Winter pruning

Clean up the orchard

At present, there are three kinds of trees used in production: ① natural preference for trees; Generally, the stem height is 45-60 cm, the stem height is 30-50 cm, and there are 3-5 main branches with an included angle of about 30. 5-7 lateral branches are planted on each main branch in layers, generally 4-5 layers, with 65,438+0-2 branches on each layer, with a layer spacing of 60 cm, a lateral branch spacing of 30 cm, and a lateral branch angle of 50, mainly on both sides of cultivation or anticline side; ② Natural morphology of nerve plexus; Generally, there are 5-6 main branches, which are clustered close to each other. There are 3-4 main branches, lateral branches or large fruit branches; ③ Stratification of trunk; The trunk is 50 cm high and the tree is 2.5-3 meters high. There are 6-8 main branches, which are planted in 3-4 layers. 1 layer has 3-4 main branches, and 4-6 lateral branches are planted respectively, and the angle of main branches is 60. The second and third floors have two main branches, with an included angle of 45 degrees. The main branch angle of the fourth floor should be less than 45. There are 2-4 lateral branches on the main branches of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th floors. The spacing between 1 layer and two main branches is 70-80 cm, and the spacing between two and three main branches is 60-70 cm.

The fixed dry height of cherry is determined according to the requirements of different high-yield trees. Generally, 3-5 branches can be produced after planting 1 year, and the main branches should be kept according to the specific branching situation when cutting. In layered culture, the strong branches standing upright under the cutting mouth are left as the central trunk, and the cutting length is 50 cm. Then choose 2-3 branches with vigorous growth and appropriate angles as the main branches. To cultivate a natural and happy shape, we should first choose 2-4 healthy branches with appropriate angles as the main branches. If the branch position is low after the stem is fixed, it can be cultivated into a natural cluster.

In the second year after planting, a natural happy shape can be cultivated, and branches with appropriate angles are selected as side branches at a distance of 60 cm from the base of the main branch. The lateral branches on the 1 layer main branch are selected in the hierarchical tree of the trunk, and the second layer main branch is selected 70-80 cm away from the upper layer main branch on the central trunk. After 3-4 years of colonization, the main side should be continuously cultivated. Cherry grows rapidly, so the master-slave relationship of the tree should be maintained in the young tree period, and the tree potential and opening angle should be balanced. Make full use of measures such as denucleation in summer, increase the number of branches and leaves, and cultivate fruiting branches as much as possible to lay the foundation for early fruit and early harvest.

After entering the initial fruiting stage, the key point is to cultivate backbone branches and fruiting branches. As a branch culture, 1 year leaves 20 cm short pieces; In the second year, the 1 bud branch was shortened again, and the other branches were dense and weak, and the middle branch was shortened to promote the branch growth; In the third year, the branches with strong top are thinned, and the weak branches in the lower part are slowly put down, and gradually cultivated into a compact branch group. For varieties with thick branches, when the population is eliminated by using the culture results of young branches, it should be cut short first; After branching in the second year, the new buds are cored to promote growth and branching; In the third year, thin the strong branches at the top. Slowly release the weak branches and gradually cultivate them into fruiting branches. After entering the full fruit stage, in order to maintain and restore the growth potential of the backbone branches, the backbone branches are cut off again to prolong the branches. Retract large and medium-sized fruit branches, moderately sparse fruit branches, promote branching and enhance tree potential. Strong upright branches and excessively dense branches are thinned. Other 1 year branches are generally not short, so you can wear a hat or break your teeth at the blind node to promote the development of leafy short branches. The proportion of short fruit branches in full fruit stage is large, but the short fruit branches will become bud-free and die after 5-6 years of continuous fruit bearing. Therefore, prepare the branches when pruning. In order to prevent the fruiting part from moving out and baldness in the crown, the branches in the crown should be strengthened, renewed and rejuvenated. Remove cut branches, dead branches, fallen leaves, etc. Reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.

In the middle and late March

Fertilization and irrigation

Prepare pesticides

If base fertilizer is not applied in autumn, it should be supplemented in spring. The whole garden was flooded once.

