Apple is one of the best-selling products in the fruit consumption market, so many fruit farmers vigorously plant apple trees. Here are the apple tree planting techniques I have carefully arranged for you. Let's have a look.

Apple tree planting technology

The first is seedling raising technology;

All new orchards will adopt new rootstocks and new varieties. It is suggested that apple seedlings use the unique wild sweet tea rootstock in Yimeng Mountain. Local name (sweet tea has high wild degree, strong soil adaptability, disease resistance and drought resistance, and long service life) In order to improve the quality of new orchards, strict soil preparation and single fertilization were carried out. Before planting, fixed pits were dug according to the required density, with specifications of 0.6mx0.6m and depth of 0.6m, and the bottom soil was separated from the top soil. Apply base fertilizer1500kg-2000kg per mu. According to local soil, apply more fine sand organic fertilizer (a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer (0. 1kg potash fertilizer, 0.2km compound fertilizer) can be added to each tree, mix with topsoil, backfill to 15cm above the ground, step on it, make full use of land resources, plant spacing is 2mx2m, or dig planting ditches. 3-4 days before planting, watering in the hole, soaking in 700 times thiophanate methyl or 500 times carbendazim solution for one day and night before planting, so that the seedlings can fully absorb water and disinfect. After soaking, the roots of the seedlings are soaked in the soil with rooting powder for planting. Water in time after planting, cover with plastic film to keep moisture, and drain water in time to prevent yellowing of seedlings and loss of feces.

Second, the seedling shaping and pruning

Mainly advocate spinning. Spinning has long been fruitful, and it is a tree shape advocated at present. Spinning: the height of the tree is 2.5? 3.m, crown width 1.8m, stem height 70cm, evenly planted in the central stem 10? 15 main branch, regardless of hierarchy, main branch spacing 15? 20 cm, evenly distributed around, and the opening angle of main branches reaches 60? 90 degrees, small crown, easy management, flowering in the same year, bearing fruit in two years, and greatly increasing the yield in three to four years. Seedling pruning is mainly plastic, usually in early spring. No skirt branches are left below 70cm, and one branch is left every 20cm above 90cm. To choose the right direction, you won't cut off all the branches when you grow to 80cm. All of them are leveled and germinated, and 50-30cm is cut off to promote new branches. The central trunk will not be cut short, but cut every 20cm to promote the uniform growth of branches. In May and June, it is necessary to twist the tip in time, control the core, cut the trunk of the tree and promote the differentiation of flower buds. If the branches are too thick, paclobutrazol can be used to control the growth of branches and promote the increase and fullness of flower buds.

Third, fruit tree pruning.

1. Pruning in spring: after germination, it shall be carried out before and after flowering, and the pruning task shall be completed through measures such as bud wiping, pruning, retraction, bud carving and girdling. Young orchards also include pruning and other plastic pruning tasks.

2. Pruning in summer: adopt techniques such as opening angle, coring, twisting tip, girdling, thinning, girdling, etc. to relieve tree vigor, improve illumination and expand crown.

3. Pruning in autumn: By measures such as pulling branches, thinning straight branches, over-flourishing branches, dense branches and over-dense peripheral branches, the lighting conditions are improved, the flower bud differentiation is promoted, and the cold resistance of trees is improved.

Step 4 prune during hibernation

It is a pruning from falling leaves in winter to sprouting in spring. The main task is to remove some useless branches, such as pests and diseases, dense branches and overgrown branches. The methods include cutting short main branches, fruit-bearing branches with excessive retraction, auxiliary fruit-bearing branches and weak main branches. Their functions are to adjust the angles and extension directions of main branches, auxiliary fruit-bearing branches and fruit-bearing branches, control the proportion of flowers, leaves and buds, balance the tree potential, and achieve the purpose of high yield and high yield.

Fourth, pest control.

Spraying 0.5o stone mixture on seedlings before flowering in spring is mainly used to sterilize crops and prevent overwintering diseases and insect pests. According to the season, the following pests and diseases can be prevented.

