Planting method
environmental requirement
I like warm and humid climate, with an average annual temperature of 15.2℃ and a maximum temperature of 4 1.7℃, and I am relatively cold-resistant, even at-15℃. However, low temperature at flowering stage will affect flowering, pollination and flower development.
Carya cathayensis needs more water, and the water demand is different in different periods of the year. Generally, an appropriate amount of rain is needed in the spring shoot growth period before flowering, continuous rain is avoided in the flowering period from late April to mid-May, and the development period of fruits and naked buds is from June to September, which requires sufficient and even rainfall. The requirements for light are not high. Young plants need a cool environment, so hickory seedlings must be artificially shaded. Adult trees do not grow well on sunny and dry slopes. Weathered gravelly loam should use loose calcareous schist rich in humus, and it is best to use oil black soil, yellow soil developed on limestone and yellow soil developed on sandstone, slate and shale. Red soil and sandy soil are not suitable for Carya cathayensis.
Land selection
Artificial planting and afforestation should choose warm and humid climate conditions, with an altitude of about 200-700 meters, deep and fertile soil and good drainage, and the slope of slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soil and afforestation land generally does not exceed 20℃. 500 meters is suitable for shady and semi-shady slopes; 500-600 meters on sunny or semi-sunny slopes is better.
Soil preparation and hole digging
Young trees of Carya cathayensis like shade, and it takes 65,438+00 years to get better benefits. Therefore, it is not necessary to do all the soil preparation for afforestation. The soil preparation should be carried out in blocks with the plant spacing of 5×6 meters (generally 100× 100cm square), or in horizontal strips on gentle slopes, with the spacing of 4 meters and the width of 3 meters, and the holes are long, wide and deep.
Cave planting
The seedlings are preferably artificially cultivated 2-year-old seedlings with a height of 70 cm-150 cm and a thickness of more than 0.7 cm. The height of wild seedlings is 1m ~ 2m, and the ground diameter is above 1 cm, which requires complete and developed roots. When the hole value is reached, 25-30 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer are applied to the hole, and the planting time is autumn and winter (165438+1end of October-65438+February) or spring.
Young forest management
Weed in June of the year after afforestation 1 time, and weed twice a year after the second year. Young forests are fertilized 1-2 times a year, mainly with quick-acting chemical fertilizers, and appropriately combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, each plant is 0. 1-0.5 kg. With the growth of trees, the amount of fertilization can be increased year by year. When processing nuts, they should be thinly spread in a ventilated place indoors and dried in the shade.
Sowing and seedling raising
1. Choose the mature Carya cathayensis forest with sunny hillside, no pests and diseases, large and full fruit, thin shell, inconspicuous age and high yield as the seed collection mother tree. The best season for seed collection is early September (around the Millennium), and it is best to choose fully mature and self-falling fruits. Spring-sown seeds, after removing cattail, float empty seeds and incomplete seeds with water, spread them in a ventilated place indoors for 3-4 days, and then store them. If the exocarp of autumn-sown seeds does not need to fall off.
2. Spring sowing should be stored in time.
Spring sowing seeds need to be stored for the winter. There are three storage methods: dry storage, sand storage and pu storage, and sand storage is the best. The concrete method of sand storage: store the seeds dried in the shade in layers with wet sand (coarse sand), the water content of the sand is 3-4%, and the sand should not stick to hands. A layer of seeds (about 5- 10 cm thick) is covered with a layer of sand (4-5 cm thick), with a pile height of 30-40 cm and a width of1m. About 30 days before sowing in the next spring, the temperature of sand (5.5-7.0% water content) is increased to accelerate germination, and timely inspection is conducted. If seeds are found to crack and germinate, they should be sown in batches in time.
3. Accelerating germination before autumn sowing
The seeds of Carya cathayensis collected in a pile of 500 kg are covered with straw and plastic film, or they can be put in snakeskin bags and covered with Carya cathayensis (exocarp) for germination. After about 4-5 days, the seeds will crack and germinate, and sow in batches (the seeds that have not cracked and germinated will continue to germinate). It should be noted that the temperature should not be too high, the temperature should be controlled at about 30℃, and the germ should not be germinated for too long (generally not more than 60℃), but it can also be sown directly with cattail, and it is not necessary to germinate. [2]
4. Choose a good nursery.
According to the ecological habits of Carya cathayensis seedlings, it is best to choose sandy loam soil with an altitude of 200-500 meters and sloping land in shady mountainous areas, with good drainage, convenient irrigation and fertile soil, and avoid choosing old bases for seedling raising.
