Planting techniques: a, digging holes at fixed points according to plant spacing, generally sandy soil, with a width of 80cm and a depth of 50-60 cm; The rice cellar is 80 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep. First put straw, branches or green manure branches, poles, etc. About 30-40cm, and tighten the topsoil, then apply 50-80 kg of organic fertilizer (pig manure and cow dung) or chaff chicken manure (20 kg) or pure chicken manure (10 kg) to decompose, and add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1-2. B. Before planting, the thick roots of pear seedlings should be cut off and planted for 2-3cm to promote the occurrence of new roots, and the film at the grafting place should be removed to avoid affecting the growth of the main stem. C. When planting, the joint should be 5- 10cm above the ground, the rhizosphere soil should be stable, and water should be poured immediately. In the tuyere area, it is necessary to set up pillars to prevent lodging.
2. Soil improvement and fertilization
Deep ploughing in soil to promote ripening is the basic measure of pear tree yield-increasing technology. In order to increase the yield, high yield and high quality of fruit trees, soil must be improved. Deep tillage and soil improvement are generally carried out after fruit harvesting in autumn and before defoliation in winter. Methods include reaming, deep ploughing in the whole garden, staggered or deep ploughing among plants. Generally, the depth of deep tillage is 30-40cm, and it can be carried out every other year if conditions permit. 1, 3, and 5 years, deep furrows with a depth of 2.5 feet and a width of 1.5 feet were dug on both sides of the original cave, and deep furrows were dug on the other side in 2, 4, and 6 years, with the application of base fertilizer.
According to the standard of applying base fertilizer, generally 100Kg pear fruit needs at least 100Kg organic fertilizer (pig and sheep manure) and 2.25Kg phosphate fertilizer, which is beneficial to improve yield and quality.
In addition to base fertilizer, topdressing should also be done at the right time during the growth period. Generally, it needs topdressing for three times. After the first flowering, it will promote the growth of branches and leaves, flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion in the middle and late April. The second fruit expansion period is from mid-May to early June. The third fertilization after harvest, from late August to mid-September, can increase leaf color, prolong leaf life and restore tree vigor.
Topdressing outside roots can be combined with spraying appropriate amount of fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the usual concentration is 0.3-0.5% of urea (0.2-0.3% at high temperature), 0.5% of calcium superphosphate, 0.3- 1% of potassium sulfate and 0.2-0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, which decomposes 5-65438+ of human urine.
3, equipped with pollination trees and three thinning techniques.
Pear is a cross-pollinated tree species, and most varieties are not self-pollinated. Therefore, for pollinated varieties whose flowering period must be basically satisfied, the ratio of main cultivation to pollinated varieties should be 2: 1 or 1: 1, at least 3: 1 or 4: 1, so as to achieve high and stable yield. Japanese pears (Lucky Water, Rich Water and Jianshui) can be pollinated with Cuiguan, Qing Xiang and Cuiqing.
Three-thinning technology is a correct way to master the period and method of thinning flower buds, buds and fruits.
A. flower bud thinning: combined with winter pruning, excessive flower buds are thinned. In winter, flower buds should be sparse in proportion. In principle, it's a flower bud: leaf bud = 1: 1, which is about half of the flower amount of the whole tree. But pay attention to the number of flower buds formed by pear trees that year. In production practice, it is advisable to leave a flower bud every 5-6 inches for the backbone branches. Note that only the flower buds are sparse and the leaf buds remain.
B. Bud thinning: If flower buds are not thinned in winter pruning, it can be remedied before flowering. Generally, one flower bud is reserved according to the standard of thinning buds of about 20cm. Bud thinning principle: sparse weak and strong, sparse small and large, sparse and dense, sparse axillary buds and top flower buds, sparse lower flower buds, sparse buds that germinate too late, sparse secondary buds, decide how much to remove, and keep abreast of the weather forecast.
C. fruit thinning: it depends on the variety, tree potential, flowering period and climate. Young trees and flourishing trees with large flowers and weak trees should be thinned early, while young trees with small flowers should be thinned late or less. In normal years, the weather should be sparse early, otherwise it will be sparse late. Principle: Each fruit should have 25-30 leaves. In normal years, one fruit can be left in one fruit table, and 1-2 fruits can be left in one fruit table for varieties with medium fruit shape.