1. (Apple early defoliation:) is the general name of several diseases of apple leaves. Among them, brown spot disease and Alternaria leaf spot disease (caused by a virulent strain of Alternaria alternata) are two serious deciduous diseases. Brown spot mainly harms leaves, and leaf spot leaves mainly infect young leaves. There are two peaks in spring and autumn, and the pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves and then spreads through rain splashing. Prevention and control methods: do a good job in clearing the garden during the dormant period and sweep away the fallen leaves and burn them. Spraying drugs to protect leaves during the growth period can prevent brown spot with 50% carbendazim or 50% thiophanate-methyl 800 ~ 1000 times solution, or with 1: (2 ~ 3): 240 times bordeaux solution. Rot is controlled by carbendazim or thiophanate methyl.

2. Spider pests and diseases; (If the insect population density is high before wheat harvest, spraying 20% Misanli emulsion for 3000 times or 20% Sanjinjing for 2000-3000 times or 10% can be used instead. )

3. Apple leaf roller moth; The first instar larvae overwinter by cocooning in the gap between bark and scissors. In the second spring, spinning leaves or flowers is harmful to leaves and eats peels. Prevention and treatment: Scrape off the old bark and burn it when hibernating. When the larvae emerge from the sting, use 50% trichlorfon solution to seal scissors and saws 200 ~ 250 times to reduce the source of insects. Hanging sugar and cheese jars in apple orchards to trap and kill adults. The ratio of sweet and sour liquid is sugar 1, vinegar 3 and water 10. Spraying 50% dichlorvos 1000 times or spraying 2000 ~ 4000 times pyrethroid pesticides in the first generation larval stage. Note: Generally, pests and diseases grow on the bottom of leaves, and spraying pesticides on the bottom of leaves is the main method.

5. Recommend high-quality apple saplings

It is very important to choose high-quality apple seedling rootstock and identification method; The root system of apple grafted with sweet tea rootstock is sandy yellow and vigorous, while the roots of other apple rootstocks are red and black. Young apple tree varieties have genetic characteristics, poor disease resistance and short life span, and are divided into early-maturing, middle-maturing, late-maturing and early-maturing varieties; Ga la; Fujiki No.1; It matures in mid-May of the lunar calendar, and the medium-ripe variety is Mei 8; Fuji, a late-maturing variety, matures in early August of the lunar calendar; The lunar calendar matures from early September to mid-September, and the above varieties are divided into short branches and long branches. Close planting, high yield, excellent fruit shape, high color sweetness and strong seasonality. The flower buds cultivated in that year can greatly increase production in two or three years.

Apple tree management method

First, scrape the rough skin and stop the rot

The rough skin of fruit trees often hides many diseases, such as hawthorn spiders, caterpillars, curved leaves, rot and so on. After pruning in winter, mature fruit trees should be scraped off as soon as possible if the cracks in rough skin are not scraped off in winter. Generally, only rough skin can be scraped, leaving no cracks, neither too deep nor too shallow. At the same time, put a layer of plastic film under the tree to collect all the scraped bark and pests and burn them.

Combined with scraping, the trunk, branches, shears and saws were inspected for rot from mid-February, and it was found that all xylem should be scraped off. Then, after half a month, apply Bomei 10 degree stone sulfur mixture or 30% Puti 30 times solution or 5% Anceaux toxin 50 times solution. For severe scars, bridge again.

Second, fertilization and irrigation, plastic film mulching and soil conservation.

Orchards that did not apply base fertilizer in autumn and winter last year should be applied immediately after thawing (but the effect is not as good as that in autumn). After fertilization, if there are irrigation conditions, water should be poured into the garden once, and shallow hoeing should be done in time to preserve moisture. Dry land orchards should be raked to conserve moisture, then fertilized, and then quickly leveled and beaten to conserve moisture. Young trees and weak trees follow? Ribbon? Plastic film mulching can increase the temperature, keep moisture and promote the robust growth of trees. How to fertilize? Dig 50 cm wide and 50 cm deep under the canopy projection? Ring groove? Or? Jingzigou? , apply all the base fertilizer prepared in autumn and mix well with the soil; Sprinkle all the topdressing (multiple compound fertilizers, urea, etc.). ) in the tree tray, then turn into the soil, rake and pat it flat. Fertilization requirements: First, try not to hurt the root with a diameter of 0.5 cm; Second, the topdressing part of the tree tray should keep a distance of 20 ~ 30 cm from the trunk to avoid hurting the trunk.