Boil the mixture of stone and sulfur.

Early to mid April

intercrop

After irrigation, intertillage should be done in time, and the thickness of scarification should be about 6 cm.

Spray medicine

Spraying fertilizer at flowering stage

To prevent/resist frost

When the tree buds swell, the lime-sulfur mixture of 3-5 Baume degrees can be sprayed once to eliminate overwintering pests and diseases. 0. 1%-0.2% borax or 0.3%-0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed. Cherry is prone to late frost when prescribing medicine. In places with more late frost, water can be poured once before cherry blossoms open to delay flowering and avoid frost damage.

Late April to early May

Topdressing after flowering

summer pruning

water

Control pests and diseases

After the cherry blossoms open, topdressing begins. On average, nitrogen fertilizer was applied to each bearing tree 1kg, and 0.25 kg was applied to young trees. Break double buds and over-dense buds.

From falling flowers to harvesting, water is poured once a week on average. After harvest, irrigation times can be determined according to soil moisture.

This period is prone to spiders, aphids, scale insects and other pests. It is necessary to spray corresponding pesticides to control weeds in the garden.

From mid-May to the end of June

choose

Early-maturing varieties such as jujube are generally harvested in mid-May. Since then, middle and late-maturing varieties such as Naong and Topaz have also matured. The harvested cherry fruit should have fruit stalks, be carefully picked and put down, and be carefully shipped to avoid damage.

July to August

Intertillage weeding

summer pruning

Control pests and diseases

Remove weeds in the garden and transport them outside the garden to press green manure. When new buds grow vigorously in rainy season, they should be picked in time to ensure ventilation and light transmission of trees. Shipworm is easy to eat leaves in autumn and should be sprayed with corresponding pesticides.

9- 10 month

Fertilize and irrigate, loosen the soil and turn it over.

The application method of base fertilizer is furrow application, and the organic fertilizer is100-250kg per big tree and 50kg per small tree. Water should be watered once after fertilization. After irrigation, the whole garden can be plowed once when it is not sticky.

The root distribution of big cherry is relatively shallow, and the root distribution of 1-3-year-old young trees is even shallower, generally about 5-40 cm. In winter, the frozen soil is 40-60 cm deep, and the whole root system of the tree is in the frozen soil. In Beijing in early spring, the ground temperature rises rapidly and high. In the middle and late March, sometimes the temperature is as high as 20℃ or above. However, the ground temperature in the lower part rises slowly, and sometimes there is a frozen layer below 20 cm in the stratum in early April. At this time, the root of the tree is still dormant, while the shoots of the branches above the ground are in the bud. This has caused the imbalance of nutrients and water in the upper and lower parts of the tree, and the frequent invasion of cold currents. If no protective measures are taken, it is easy to cause dead trees and dry branches. According to the above climatic characteristics in Beijing, certain technical management measures should be taken for the safe overwintering of 1-3-year-old cherry trees.

1. First, improve the cold resistance of the tree itself and increase the storage of organic matter. In September, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 2-3 Liang per plant (P: K is 1: 2), and potassium sulfate is the best potassium fertilizer.

2, foliar topdressing, spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate for 2-3 times, 7-8 days 1 time.

3.5438 June+10 month picking, removing the growth points of autumn shoots, forcing branches to stop growing ahead of schedule.

4. After defoliation, pour frozen water once before freezing and fill it up.

Young trees must be protected for the winter. After defoliation, in the middle and late of 165438+ 10, the trunk is first wrapped with newspapers and then with plastic strips. The root of the tree is cultivated with about 30 cm soil, and the north of the tree is appropriately cultivated with more soil. Branches that are not wrapped can be protected with antifreeze. The antifreeze can be methyl cellulose, Fang Jing 1, wax emulsion, etc. Generally, antifreeze should be applied 3-4 times, twice before freezing, and twice from the end of February to the beginning of March of the following year, and each branch should be evenly coated. Remember to take off the plastic strips and newspapers when there is no cold current the next spring.