Several tree diagrams
1. Small crown sparse layer shape 2. Free spindle 3. Slender spindle shape
1. Evacuation stratification
This tree form is the main tree form of sparse apple trees. Its basic structure is: the trunk is 50~70cm high and the whole tree has 5~6 or 7 main branches. The main branches of the first layer 3 are adjacent or adjacent, the distance is within 20~40cm, and it is selected within 1~2 years. The opening angle of the main branch is 60 ~ 70. The second layer has 1~2 main branches, and the third layer has 2 main branches (three branches fall off). The distance between the first branch (three branches at the base) and the second branch is 80~ 100cm or 120cm, and the distance between the second layer and the third layer can be 50~60cm or 70cm. The three main branches at the base each have 2~4 lateral branches, and the upper main branches each have 1~3 lateral branches. The total length of the central trunk line is 2 ~ 2.5m The tree height is 4~5m, and the crown width is 5~6m or 7m. From the planting of one-year-old seedlings, one main branch is reserved every year on average, and it takes 13~ 15 years to finalize the design.
2. The small crown is sparse.
The sparse layer shape of small crown is an improved tree shape with sparse layer and stratification, and the tree body becomes smaller, which is suitable for planting density of 3~4m×4~5m.
(1) tree structure
The trunk is 50~60cm high, the tree is 3~4m high, and the crown is about 2.5m m. With the central leadership, the trunk can be straight and bent. The whole tree has 5-6 main branches arranged in 3-2- 1. There are three main branches on the first floor, two on the second floor, and the third floor 1. Everyone is happy above the third floor. The interlayer spacing is relatively small, with 1~2 interlayer 60~70cm, 2~3 interlayer 50~60cm and interlayer spacing 15~20cm. Or the main branches are divided into two layers, that is, three in the first layer and two in the second layer, with the spacing between layers of 80- 100 cm and the spacing between layers of 20-30 cm. The three main branches of the first layer can be matched with 1-2 dorsal branches, and the main branches above the second layer do not leave lateral branches. The angle of each main branch is wide, preferably 60 ~ 80. The angle of the lower main branch is greater than that of the upper main branch, and the middle branchlets are reasonably arranged on each main branch.
(2) Key points of shaping and pruning technology
After planting the seedlings, before sprouting in spring, the seedlings were fixed at the full bud of 60~80cm on the ground, and 20cm was cut off as a plastic belt. The full buds in the plastic belt were selected, and the bud cutting technology was used to promote the germination and branching of the buds. When cutting in winter that year, the first layer of main branches and central stems are selected, and all long branches are lightly cut or cut in the middle, which can expand the crown and increase the amount of branches and leaves in the next year. Slow down auxiliary branching and increase short branching. In the spring of the following year, the angle of the main branch and the auxiliary branch is opened, the bottom angle of the main branch is 60 ~ 80, and the auxiliary branch can be leveled to 90.
From the second year of winter pruning, the main lateral branches and the second-layer main branches are selected and retained every year according to the plastic requirements. After 4 years, the crown was basically formed, and the pruning was mainly light and slow. If the extension head of the main branch has room for light and short cutting, otherwise it will be slow but not short. Auxiliary branches, temporary branches and transitional branches are mainly slow-released, which promotes short branches to bear early fruits and sparse overgrown branches and back branches. After 5 years, a large number of results began, and the auxiliary branches were cleaned in time and in a planned way, and the thinning was controlled in stages.
3. Free spindle shape
The suitable planting density is 2~3m row spacing and 4m row spacing.
(1) tree structure
The trunk is 60~70cm high, the middle trunk is upright, the height of the tree is about 3m, the crown width is 2.5 ~ 3 m, the middle trunk is evenly arranged 10~ 15 main branches, leaving no edge, not layering, and the main branch spacing is 15~20cm, extending in all directions and interpenetrating each other. The opening angle of the lower main branch is 70 ~ 90, and a slightly larger branch group is left on it; The angle of the upper main branch is slightly smaller, and there is a little twig group on it. The whole tree is spindle-shaped, with a big bottom and a small top. Spindles at all levels (middle stem-main branch and a set of shafts) have a clear subordinate relationship, which is 1/3~ 1/2 of the mother branch. When the thickness of the main branch is 1/2 of the central trunk, it should be updated and retracted in time.