Third, carving and picking buds.

Generally, the middle and back branches of apple varieties are not easy to germinate, especially the slow-release branches. Bareleg branches? . In order to promote the sprouting of branches and reduce bare legs, a sharp knife or a small saw blade should be used to cut 1/4 ~ 1/3 on the xylem more than 0.5cm (central main branch) or in front (oblique main branch and auxiliary branch) that needs to sprout from the end of March to the beginning of April. Then, remove the competition (branches), buds and buds on the back of the central main branch and the auxiliary branch to avoid sprouting and branching, wasting nutrition and disturbing the tree shape.

4. Boil the mixture of stone and sulfur and spray it.

At present, sulfur mixture is still a broad-spectrum, efficient, long-acting and low-cost fungicide, especially when sprayed in high concentration before and after germination of fruit trees, which has a very significant effect on reducing the number of pests and diseases, reducing the annual dosage and reducing the cost.

Boiling of sulfur mixture: sulfur powder 10, quicklime 7 and water 60. First, heat the water, take a small amount of hot water to make the sulfur powder into paste and pour it into the pot to boil, then slowly add quicklime to increase the firepower, and keep stirring until the lime blocks are added, then cook for 45 minutes (with strong fire for the first 15 minutes, and with warm fire for the last 30 minutes) until the liquid turns into soy sauce color, and turn off the fire to cool. After cooling, the precise concentration is measured by Baume's specific gravity. Generally speaking, it is better to spray Pomei 4 ~ 5 degree stone sulfur mixture+1500 times neutral washing powder on apple trees over 3 years old in the germination stage.

Fifth, re-cutting and thinning buds.

Re-cutting: first, for trees that are too prosperous and fruitless, winter cutting can be postponed until after germination to alleviate the tree potential; Second, except for the pruning of backbone branches in winter, other trees with strong branches are postponed until after germination to alleviate the branch potential; Third, when the trees enter the fruiting period, according to the target yield, if there are too many flowers, some medium-long flower branches can be cut short, or weak short flower branches can be thinned to reduce flower branches and increase backup branches.

Sparse buds: Sparse buds of apple trees as early as possible can save nutrition, help to bear large fruits and promote high fruit pile. At the same time, strengthen the tree potential, promote the growth of spring shoots and make up for the lack of pruning in winter. It can save working hours, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Can it be popularized in normal climate? Set fruit by flowers? Technology. That is, in the middle and late April, the inflorescence is exposed until the inflorescence is separated (the central flower appears bud), and the two sides and lower part of the mother branch are mainly selected according to the flower cluster spacing of 20 ~ 28 cm. Except for the central flower and 1 lateral flower, all the redundant flowers have been thinned out, but they must be kept. Clusters of leaves? .

Six, fertilization and bee release

Spraying 0.3% borax +0. 1% urea+1% sucrose solution at the initial flowering stage (5% central flowering period) in time; Spraying 0.3% borax and 1% honey water solution once again in full bloom will increase nutrients and be beneficial to pollination and fruit setting. Putting a box of bees within 500 meters from the orchard in flowering period can ensure pollination of about 10 mu and increase the fruit setting rate by 30% ~ 50%.

Cultivation method of apple tree

1 new tree planting and maintenance

1. 1 Except MengMeng.

Erase the ineffective sprouting branches below 60~70 cm in the shaping area in time, concentrate nutrition, extract the ideal main branches, and choose the scattered and orderly main branches to grow in balance.

1.2 Tie a stick

In order to prevent the newly planted young trees from skewing, bamboo poles or sticks should be tied in time, and the tightness of 1~2 banding is appropriate, which is beneficial to righting the trunk and laying a foundation for cultivating tall spindle-shaped trees. Be careful not to tie it too tightly, lest it strangle the tree and hinder the circulation of water and nutrients.

