First, establish a red vineyard.

(1) requires good air environment, no pollution and sufficient water.

(2) Choose a slope with high terrain for planting, with sufficient sunshine and good ventilation; The soil is dry, the watering conditions are good, the surroundings are transparent, and there is no shelter from tall buildings; The road planning office has a main passage with convenient transportation.

(3) The soil organic matter content is sufficient. Choose sandy soil or loam plot, the soil acidity is neutral or slightly acidic, and avoid planting in low-lying and waterlogged areas; The planting area has excellent drainage conditions and complete power equipment; The soil does not contain harmful heavy metal ions to avoid harm to human body; The groundwater level should be lower than10m.

(4) The selective emptying of red grape fruit particles will help to have enough gaps between grape fruit particles, avoid the fruit particles being too dense, and thus reduce the occurrence of diseases.

(5) Grape supports should be selected in the east-west direction with a spacing of 3 m, and the supports should climb northward to fully absorb sunlight from all directions; Take the fence frame in the north-south direction, with the row spacing of 3 m and the plant spacing of 1 m, depending on the actual situation. If there is a long and narrow belt in the north-south direction, you need to climb eastward.

(6) Before planting the grapes, dig the ground deeply in winter, dig trenches with width and depth greater than 50 cm according to the measured row spacing, and store the plants in the topsoil and subsoil. After digging the ditch, sow corn stalks and other crops at the bottom of the ditch with a thickness of 10 cm, and add urea 10 kg every 667 m2, which is helpful to promote the decomposition of organic matter. Then sow 5 000 kg farm manure and 50kg compound fertilizer, and apply them according to actual demand; In addition, the topsoil is evenly mixed and filled at the bottom of the ditch, and then the subsoil is covered, watered and compacted, and the soil is loosened to preserve moisture.

Second, planting red grapes.

1. Seedling standard of Hongti grape: select high-quality seedlings, the autumn seedlings should be thicker than 0.5cm, with rich wood and developed roots; Green seedlings require three leaves and one heart, normal root system and no pests and diseases.

2. Planting time of Hongti grape: April 10 or so, and May 10-25 is suitable for green seedlings.

3. Planting density of "Hongti" grapes: in early modern high-yield gardens, small sheds were used, and the row spacing of grape plants was 1- 1.5m× 3m, and about 200 plants were planted per mu; The row spacing of grape plants cultivated in hedge frame is 1.5-2 m× 1.5-3 m, and 1 1-296 plants are planted per mu.

4. Planting method of red grapes: firstly, dig 80cm square planting ditch, apply farmyard manure of 5000- 10000 kg per mu, mix in layers, and then backfill with soil to plant seedlings. Spring sowing is mostly used in the north, and it can be planted in the field in the middle and late April. Before planting, clean the dressing on the outside of the grafting interface with a sharp knife (after the grafted seedlings survive, the rootstock sprouted on the rootstock at the lower part of the grafting interface should be erased in time to ensure the purity and growth of the varieties), bury the planted seedlings in the soil so that the root neck can get enough water for planting, and then bury them in a small mound with fine soil to keep moisture and prevent drying, so as to make them germinate early.

Third, red grapes are trimmed.

1. red grape modeling: hedgerow ∨-shaped modeling, tree-shaped single stem, plant spacing 1- 1.5m ... First year selection 1 strong seedlings to cultivate main vines. When the height of the seedling is slightly higher than the first thread and reaches 1.2- 1.5m, the main shoot is cored, and 1 strong seedling is selected for secondary shoot selection. Continue the culture to make it grow upright, and the remaining secondary buds are cored with 2-3 leaves. The fruiting branches are cultivated from 50-60 cm away from the surface, and the fruiting branches are directly planted on the main vines. Results the branch spacing on the trunk was 20 ~ 30cm.

2. Prune red grapes in winter

Pruning period of Hongti grape in winter:165438+1mid-October to 65438+early February. In the first year of pruning in winter, all the secondary branches on the main vine are thinned out, and the secondary branches with strong growth of more than 0.8cm can be cut with 3-4 buds, and the cutting thickness of the main vine is 0.8- 1 cm, which is good for maturity. The height of the whole column tree is about 1.5 m, which can bear fruit in the second year.

The basis for correctly determining the cutting length of the fruiting mother branch of Hongti grape is as follows: First, it varies according to the growth of branches. 2-4 buds should be reserved for thick branches, and 1-2 buds should be reserved for medium and thin branches. Second, according to the place where the paper is placed, the part with large space and the extended branches above should be kept long, and the branches below should be kept short. Thirdly, according to different tree shapes, hedge pruning and comprehensive pruning of medium and short tips are adopted.

Fourth, the management of red grapes.

1. Red grape thinning: adjusting yield and reasonable load. Before flowering, it should be carried out synchronously with the coring of the main tip. Generally, the strong branch leaves 2 ears, the extra-strong branch leaves 3 ears, and the weak branch leaves 65,438+0 ears. The fine branch leaves no fruit, but it can be cultivated into the next year's fruiting mother branch. Large-grained fruit varieties, strong branches leave 1 ear, and extra-strong branches leave 2 ears.

2. Inflorescence shaping of "Red Grape": It should be carried out before flowering in late May, and the first secondary spike should be cut off, and the spike tip length should be cut off 1/4, so that some inflorescences are evenly spaced. You can also use a simple inflorescence shaping method, that is, keep the first secondary panicle without pruning, and only cut off 1/2 of the whole inflorescence length.

3. Fruit thinning of red grapes: It takes about 10 day in Xie Hua, and fruit thinning should be done in time for small grains with poor fruit setting. Leave about 40 grains per ear, which can make each grain have the same size and uniform coloring. Improve the commodity value of fruits.

