According to the growth characteristics of Camellia oleifera, the afforestation site should be a low hill below 500 meters above sea level, with its back facing south and its slope below 25 degrees, which is suitable for fertile, deep, loose, moist and well-drained acid soil.
2. Land preparation method: generally, horizontal steps around the mountain are used for land preparation, with a width of 2m, a spacing of 2× 3m and a hole gauge of 50× 50× 40cm. Apply sufficient base fertilizer to each hole, using garbage, straw, dustpan and farmyard manure as base fertilizers, and apply 0.5kg lime and 0.5- 1kg compound fertilizer to each hole. You can also use hole-like horizontal soil preparation around the mountain, and then combine horizontal hole expansion with annual tending to form a row belt.
Step 3 Afforestation
(1) afforestation time
Afforestation should generally be planted between "beginning of spring" and "rainy", and should not exceed "spring breeze" at the latest. Because it is too late, planting seedlings after they shoot will reduce the survival rate of afforestation. It is best to choose the weather in which the soil is wet after rain or it rains immediately after planting.
(2) Planting density
The planting density of Camellia oleifera depends on specific conditions such as topography, landform, soil quality, sunshine, water and fertilizer, conditions and intercropping varieties. That is, fertile land is thinly planted, soil is thinly planted and densely planted, mountain foot is thinly planted, mountain top is densely planted, gentle slope is thinly planted, steep slope is densely planted, intercropping is thinly planted and intercropping is not densely planted. In order to ensure early maturity, abundant forest and high yield, the planting density is generally 2×3 meters, and the planting density is per mu 1 10 plants.
(3) Afforestation varieties
A. Selection of improved varieties: In order to ensure the early maturity, high yield and stable yield of the newly-built high-yield camellia oleifera forest, excellent clonal seedlings selected at or above the provincial level must be selected for planting, because there are many varieties of seedlings, slow development and late fruiting, and high yield and high yield cannot be guaranteed; The grafted seedlings are pure in variety, high in development, early in fruiting, high in yield and guaranteed in quality.
B. Variety preparation: the variety should not be single, and at least 6-8 varieties should be mixed together, so as to facilitate pollination and maintain excellent characteristics.
(4) Planting
When planting, the seedlings should be upright, the roots should be stretched, the depth should be moderate, and the roots should be solid, that is, "one support, two lifts, three steps and four covers". Two steps: step one, after burying the topsoil in the root system of the seedling, gently lift the seedling and stretch the root system; Step 3: Step on both sides of the seedlings in the soil with your feet, and lightly step on the soil up, down, left and right, so that the soil and the root system are fully close and no air enters; Four covers: after the topsoil is backfilled to the roots of seedlings, cover the hole surface with reed dustpan or straw to prevent weeds from overgrown in spring and sunshine in summer.
3.2.2 Young forest tending
(1) tending
To build a high-yield camellia oleifera forest, it is not only necessary to improve the seedlings, but more importantly, to have good methods for improved varieties, immediately strengthen tending and fertilization, and scientifically and rationally strengthen management.
The newly-built Camellia oleifera forest can be managed for the first time after the rain in May of that year, with a little urea applied to each plant to promote seedlings, and cultivated in September-65438+1October in the second half of the year, mainly including weeding, hole expansion, fertilization and soil cultivation, with compound fertilizer, fermented cake or chicken and duck manure as the main base fertilizer. From the second year onwards, it will be nursed back to health twice a year, the first time in May-June and the second time in September -65438+ 10. The amount of fertilization depends on the size of seedlings, such as applying compound fertilizer 0. 1kg/ plant for the first time and basal fertilizer1-2 kg for the second time for two-year-old trees; For three-year-old trees, the first application of compound fertilizer is 0.2kg/plant, and the second application of base fertilizer is 3-4kg. Four-year-old trees, the first application of compound fertilizer 0.3 kg/plant, the second application of base fertilizer 5-6 kg. Fertilization should not be too close to the seedlings, and it can be combined with hole expansion and soil cultivation. For afforestation in horizontal belt, a bamboo ditch can be opened at a certain distance inside to facilitate water storage and drought prevention. Open holes for soil preparation and afforestation, and the horizontal belts should be gradually connected by tending and expanding holes, with low inside and high outside, which is convenient for water storage. You can also dig slub ditches at a certain distance.