1.3 timely topdressing irrigation

In order to promote the rapid formation and strong trunk of newly planted young trees, it is required to apply fertilizer 1 time every 20 days after leaf spreading, and insist on? Eat less and eat more? Generally, 0.2~0.3kg of urea+diammonium phosphate mixed planting is applied at multiple points in the early stage, and 0.3~0.5kg of ternary compound fertilizer mixed planting is the best in the middle and late stage. Always use water to adjust fertilizer, use fertilizer to transfer water, and use small and medium water to fully irrigate. If there is no irrigation condition, techniques such as covering, storing fertilizer water in holes or storing water in bags can be used to facilitate the rapid branching of fruit trees and increase the thickness and weight of blinds.

1.4 adhere to the technique of spraying fertilizer outside the roots.

In order to promote the vegetative growth of newly planted young trees and accelerate the rapid branch formation of crown, high-quality foliar fertilizer can be sprayed every 8~ 10 days from the beginning of leaf spreading, and the effect is the best.

1.5 pest control

Common pests of newly planted apple trees include leaf curl, red spider, aphid and caterpillar, and diseases include brown spot, mosaic and lobular disease, which are generally controlled every 10~ 13 days/time. Foliar protectants include 60% thiopental sodium, 10% hexaconazole, etc. We should pay attention to comprehensive prevention and control to prevent early defoliation, so as not to affect crown expansion.

1.6 intertillage weeding

In summer and autumn, the temperature is high, the air humidity is high, and the weeds in the orchard grow rapidly. Therefore, timely intertillage weeding, loosening soil to store water and conserve moisture, and promoting the rapid growth of young trees.

1.7 Reasonable intercropping

In order to promote the rapid growth and formation of young trees and increase short-term benefits, short-term growth can be achieved by intercropping cash crops such as watermelon, pepper and garlic, or planting crops such as clover green manure. Generally, the intercropping of young orchards must consider the species of intercropping crops, and increase the economic income by using the effective area and fertilizer and water conditions without hindering the growth of young trees, so as to achieve the purpose of short-term growth.

1.8 toothpick opening

With a toothpick or something? e？ Open the angle opener, angle 85? ~ 100? It is required to be completed around mid-July. If it is too late, the angle of the new shoot is small and it grows fast, which is inseparable from the diameter of the central stem. The premature shoot has a large angle and slow growth, which affects the lateral growth.

2 pruning

Results The robust degree of branches was closely related to fruit quality and fruit setting rate. Branches with young branches grow strongly, blossom and set fruits well, and the fruits are large and of high quality, otherwise the opposite is true. As a result, an adult tree has a lot of branches and needs careful pruning.

2. 1 According to the age of the tree, configure the appropriate branch group.

At the beginning of fruit, the tree is vigorous, so we should arrange more branches on both sides and lower parts, and sparse branches with upright back; After entering the full fruit stage, the tree potential is moderate or even weak, so it is necessary to maintain and cultivate the upright oblique branches on the back, loosen the drooping branches, retract and update the oblique branches on both sides, and adjust the tree potential with the branch potential.

2.2 Improve the airtight conditions to create conditions for the normal growth of the branch group.

The first is to open the angle of backbone branches at all levels, open the passage of light into the inner room, promote the growth of many branches on backbone branches, and configure appropriate branches according to needs. Second, reduce the number of large branches, open the interlayer, maintain the advantage of main branches, ensure the growth potential of fruiting branches, and arrange large, medium and small branches in an empty space. It is necessary to enrich branches, make the proportion of various branches appropriate, and not affect each other. It is necessary to ensure the cultivation and renewal of branches and ensure that the yield is not affected. After adjustment, the proportion of big branches in each main branch is less than 20%, and the proportion of middle branches is 80%.

2.3 timely renewal and rejuvenation, and reasonable application? Three sets of branches? Result technology

Update or convert the result branch in a planned and step-by-step manner. First, thin the branches that have already borne fruit and are too weak to develop, so as to leave enough space for other strong branches; Secondly, in the same branch group, gradually sparse drooping branches, make full use of upright or upward inclined branches, and appropriately cut them short. Finally, according to the types of branches, the principle of inhibiting the former and promoting the latter is generally adopted for large, medium and long branches. In the slow-release branch group, the head is lengthened, the preparatory branches are cut short, and the fruiting branches are retracted in time after slow release, so that the proportion of fruiting branches, preparatory branches and vegetative branches in the branch group is reasonable.