4. Bagging of red grapes: When the fruit grains reach the size of beans (about 20 days after flowering), the fruit grains treated with swelling agent are sprayed with methyl thiophanate 1000 times. After the liquid medicine is dried, you can use a special fruit bag for grapes or cover the ear with a self-made newspaper bag. Before picking, you can remove the fruit bag for several days, which can avoid the harm of pests and diseases to the ear and improve the commercialization.

Fourthly, picking red grapes.

Red grapes should be picked at the right time after ripening, not too early, and harvested in batches to avoid low sugar content and poor quality; When picking, handle it gently, hold the ear handle tightly, and don't hurt your ears. Store and box in time at low temperature.

Five, red grape fertilizer and water management

1. Fertilization techniques for red grapes

1. 1 fertilization principle of red grapes: the fertilization principle of red grapes is balanced fertilization or formula fertilization. Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer, so that the content of soil organic matter can reach above 1.2; Apply chemical fertilizer skillfully, strictly control nitrogen fertilizer in the late growth stage, and spray foliar fertilizer as needed in the growing season.

1.2 Fertilization method for red grapes: Red grapes need to be fertilized several times a year. Generally, 5000- 10000 kg of soil mixed fertilizer or green manure is applied per mu, and the ditch application method is adopted, that is, a strip ditch is dug between grapes, with a depth of 50cm and a width of 80cm, and the soil is covered after fertilizer application. Secondly, we should pay attention to reasonable topdressing, topdressing 3-4 times a year. The first time is before germination, mainly using available nitrogen fertilizer and topdressing urea 0.05-0. 1kg/ plant; The second topdressing was carried out at 8- 10 day after flowering. The fruit was the size of mung bean, mainly composed of available nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and each plant could apply 0.05-0. 1 kg urine, with a certain amount of human feces and urine. The third topdressing was carried out half a month before fruit coloring, with phosphorus and potassium as the main fertilizers and a certain amount of human feces and urine; The fourth topdressing is carried out after the fruit is picked, and some urea can be topdressing with base fertilizer in autumn.

2. Water or drain the red grapes: the vineyards should also pay attention to irrigation. First, after the red grapes are unearthed and before germination, they should be irrigated with germination water; Secondly, 7- 10 days before and after flowering, irrigation to protect flowers and fruits, has a very significant effect on improving fruit setting rate and young fruit expansion; Then pour cold water before overwintering to prevent root freezing injury and spring drought in the coming year. Irrigation amount reaches the root distribution layer, generally reaching a depth of 60-80㎝. But when there is too much water, it should be drained in time, otherwise it will affect the permeability of soil. In www.cyone.com.cn, the roots are easy to suffocate, which causes the leaves to wither and turn yellow, and even the whole tree to rot and die.

Six, red grape pest control

Guiding ideology of grape pest control: fully implement the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive management", based on improving orchard ecological environment and strengthening cultivation management, minimize the use of chemical agents, effectively control the occurrence of pests and diseases, reduce production costs and improve fruit quality.

Grape diseases are prone to downy mildew, powdery mildew, black pox and white rot. The main pests are leafhoppers and moths. Prevention and control measures: first, strengthen cultivation management and increase the application of organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; Remove deciduous weeds in time, cut off dead branches, remove diseased fruits and ears, ventilate the cage surface and enhance the disease resistance of leaves; Second, chemical control: spray Bomei 5 degree stone sulfur mixture once before germination; Spraying bordeaux solution on the leaves at a time of 1∶2∶200 times; Spray bordeaux solution every 10- 15 days from flowering to fruit picking 1: 2: 200 times; If aphids are serious, you can spray imidacloprid once; If downy mildew or powdery mildew is serious, 800- 1000 times of 90% thiophanate methyl wettable powder, 200 times of 40% ethyl phosphate wettable powder or 500-600 times of 25% toxylin can be sprayed; After picking the fruit, spray 1-2 times of 1: 2: 200 times of Bordeaux solution.

Seven, red grapes buried underground to prevent freezing.

1. Time for burying red grapes in the ground to prevent cold: after winter cutting and before soil freezing.

2. The method of burying red grapes in the ground to prevent cold: the method of burying vines in the ground is adopted. After pruning in winter, remove the dead leaves in the garden, and disinfect the seedlings and frame materials with 3-degree sulfur mixture. When the soil is covered in layers, the soil is used as a soil pillow at the base of the seedlings, and the seedlings are crushed along the ridge. Take fine soil from the root 1 m to cover the seedlings, and the burial thickness should be 20cm higher than that of the seedlings. Don't bury the soil with clods to prevent the cold, so as to avoid the gap between clods causing the seedlings to dry. Where there are irrigation conditions, the frozen soil ditch should be filled with water and frozen into ice, which not only reduces the thickness of frozen soil, but also is beneficial to root overwintering and drought resistance in the next spring. Where there is no irrigation condition, you can also cover the soil ditch with weeds and other items to prevent the grapes from freezing. When cracks are found on the cold-proof soil after winter, the cracks should be covered tightly with soil in time. When the weather is particularly cold, pile some firewood and other cold-proof things on the cold-proof soil to ensure that the grapes are not frozen.

Eight, red grapes unearthed on the shelf

From the beginning of soil thawing to the end of germination, the cold protection of red grapes was lifted. The excavation was carried out in two times. The first time is to remove a layer of soil in the middle and late April, leaving a layer of soil without exposing branches and vines to prevent the buds from being drained and suffering from freezing damage. The second time was around the "5. 1" festival. The local apricot flowers appeared, but they were not put on the shelves, and they were not put on the shelves until they were open. After grapes are unearthed, they are generally sprayed with high concentrations of fungicides.