The concepts of abnormal psychology and self-judgment
Under normal circumstances, the human body maintains a balance between physiology and psychology, and can adapt and transform the environment according to the needs of social life. Therefore, normal people's behavior conforms to social norms and can act according to social requirements and moral norms, that is, their behavior conforms to social norms and is adaptive behavior. If an individual's ability is impaired due to essential or functional defects, and he can't act in a socially recognized way, so that the consequences of his behavior are not suitable for himself or society, he is considered to have psychological abnormalities.
The so-called abnormal psychology is the psychology that deviates from normal. This is a very relative concept. First of all, because of human height, weight, intelligence and so on. They are all normal distributions, that is, most people are close to the average, and only a few people are biased at both ends. So both ends, such as height and short, weight and light, wisdom and stupidity, can be regarded as anomalies. But psychopathy is different. For example, a high IQ far from the average level is an excellent state, and psychologists don't want to call it abnormal, but extraordinary. Anomalies mean negation. Moreover, people live in different geographical and social environments and hold different moral standards and values, so their views on abnormal phenomena are different, even completely different. Therefore, from a statistical point of view, anomalies do not contain negative meanings, but from a social point of view, anomalies may contain negative meanings. So we can understand abnormality as deviation from normal, but it is difficult to understand abnormal psychology in the same way.
Therefore, whether a person's psychology is abnormal can only be judged by comparison. First, compare it with socially recognized behavior practices to see whether his behavior can be understood by ordinary people and whether there are obvious bizarre behaviors.
For example, if a person suddenly takes off his clothes in public, and his behavior is inconsistent with his age, identity and status, which is unacceptable to people in society and harmful to himself and society, then this person may have psychological obstacles.
Secondly, it is necessary to compare with a person's consistent psychological state and behavior pattern in the past to see whether his psychological process or psychological characteristics have changed significantly, that is, whether it is obviously different from the normal state. For example, a person who has always been smart and active at work has recently become lazy and lonely, which makes people feel completely different, so we should seriously consider whether this person has mental illness. After careful comparison, it is found that the behavior changes are extremely obvious, and it is not difficult to make a judgment of psychopathy. However, it is difficult to judge whether the degree of psychopathy is light or whether the behavior change is extremely obvious.
Judging whether a person's psychology is abnormal can usually be analyzed from the following six aspects: (1) Are there obstacles in interpersonal communication? For example, are you afraid of interpersonal communication? Do you feel inferior in front of people? Are you at a loss in social situations, blushing and heartbroken?
(2) Are you in a bad mood? For example, often pessimistic, depressed, anxious, irritable, or irritable, like to attack?
(3) Is there any physical pain of unknown cause? Such as long-term chronic pain, autonomic nervous disorder, physical decline, long-term insomnia and so on.
(4) Is the working ability, learning ability and attention significantly decreased?
(5) Are there any abnormal behaviors that you can't control? Such as washing hands repeatedly, closing the door, making faces, etc.
(6) Do you hate yourself and others extremely?
Every healthy person will show some of the above six aspects more or less, and only after reaching a certain intensity and time can it be regarded as a psychological obstacle. The so-called certain intensity means that these symptoms have seriously affected a person's happiness and work ability; A certain period of time means that these symptoms last for more than 3-6 months.
Causes of abnormal psychology
Analysis of the causes of abnormal psychology, the situation is more complicated, from micro-research to macro-research, there are interpersonal barriers or psychosocial factors, you can find relevant answers. At present, a more consistent view is often influenced by the following factors.
Biological reasons
Refers to mental health caused by genetic, biochemical, physiological, brain and physical injuries.
(1) Heredity: A large number of investigation and research data show that genetic factors play a certain role in mental illness, especially in schizophrenia, manic depression and other diseases, the pathogenic role of genetic factors is more obvious.
(2) Biochemistry: Modern neurochemical research shows that the metabolic disorder of central neurotransmitters acetylcholine, norepinephrine and dopamine can be the main cause of psychological disorder.
(3) Physical injury: Physical injury or illness can lead to psychological abnormality. For example, brain trauma can lead to abnormal behavior; Cancer, diabetes, etc. Can lead to maladjusted personality abnormalities.
quality index
Quality refers to people's innate anatomical and physiological characteristics, and also refers to the genetic factors that are prone to some psychological abnormal diseases, including a person's internal physical quality and psychological quality.
(1) psychological quality. Psychological quality itself is not a pathogenic factor, but sensitive psychological quality, such as allergic, fragile and introverted personality, is prone to psychological obstacles under the impact of harmful external pathogenic factors; People with stable, strong and extroverted personalities can show higher tolerance and avoid mental disorders under the impact of the same harmful external pathogenic factors.
(2) physical fitness. Physical quality includes body size, physical strength, nutritional status, health level, disease resistance, recovery or compensation ability of injury, tolerance to physical strength and energy consumption, etc.
Social and cultural factors
Psychologists have proved that biological factors determine the occurrence and existence of psychological phenomena, and social and cultural factors determine the direction of occurrence, development and change of psychological phenomena. The social and cultural factors here include social system, economic conditions, living and cultural level, ethics, education level and so on.