4, plastic pruning
The shape of pear trees, according to different varieties and site conditions, is mainly conducive to the adoption of a variety of tree-shaped results, such as thinning and deleting layers, multi-stem and happy shape, multi-stem and round head, etc.
Pruning young pear trees should be less sparse and more paved, and attention should be paid to cultivating fruiting branches for the first fruiting tree. The length of the extension branch of the main side branch is shortened year by year. After a large number of pear trees bear fruit, the backbone branches are prone to droop, so the angle of extension branches should be improved. If the lumen is too dense, the dense auxiliary branches should be thinned or cut short. If there are too many fruits and the branches droop, you can erect a bamboo pole in the middle of the crown and hang the drooping branches evenly around.
Third, pest control.
(1) scab: It mainly occurs in sepals, fruits, leaves, petioles, new shoots and buds. Symptoms: small yellow spots in the early stage and black mold in the late stage. Leaves mostly occur on the back of leaves, and diseases occur along the veins, causing early defoliation in severe cases. Fruits mostly occur in the young fruit period, and the growth of the damaged young fruits stops, and gradually become corked and cracked, which causes the deformity of young fruits, which is the most serious in the rainy season (April-May).
Prevention and control methods:
A. eliminate overwintering bacteria sources. In winter, defoliation, fruit dropping, pruning, peeling and centralized burning are removed.
B. chemical control. Spraying Bomei 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination, spraying 500 times of 25% carbendazim wettable powder when 3/4 flowers wither, and spraying 600-800 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or other disease prevention agents 1 time during the new bud growth period in mid-May and the fruit growth period in mid-June.
(2) Pear rust: It mainly harms leaves, new shoots and young fruits. Needle-shaped yellow spots first appeared on the leaves, and gradually expanded into orange-yellow circular spots. In the later stage, the leaves are purplish red on the front and convex on the back, and a cluster of grayish yellow hairs grow. The symptoms on the fruit are the same as those on the leaves. The disease occurs once a year on fruit trees, and the peak period is from mid-April to early May.
Prevention and control methods:
A. It is best not to have cypress trees such as conifers and cypresses within 5 kilometers.
B. Spray 1: 2: 200 times Bordeaux solution (copper sulfate: quicklime: water) before flowering, and spray 15% triadimefon wettable powder or 40% Fu Ling 1000 times solution after flowering for 2-3 times in a row.
(3) Pear moth: it harms the shoots and fruits of peaches and pears. It occurs five generations a year, and the young fruit is from the top of the fruit and near the depression of the calyx until the core is eaten. There is insect dung in the pulp, which is dry and rotten around. The first generation is in April-May, which mainly harms the tender shoots of peaches, and then it happens once a month, which mainly harms pears, and it harms pear peaks from August to September.
Prevention and control methods: In orchards with peach and pear cultivation, spray chemicals on peach trees in the first half of April and the first half of May. In the middle and late June and mid-July, pear trees were protected by spraying chemicals during the emergence period of each generation of larvae. The medicine can be 40% omethoate or 20% fenvalerate, 20% hypertonic monocrotophos 800- 1000 times, or 5% fenvalerate and 20% fenvalerate 4000-5000 times, and the effect is good.
(4) pear aphid: it harms leaves. The damaged leaves roll into a tube, which is the most serious in April-May, and propagate in weeds after the end of May. In June+10, 5438, winged aphids flew to mulberry trees to do harm, and wintered in the bud crack of pear trees in winter, which occurred for more than 20 generations a year.
Control method: Pay attention to the control of pear trees after flowering, and use 40% omethoate 1000 times liquid or 1500 times net wettable powder once.
Fourth, timely harvest.
Timely harvesting is an important link to improve pear fruit quality. The peel of Huangpi pear should change from dark brown to light yellow brown, and the peel of Qingpi pear should change from dark green to light green or light yellow. The meat quality should change from rough to crisp, from sour to sweet, and the seeds should change from white to light brown, which can be used as the standard for starting harvesting. The harvest should be carried out in stages. First of all, we should harvest big fruits. After 7- 10 days, small fruits will gradually increase and then be harvested.
When picking, handle with care, don't pull and fold hard, which will lose the goods. At the same time, we should do a good job in protecting leaves and branches.