different before and after, which was tampered with by the Japanese at that time. "Japan photocopied and published the Qing Shi Lu, defending the puppet Manchukuo, covering up the history of aggression and beautifying the image." He said that although the records of the Qing Dynasty were tampered with by the Japanese invaders in many places, it was a pity that the records were untrue, but after all, it was a treasure house of the Qing Dynasty, with a large collection of original written materials, which also left evidence for the Japanese aggressors to tamper with history. There are some restrictions on the choice of materials. Mainly reflected in the following two aspects: First, the materials on which The Record was compiled were collected and recorded by imperial editors, and then strictly screened and even distorted, which clearly reflected the will and desire of the rulers. Second, the selection of materials pays too much attention to the description of imperial documents such as the imperial edict, while the memorials and documents of officials are not mentioned at all or only a few descriptions have been recognized by the emperor. Therefore, the scope of material selection of records is too narrow and the language is too single, so that people can only see the imperial edict issued by the emperor from the records, but rarely see the memorial of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and it is difficult to understand the implementation of the imperial edict by governments at all levels and local governments, and it is difficult to know the stories and processes of some historical events, thus reducing the reference value of historical materials to a certain extent.
Like the records of other dynasties, The Record of the Qing Dynasty is a major political diary centered on the emperor, which arranges the emperor's activities, imperial edicts and ministers' speeches according to the year, month and day. The records of the Qing Dynasty all praise the emperor. The power struggle between the royal family and the ruling clique, as well as the truth of many major historical events, are mostly whitewashed or even changed. However, The Records of the Qing Dynasty, after all, has collected a large number of original documents and materials, and is the existing treasure house of the original historical materials of the Qing Dynasty.
The historical value of Qing History has been controversial for many years. A scholar at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China said: The record of the ten dynasties in the Qing Dynasty is the imperial edict of the ten dynasties. Every time someone talks about the repeated tampering of historical records in the Qing Dynasty, they think that their historical value is far less than that of archives or private writings. But we can't draw a conclusion from this that the records of the Qing Dynasty are not faithful to history, or are insufficient. In fact, although the records of the Qing Dynasty have been revised many times, there are many taboos, which are not as reliable as the original files or personal records. However, there is no second book in the world that records the whole generation year after year, month after month, so systematically. Centered on the activities of the emperor, it recorded a series of major historical events closely related to state affairs. In addition, the content of the record should be detailed. It not only records the words and deeds of the emperor, but also records the achievements, decrees, official imperial examinations, household registration, vassal diplomacy, cultural classics, military service and other historical materials of some ministers. , so it became a precious written record of history of qing dynasty. Although some Tibetan songs and pens have been tampered with many times, leaving irreparable major defects, they are important historical books compiled by a generation using various historical materials. Although there are "inaccurate records", most of them are related to the vital interests of the feudal supreme ruler, which is reflected in the evaluation of historical facts. The records of other historical facts, especially the basic historical facts, such as the time and place of the incident, are more true, accurate and credible. It is still of great research value for studying the politics, economy and social history of the Qing Dynasty. There are 4,433 copies of Manchu Records, Records of the Eleventh Dynasty from Taizu to Dezong and the attached Records of Ji Zheng in Xuan Tong. It was a great event during the reign of emperors in the Qing Dynasty, and recorded in detail the personnel administration and national heritage of the Qing Dynasty for nearly 300 years in a chronological way. Eleven of the twelve emperors in the Qing Dynasty compiled a factual record. The last emperor Puyi was overthrown by the Revolution of 1911 in 19 1 1 three years later, and Xuan Tong's political discipline was still compiled by the original editor of A Record of the Emperor Jing Zong. Although this book doesn't need to be named, its style is no different from that of a record.