(1) Cultural factors. Cultural factors have a great influence on the development of some psychological diseases. In today's world, the rapid development of science and technology and material civilization has brought more and more pressure to people's psychology. If you don't adapt well, it will endanger people's physical and mental health. People with low education and superstitious witchcraft are prone to psychological and behavioral abnormalities.
(2) the imbalance of social and cultural relations. Social and cultural relations include class, nationality, religion, occupation, morality, gender relations and so on. There are many reasons for the imbalance of relations, but mainly from social life events. For example, spouse's death, divorce, unemployment, exam failure, lovelorn, family changes, occupational stress and so on. And there are unexpected reasons such as earthquakes and fires. If this obstacle is strong and lasts for a long time, it may lead to psychological and behavioral abnormalities.
(3) the psychological trauma of social unrest. Long-term social unrest or riots will have a great impact on psychology.
(4) Psychological function of social tension. Overpopulation, crowding, noise harassment, poverty, work pressure, social crime and discrimination; Wait, it will cause tension. Negative emotions, such as sadness, sadness, anxiety and fear. The accompanying tension will disturb people's psychology and behavior.
Functional state of an organism
The functional state of the body refers to the physiological and psychological state of the body when the disease occurs. The functional state of immature brain development in childhood, the physiological state of obvious changes in endocrine system and psychological and physiological functions in adolescence, the functional state of hypogonadism and unstable autonomic nerve function in menopause, and the functional state of gradual decline of various physical functions and obvious weakening of defense and compensation functions in old age may become the opportunity for some potential psychological abnormalities to begin to appear, and become the weak link of maintaining the stability of the whole body defense system, that is, become the inducing factor of psychological abnormalities.
Levels and categories of abnormal psychology
People's abnormal psychology can generally be divided into three levels according to the severity.
Bad state
That is, a state between a healthy state and a disease state. It is caused by personal psychological quality (such as being too competitive, withdrawn, sensitive, etc.). ), life events (such as work pressure, promotion failure, superior criticism, frustration in marriage and love, etc.). ), poor health (such as overwork, physical illness) and other factors. It is characterized by short time, little influence and self-adjustment.
Psychological barrier
Psychological obstacle is the progress, stagnation, delay, retreat or deviation of a certain aspect (or aspects) of mental state caused by personal and external factors. Its characteristic is that the external manifestations of psychological activities are not commensurate with their physiological age or the reaction mode is different from that of ordinary people. They often have a strong psychological reaction (including thinking and action) to obstacles (such as sensitive things, objects and environment), but they may behave normally to non-obstacles It has a great influence on its social function, which may make the parties unable to complete a certain (or several) social function according to the standards of ordinary people.
psychosis
Mental illness is the external manifestation of brain dysfunction, which is caused by personal and external factors and accompanied by obvious physical discomfort. Can cause a strong psychological reaction, obvious physical discomfort, and can only barely complete some social functions.
According to the analysis of the development degree of abnormal psychology, abnormal psychology has the following categories.
morbid psychology
Selfishness, greed, meanness, emptiness, superstition, vanity, jealousy, inferiority, withdrawn, stubborn, suspicious, self-enclosed, morbid nostalgia, rigid dislocation, etc.
Emotional defect
Anxiety, depression, irritability, indifference, etc.
nervous breakdown
Common anxiety, phobia, neurasthenia, hypochondria, depression and so on.
Psychological process disorder
Such as perceptual disorder, attention disorder, memory disorder, thinking disorder, emotional disorder and will disorder, as well as comprehensive consciousness disorder and intellectual disorder.
morbid personality
The main manifestations are personality form disorder, personality trait disorder and antisocial personality disorder. There are personality disorders such as paranoia, schizophrenia, narcissism and avoidance.
Sexual behavior disorder
It is characterized by sexual impulse disorder and sexual object distortion.
(1) dysfunction. Such as impotence, frigidity and sexual aversion.
(2) The object is distorted. Such as homosexuality, obscenity, fetishism and bestiality.
(3) distorted activities. Such as exposure, voyeurism, transvestite, oral sex, sadomasochism, corpse rape and so on.
(4) antisocial. Such as rape and incest.
psychosis
Generally divided into schizophrenia, affective psychosis and paranoid psychosis.
psychosomatic diseases
Also known as psychophysiological reaction, it is a physiological disease with psychological reasons. Covers a very wide range:
(1) cardiovascular system. Essential hypertension, migraine, angina pectoris, tachycardia, etc.
(2) gastrointestinal system. Peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, anorexia nervosa, etc.
(3) Urogenital system. Dysuria, cold due to yang deficiency, menstrual disorder or dysmenorrhea.
(4) endocrine system. Thyroid dysfunction, diabetes and so on.
(5) the respiratory system. Bronchial asthma, hyperventilation syndrome, chronic hiccups, etc.
(6) the skin system. Urticaria, alopecia areata, neurodermatitis, etc.
(7) Muscular and skeletal systems. General pain, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.