(2) Young forest shaping and pruning
The purpose of shaping and pruning young forests is to cultivate good tree management, rapidly expand the crown, promote early flowering, early fruiting and increase yield. Generally, good solid trees have natural round heads and natural happy shapes.
Modeling method of natural round head modeling;
On the trunk with a height of 30-40 cm, select 3-4 main branches that grow evenly in all directions, and select 3-4 side branches evenly and alternately on each main branch to gradually expand to form a crown. Cut off the short-growing twigs, weak branches, staggered branches and elongated branches on the trunk to make the crown neat and spherical.
The modeling method of natural happy modeling;
The first is to cultivate backbone branches. After afforestation in 1-2 years, the new shoots and summer shoots sprouting at the top should be preserved as much as possible in order to quickly form the trunk. The side branches below 30 cm on the trunk should be thinned in time, and the side branches above 30 cm should be trimmed properly to avoid the side branches being too dense and bending the trunk nephew. Step two, set the shape. When the trunk grows to 50 cm, it can be shaped. When pruning, cut off the main stem at 40 cm, select 3-4 strong lateral branches and cultivate them into main branches. After pruning and shaping, the skeleton of the tree basically forms 3-4 main branches and 6-9 auxiliary main branches, and gradually forms a natural happy tree with a shorter tree body and a larger crown opening.
Forest management
Generally, grafted seedlings of improved camellia oleifera can bear fruit after afforestation for 3 years. But young trees are generally not allowed to bear fruit, which consumes nutrients and affects the growth and development of trees. After 4-5 years, according to the tree situation, a small amount of fruit can be hung; 10 years later, it will enter the full fruit stage. With proper water and fertilizer and scientific management, the oil yield per mu can reach more than 50 kilograms, and the full fruit period can last for more than 50 years.
The tending management of Camellia oleifera forest includes reclamation, fertilization, pruning, pest control and so on.
(1) recovery
The purpose of reclamation of Camellia oleifera is to remove weeds and irrigate, transform fallen leaves and weeds into soil, increase soil organic matter, loosen soil, improve soil aeration, facilitate microbial activities, promote organic matter decomposition, and accumulate more water and nutrients, thus improving soil fertility and laying a good foundation for the growth and development of Camellia oleifera next year. Reclamation methods include full reclamation, belt reclamation, cave reclamation, step reclamation, ditch tending, etc. Reclamation should be adapted to local conditions, and in principle, it will not cause soil erosion; Corresponding reclamation methods should be adopted according to different topography, landforms, forest land conditions and management methods. Camellia oleifera is usually dug once every three years and hoed once a year. This season should be cultivated and hoed in winter, because Camellia oleifera is dormant in winter, which requires less water and nutrients and has little effect on damaging a small number of roots. Shallow tillage in summer is to eliminate weeds in time, increase fertilizer, cut off soil capillaries, prevent soil moisture evaporation, and increase soil permeability and water storage capacity.
(2) Fertilization
Camellia oleifera combined with tending and fertilization can be carried out in ditches, ditches and holes. Conditional can be used as base fertilizer, 5- 10 kg/plant, or compound fertilizer (15-30 kg/mu) plus buried green (beans intercropping weeds, etc.). ) As topdressing, it is buried deep in plants.
(3) Pruning
The main purpose of pruning is to solve the contradiction between growth and fruit. Make them adapt to each other, make full use of space, prevent the fruiting parts from moving out, promote a large number of flowering and fruiting, maintain the vigorous tree vigor of Camellia oleifera, and prolong the fruiting life. Therefore, the pruning intensity should not be too large. The pruning targets are mainly dead branches, pests and diseases, weak branches, long branches, thin branches, excessively dense overlapping branches, crossed branches and waste branches. The principle of pruning is "big but small, not empty, not empty inside and not empty outside, not directly in the sun, not horizontally cut." When pruning, it should be close to the trunk, and the incision should be smooth, so as to "cut off the foot branches without hurting the branches, saw off the residual piles without hiding ants, cut off all the dead branches of pests and diseases, and promote the neatness of the crown under the control of the top". The suitable pruning time is from 65438+February in the first year to March in the second year (after picking tea fruits and before the spring shoots germinate), and the pruned branches should be transported to the outside of the forest in time for burning to reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.