The Qing Dynasty followed the old system since the Tang Dynasty. After the death of the last emperor, the special minister of the new emperor opened a library to compile records. The archives of Qing Dynasty is a temporary institution. After the opening of the museum, imperial edicts and Zhu Pi memorials were collected from the palace, and original files such as Ju Ju Zhu were collected from the pavilion. The editing officer compiled the year and month and edited them according to the editing rules. Therefore, The Record of the Qing Dynasty is the existing original historical data of the Qing Dynasty, and it is an important document for studying the politics, economy, military affairs, diplomacy and culture of the Qing Dynasty. However, in the Qing Dynasty, the memoirs were never published, except that if the cadres were hidden in the palaces of Beijing and Shengjing, few people could understand them. In order to provide convenience for Qing history researchers, this large book with more than 4,000 volumes was widely circulated, photocopied and published to the public.
I. Written Records and Existing Situation of Qing Dynasty Xuan Tong Ji Zheng has a silk book of rhubarb, which was originally collected by Puyi himself, with a total of 70 volumes. Now it is in the archives of Liaoning Province. 1934, Liaohai Bookstore published 43 volumes based on the manuscripts collected by Qing History Museum. Peking University Library has the final edition of Xuan Tong Ji Zheng (④), which is the same volume as Rhubarb Lingbi.
Second, the revision of the records of the previous three dynasties.
The records of Taizu, Taizong and Shizu dynasties have been revised several times since they were written. Some changes are related to technical problems such as unifying names, place names, using words and correcting typos, but some are added or deleted for different reasons. The complete records of the Qing Dynasty circulated at home and abroad, first, were printed by Tokyo Simplex Printing Company, 1936 was published by Okura Publishing Company of Japan, and Manchu Culture Association of Manchuria printed 300 copies according to the records of Taizu Eleventh Dynasty to Dezong, Manchuria and Xuan Tong Ji Zheng (according to Puyi's collection). The other is a second edition of the pseudo-Manchu edition published by Taiwan Province Hualian Publishing House according to a book 1964. In fact, these two printed books are one book. From the bibliography, I saw that Datong Bookstore in Taiwan Province Province published a memoir of the Qing Dynasty, but I didn't know the details because I didn't see the book. We compare the fake Manchu version of A Record of De Jing Zong with the final version in Peking University and the residual version in the First Historical Archives, and find that there are many differences in the characters of the fake Manchu version, most of which involve the foreign relations of the Qing government. The situation can be roughly divided into three categories: (1) individual words are different, which did not affect the meaning of the text, such as "Japan", "spy" and "kou" in the big version and the final version, and the fake Manchu version was changed to "Japan", "enemy spy" and "enemy" respectively. These all belong to changing derogatory words into moderation or objectivity. (two) the text discrepancy, and affect the meaning of the text, such as the HongLing version, this volume was finalized in June 465, Guangxu twenty-six years, Article B:
In fact, the parishioners are also sons of the country, not unscrupulous people. Just because of being confused by heresy and relying on priests as amulets, all kinds of things are wrong and stubborn, and the people's religion has formed an inseparable enemy. The court appealed to the people of the Boxer Rebellion to encourage each other in loyalty and righteousness, and to unite as one. Because they are thinking about the ethics of teaching the people and eating the earth, they are really willing to be different and take their own lives. If you can turn over a new leaf, turn over a new leaf, you might as well be lenient. In fact, the parishioners are also sons of the country, and they are all good people. Just because they believe in heresy and rely on priests as amulets, they have all kinds of suspicions, so people's religion has formed an inseparable enemy. The court rejected the boxers, encouraged each other in a peaceful way and prohibited any actions to appease the people. Are they really willing to resist and ask for trouble because they are thinking about the ethics of teaching people and eating grass and arrows? If we can recognize the past, we might as well be lenient.