5. The whole seedbed
One-year-old seedlings of Carya cathayensis have long taproots, and the nursery needs deep ploughing before sowing. The seedbed is 3 square feet wide and 25 cm high, which is convenient for drainage, weeding, fertilization, pest control and shade shed management.
6. Apply plantar fertilizer
Generally, 50-100t of decomposed manure (fermentation) or human manure10t and compound fertilizer100kg are applied per mu and put into the sowing ditch. Applying base fertilizer is labor-saving, safe and long-term. The more base fertilizer, the stronger the seedlings.
Step 7 sow in time
Carya cathayensis can be sown in autumn, winter and spring, and autumn sowing is the best. Carya cathayensis has a thick shell and is difficult to germinate. Germinated hickory seeds, sown in September.
Carya cathayensis fruit in growing period
This variety can germinate and be unearthed in the same year, and the seedling height can reach 10 cm during the year. In the second year, the winter sowing was not accelerated from 65438+February to 65438+1October, and it generally took root and was not unearthed that year. Autumn sowing should be covered with grass and covered with plastic film (arch), and attention should be paid to "four precautions": anti-freezing, drought resistance, root rot prevention and rodent prevention.
Spring sowing should be in February-March, not later than the end of March, and seeds should be germinated before sowing. Carya cathayensis is drilled, with row spacing of 20cm, plant spacing of 5 5- 10/0cm and covering soil of 3-4cm. The seeds should be placed horizontally, and the sowing amount per mu 1000 Jin Pu (about 300 kg of wet seeds). After sowing, straw should be covered in time to prevent soil hardening, so as to maintain humidity and facilitate seedling emergence.
8. Careful management
The management of Carya cathayensis seedlings should go through three levels: unearthed layer, rainy season layer and hot summer layer. Unearthed seedlings are most afraid of soil hardening and get sunburned in the hot sun. Weeding should be done manually at the root as far as possible, sooner or later in high temperature season, and drainage should be done in time in rainy season to prevent root rot. In July and September, a sunshade will be built for sun protection (light transmittance is 30%-50%). When raising seedlings in higher altitude areas, a small amount of corn should be interplanted around the seedbed instead of a shade shed.
9, scientific topdressing
To master "a few times", we can use 0.5- 1.0% human manure or chemical fertilizer for irrigation, and irrigate roots 2-3 times a month in drought. Early stage nitrogen
hickory
Mainly fat. In the middle and late stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are the main ones.
Plastic trimming
Early pruning should be light, and more main branches should be left to make it bear fruit early. When pruning, make the canopy room ventilated and transparent. In the early stage, try to keep the upper branches of the crown, the lower part of the crown can be gradually thinned, and dense branches can be sawed off if necessary. The incision must be leveled and coated with protective agent to prevent decay.
After the Carya cathayensis tree enters the aging stage, all the parts above the crown regeneration branches can be sawed off, the sprouted regeneration branches can be cultivated, and all the dead parts of the main branches of the aging crown can be cut off. At the same time of pruning and renewal, it is best to combine deep ploughing and fertilization.
Fertilization management
Fertilization method
1. Trench application: dig a horizontal trench with a depth of 10 ~ 15cm on the uphill of the tree, and cover the topsoil after fertilizer application.
2. Hole application: radial small holes are dug around the trunk with a depth of 10 ~ 15cm, and the surface soil is covered after fertilization.
3. Fertilization amount: It depends on the size and yield of the tree. Generally, the fertilization for a tree with 25 kg of hickory is about 1.5kg.
4. Fertilization time: autumn is from late August to late September, and spring is from late March to early April.
control of insect
The main diseases are leaf spot and scab, and the main pests are aphids and chalcophora japonica. Focus on the prevention and control of pests and diseases in orchards in winter, and prevent smelting in time according to the occurrence of pests and diseases in the growing period.