Another example is Wei Xin's article in May of Guangxu in 367. The final version (lacking HongLing) reads "The Three Kingdoms allowed Japan to discuss the return of Liaodi, and helped it to the end, without sending any staff to discuss it", while the puppet Manchu version reads "The Three Kingdoms and Japan discussed the return of Liaodi today, and informed us without sending any staff to discuss it". Another example is Ding Si, an article written in May of the 21st year of Guangxu in 369. The final version (lacking HongLing) is "Russia only said what it helped", while the fake Manchu version is "Russia only said it maintained peace". (3) There are many large paragraphs in the final version, which are not available in the pseudo Manchu version (for example, the HongLing version is incomplete and cannot be compared). For example, before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Guangxu recorded in Volume 351 of the Military Deployment and Plan of the Qing Government on October 20th as follows:
Also: Send a telegram to Li: I recently heard that there are fishing boats in Guangdong, and people are very brave. Each ship has its own artillery and is used to the waves, so it can go directly to Japan as a plan to dig holes. Li sent a message, trying to recruit thirty or forty animals for them to eat, so that they could go to Nagasaki, Yokohama and Kobe to catch them off guard. If you can disturb its harbor, destroy Taiwan and chop it, you will be rewarded after reporting. If someone seizes the enemy's goods and property, they will be rewarded. And negotiate with the stipulated ship price first. If the ship is damaged by the enemy, return it according to the number. If the Japanese go all out to go to the former enemy, the country will be empty and there is an urgent need for a radical strategy. Zheng Shaozhong is capable in this matter. With Li's careful preparation, he immediately broadcast the secret news. (by telegram)
Volume 351 Guangxu 20 years in October articles are:
Give advice to the military minister, etc. : Ambitious, Beijing is empty. It is advisable to ask the Jehol government and the offices of Zhang, Du and Du to set up township groups as soon as possible. It is also known that there are many Orion in Bagou area, all of whom are familiar with muskets. They plan to recruit ten battalions and are willing to drive them effectively. Zhirui is determined to allow him to go to Jehol, recruit 10 battalion, and quickly become an army in case of emergency. As for the so-called township groups held in various yamen, after the Jehol, the merchants and Jehol conducted a unified investigation and made a clear statement. Inform this decree. (Westernization)
It was also announced that Zhang, a member of Tianjin Ordnance Institute, had stolen and sold arms and wanted to find out the truth, but so far he has not replied. Some people say that Zhang, the prime minister of Tianjin Ordnance Bureau, bought 40,000 guns, paid hundreds of thousands, and used 3,000 guns for every 10,000. The Japanese bought all the guns at a big price. Wang Wenjin was included in the previous case, but he checked it together and broadcast it truthfully, so he didn't show any partiality. The original film is for viewing, and this order is known. (Westernization)
Another example is the record of mediation by other countries before and after the Sino-Japanese War, Volume 365, April 21, Guangxu.
Also: Send a telegram to Xu Jingcheng: On the 29th, Xu Jingcheng was sent a telegram to thank the Russian court, asking the three countries to sue Japan to postpone the armistice exchange period, and sent the General Administration Wang to the embassies of the three countries to ask for an extension of the period and generate electricity for his country. All envoys were allowed to generate electricity on the same day, regardless of whether the Russian court received a reply from Japan on the same day. I am looking forward to it. Russia said that Japan resolutely refused and had to use force. When asked about Kashgar, the language is vague. Is there any reality in Russia's foreign words? This matter is urgent. If there is any arrangement, it will be decided at this time, and the spy will hear it. The deadline is approaching and there is no reply. Can you tell the three countries from China to Japan that the New Testament is not allowed, and ask China to postpone ratification and take Xu Jingcheng to the outside world to prepare for this festival and reply in advance? Then Balaam told Dettingchen to discourage the New Testament, which was a great contribution to China. The minister issued an award decree. (by telegram)
The above paragraph does not exist in the pseudo Manchu version.
There are two reasons for the difference between the fake Manchu version and the final version, and the difference between the incomplete version of HongLing's A Record of the Emperor Jing Zong. One was changed when HongLing Jr. wrote it, and the other was changed when the Puppet Manchukuo photocopied it. In order to find out this fact, we randomly selected HongLing's manuscript, which is now incomplete and originally used as a photocopy, and found that the first and second types of words mentioned above have traces of alteration, and the altered handwriting is inconsistent, which is definitely not because the typo was altered by the copywriter. Also, in some places, the word "Japanese" has not been changed, and the original text has pencil marks next to the word, indicating that the practice before photocopying at that time was probably that someone marked the words to be deleted first, and then began to dig and correct them. We also looked up Records of Emperor Xuanzong and Records of Emperor Wenzong's Constitution, and found that the pseudo-Manchu version was also different from the version of Great HongLing by former emperor Shi Geng in the First Historical Archives of China. It can be judged that the difference between these words was changed in the process of copying fake Manchu. Mr. Luo Jizu knew the situation at that time, and he has confirmed it. As for the deletion of the third paragraph, whether it was deleted when the edition was cleared or when it was photocopied, further research is needed, because HongLing is disabled. However, judging from the deleted content, it mainly focuses on the records of the Sino-Japanese War in the 20th and 21st years of Guangxu, so it is not difficult to speculate that it was probably deleted during photocopying.
There are not only differences in words, but also the phenomenon of missing pages, wrong pages and duplicate pages. For example, the seventh page of Volume 37 of Records of Emperor Taizong's Literature is not connected with the eighth page. After investigation, the eighth page is the same as the third page, and the original text of the eighth page is missing. Page 5 1 of A Record of Emperor Wenzong Xian (volume 126) is the same as page 15, but the original page 5 1 is missing. The first half and the second half of page 10 in Records of the Emperor Jing Zong (Volume 478) are in the wrong position. I won't list them here.
According to the above situation, we used a copy different from the pseudo Manchu version when photocopying the Qing Shi Lu this time. Records of Manchuria is a copy of China No.1 Historical Archives, which was originally stored in the upper study room. The records from Taizu to Mu Zong's Ten Dynasties are mainly based on The History of the Emperor, The Great Book of HongLing, which was collected in the First Historical Archives of China, supplemented by The Little Book of HongLing, which was originally collected in Gan Qing Palace and is now in the library of the Palace Museum. The records of Emperor Jing Zong and Xuan Tong Ji Zheng are the final editions of Peking University Library. There are some labels in the manuscript, and we put the abbreviations with reference value in the corresponding positions. Please refer to the attached detailed table for details on selecting a base copy for each volume.
We photocopied this time, and the whole book has a brief history catalogue and a general catalogue, and each volume has a catalogue. Because the photocopies can't be disassembled, the middle seam of the big HongLing butterfly dress is not clear, so we added the middle seam, indicating the dynasty, year and number of rolls for easy reference.
China No.1 Historical Archives
peking university library
Forbidden City Library
Zhonghua book company
① A Record of Manchuria, the ninth edition of Sinology Library, reprinted according to the old draft. After the book, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty wrote a note: "... I hereby order that this book be drawn respectfully and stored in the summer resort so that I can read it and keep it forever." Can prove it.
(2) The Book of Great HongLing, written in Jingxian County, painted with vermilion columns and butterfly shapes, with nine lines in each half and eighteen lines. There is a list of ministers in front of each volume (there is no list of ministers in front of each volume of A Record of the Emperor Jing Zong). HongLing Jr.' s book is written on Jingxian County List Paper, painted with vermicelli columns, which are generally wired, with each half 10 line and 24 words per line. Small yellow silk book, usually with lines, eight lines, each half 19 words.
(3) This record was handed over to "government civil servants" at that time, and where to collect it now needs further investigation. The library of the Palace Museum contains sixty-five volumes of A Record of Emperor Gao Zongchun, twenty-two volumes of A Record of Emperor Renzongrui and one hundred and forty volumes of A Record of Emperor Xuanzongcheng, which are the remnants of this little HongLing.