1, Carya cathayensis bud maggot
Carya cathayensis bud maggot is also called Carya cathayensis gall midge, bud worm and maggot. Larvae (maggots) are mainly used to harm hickory buds.
Occurrence regularity: it occurs once a year and overwinters in topsoil at the earliest mature young age. In the middle and late April, when the male inflorescences and female flower buds of Carya cathayensis began to bloom, the mature larvae emerged one after another, and their flight ability was weak. They first fly around the surface to mate, then fly to trees to lay eggs in male inflorescences and female flower buds. Generally, it is suitable for the survival and early eclosion of woodland larvae with high humidity near Yinshan and Aogou. Larvae is extremely active and adaptable, and larvae absorb nutrients in buds. When they mature, they will wither with the withered buds, or pop out of the buds and land underground for the winter.
Damage characteristics: the damaged part of male inflorescence is bent, swollen and discolored, and the damaged part of female bud is swollen, brown and withered. There are 2-8 larvae in a murdered bud.
Prevention and cure method
(1) ground spraying:
① At the beginning of April, the mixture of 1: 500 times of Dilulin was sprayed on the ground or mixed with fine sand to apply chemical fertilizer to the forest land.
② When the male inflorescences and female buds of Carya cathayensis first open in the middle and late April, 50% hexamine phosphorus 1: 1500 times solution can be sprayed on the woodland. Because the emergence time of adults is different, it must be sprayed every 3-4 days, which can effectively control the harm of adults flying on trees.
(2) Crown spray:
Spraying with 20% metronidazole or 18% water-based insecticide dimehypo 1: 800- 1000 times or 50% aminophosphine 1: 2000 times, dimehypo 1: 600-800 times.
2. Hook moth
Also known as caterpillars, they can hurt their young. When they are badly hurt, the larvae can eat the whole leaf and look like fire.
Occurrence regularity: it occurs 4 generations a year, overwinters with pupae under weeds on the ground, and emerges in late May. The newly emerged adults hide on the weeds in the woodland or fly around on the ground during the day, and stay on the weeds to mate. Eggs are laid on the sawtooth on the edge of Carya cathayensis leaves, which has strong phototaxis. Larvae has the habit of drooping silk, and the damage period of larvae is: early and middle June; Early and middle July; Early and middle August; In late September, the mature larvae hung on the surface soil to pupate and overwinter. Adults appeared in late May; Late June; Late July; Late August.
Prevention and cure method
(1) ground spraying: When adults stay on the ground for mating, 20% metronidazole or 50% acephate can be sprayed with 1: 1500 times solution.
(2) Light trapping and killing: black light can be installed indoors to trap and kill moths. It is necessary to turn on the light at dark and turn off the light before dawn to dispose of the trapped moths.
(3) Canopy spraying: spray with 20% metronidazole or 2.5% deltamethrin 1: 2000 times solution, which can be sprayed at 7-8 o'clock in the morning when the larvae droop.
3.hickory moth
Also known as Carya cathayensis caterpillar, it is harmful to larvae. A serious forest is "green in the morning and yellow in the afternoon", which is extremely harmful.
Occurrence law: it has four generations a year, overwintering with mature larvae in the topsoil, and emerging into adults in mid-April of the following year. The damage period of larvae is from mid-May to late June. Mid-July to late July; Early August-late August; Early September-65438+1early October. Adults have strong phototaxis, and each generation of adults appears in early April, late June, late July and late August.
Prevention and cure method
(1) Biological control: release the red-eye peak in the first generation eggs or spray Beauveria bassiana in the larval stage.
(2) Light trapping and killing: In each adult stage, black light can be installed to trap and kill at night.
(3) Canopy spraying: e and 20% metronidazole or 2.5% deltamethrin 1:2000-3000 times liquid spray to control larvae.
(4) The pupae can be dug manually in the pupa stage to reduce adult eclosion.
4. Walnut moth
Control method: spray 3000 times of pyrethroid solution to the crown or Beauveria bassiana. Light can be used to trap and kill adults.