(4) The Documentary Records of De Zong Jing and Xuan Tong and Ji Zheng are finalized, each volume is one volume, with eight lines per half, 19 words. Most of them indicate the source of historical materials.
⑤ Students recorded the differences between the two books in detail, and Meng Sen's A Record of Reading the Qing Dynasty (a collection of historical works of Ming and Qing Dynasties) was also discussed for reference.
⑥ According to "Eighty Roads-Collection of Manuscripts of Sugimura Bravery, Manchu Cultural Memories".
Attachment: a copy of the original detailed list of Qing Shi Lu.
Photocopy of Qing Shi Lu * * * 4433 volumes, with 42 volumes in the catalogue. At present, China No.1 Historical Archives has collected 3,388 volumes of the original imperial history book, 8 volumes of the original book of Huang Xiaoling, 667 volumes of the original book of Peking University in Peking University Library, 349 volumes of the original book of honest and upright young people, and the original book of Liaoning Province in Shengjing Chongmo Pavilion.
Eight-volume Records of Manchuria and a Historical Museum: Huang Xiaoling's Book.
Records of Emperor Taizu 10 1 volume 1 volume 3.
The first and third volumes of the History Museum and a small yellow silk book.
HongLing Edition of the Museum of History, Volume 1 to Volume 4 and Volume 8 to Volume 1 1.
Volume 5 to Volume 7 Liao Dangda HongLing Ben
Records of the Sixth Five-Year Plan of Emperor Taizong, Volumes I and III.
The first volume consists of three volumes, volumes one to three, and HongLing's short book in the Forbidden City.
Volume 3 1 to Volume 48 Liaodangda HongLing Ben
History Museum HongLing Edition Vol. 49 to Vol. 65 1
The Records of the Emperor, Zhang Shizu, Volume 144, Volume 13, HongLing Forbidden City.
A Record of the Emperor Saint Zuren Volume 300 1 Volume 3
The first volume consists of three volumes, from 1 to 150 1, which is HongLing's great book in the history museum.
Book of Little HongLing in the Forbidden City 15 1 to 198.
Volume 199 to 20 1 1 HongLing Edition of the Museum of History.
Volume 202 to Volume 300 The Book of Little HongLing in the Forbidden City.
The Record of Emperor Sejong Xian 159 Volume I and Volume III, History Museum, HongLing Edition.
A Record of Emperor Gao Zongchun, Volume 1, Volume 5 1500
The first volume consists of five volumes, from 1 to 695 1, the Great HongLing Book of the History Museum.
Volume 696 to 70 1 Volume "Little HongLing Book in the Forbidden City"
Volume 702-757 1 Museum of History HongLing Edition
The Book of Little HongLing in the Forbidden City, Volumes 758 to 763.
Volume 764-787 1 Museum of History HongLing Edition
The Book of Little HongLing in the Forbidden City, Volumes 788 to 795.
Volume 796 to Volume 1500 1 Museum of History HongLing Edition.
A Record of Emperor Renzongrui, Volume 4, Volume 374, Volume 1, History Museum, HongLing Edition.
Memoirs of Tang Xuanzong Cheng, Volume 476, Volume 1, Volume 5, History Museum, HongLing Book.
A Record of Emperor Wenzong Xian, Volume 356, Volume 1 and Volume 4.
The first volume consists of four volumes, from volume 1 to volume 339 1, the Great HongLing Book of the History Museum.
The Book of Little HongLing in the Forbidden City, Volumes 340th to 347th.
Volume 348 to Volume 356 1 History Museum HongLing Edition
Mu Shi Lu (Volume 374), Volume 4, History Museum, HongLing Edition.
"A Record of the Emperor De Jing Zong" Volume 597 1 Volume 4 Peking University Final Edition
Xuan Tong Ji Zheng Volume 70 Volume 1 Peking University Last Edition