(2) Key points of shaping and pruning technology
The free spindle has only main branches and no side branches, which simplifies the forming procedure and shortens the forming time. The tree body is compact, the crown is open, and the tree is relaxed, which is suitable for close planting.
Strong seedlings are required, and the height of seedlings is about1m. The fixed stem should be high, generally 80~ 100cm. In order to prevent cutting concentrated new buds, after germination, some over-dense new buds are deducted or treated (wiped, picked or twisted). Before germination, make double cuts (two deep cuts) or A-shaped new shoots on the branches 30cm below the cuts to promote long branches, which is called "high-fixed branches and low-cut branches". 3-5 main branches can be produced in that year. If it is a strong seedling, the height is above 100~ 120cm, the quality of the garden is high, and the seedling stage is short, so it is not necessary to dry after planting. Make the required main branches completely by positioning double buds, and adjust them properly in summer. If the quality of seedlings is poor or the seedlings are short and weak, they should be pruned repeatedly. When the new shoots grow to more than 80cm in the first year after re-sprouting, pick the core to make the secondary branches become the main branches.
In order to cultivate the tree shape as soon as possible, promote the new shoots at the lower part and maintain the advantage of the central trunk, combined with summer pruning, the over-dense new shoots should be eradicated in time, and 2~3 over-strong new shoots (length 15~20cm) at the upper part should be removed as the main branches for future selection, so as to inhibit the vigorous growth of new shoots, control the upper part and promote the lower part, and balance the strength.
Two years later, the seedling stage has passed and the middle trunk is generally strong. In order to prevent the main branches from falling off, the middle trunk should be cut into 40~50cm long, and the lower part should be selected in the right direction for double bud and shoot promotion, and the cut competitive branches should be controlled. When the upper buds are too strong, control their growth by removing the core or cutting them short in summer. When the strength of the central trunk is moderate, it can be not short, and buds can be selectively carved in autumn and spring at the hair branches to solve the layout problem of the main branches.
For the main branch, it is basically not short cut or light short cut in the early stage, and it extends uniaxial and gently. When the power is unbalanced, appropriate adjustments can be made. The main branches of Wang Tai can germinate before germination, so as to promote short branches and prevent baldness at the lower part. For the cultivation of the main branch group, the young tree stage focuses on both sides and the lower back, while the upper branch group on the back is shorter and has fewer branches. In combination with summer pruning, the redundant buds on the back should be smoothed in time, and 1 bud is generally selected at 20~30cm. When the reserved buds grow to 15 ~ 20 ~ 30cm, the branches should be smoothed or twisted to cultivate small fruit branches in time.
After 3~4 years, the crown of the tree is basically formed, and the erect, overgrown, oversized and dense branches should be removed in time to maintain the advantage of the central trunk. The main branches should be stretched and opened to relieve the strength. When the extension branch of the main branch is too long or too large, it should be recovered, updated or removed in time. When the angle of the main branch is small, it is necessary to continue to pull the branch, mainly with slow release and light cutting, combined with summer management (bare tip, twisted tip, coring, etc. ), and cultivate the intermediate fruiting branches in time, and the upper branches of the main branches should not be too dense. Generally, there are about 10 branches in the range of 1m, and small branch groups are suitable, and redundant branches should be drained in time. Unblock the competing branches of the central trunk and the branches with too dense extension heads of the main branches, and keep uniaxial extension to prevent the upper and outer parts from being overstressed.
4. Slender spindle shape
The tree shape is smaller than the free spindle shape, and it is more suitable for short and dense planting, and it is suitable for planting density with plant spacing of about 2m and row spacing of 3 ~ 4 m.
(1) tree structure
Generally, the height of a tree is 2~3m, and the crown width is1.5 ~ 2.0m. There are 15~20 small main branches with similar stress evenly distributed on the central trunk, with the lower part slightly longer and the upper part slightly shorter. The whole tree is slender, and the crown is slender and conical.
(2) Key points of shaping and pruning technology
The stems of annual plants are fixed at 80 ~100 cm before germination in spring. If the seedlings are strong, the root system is developed and the garden foundation is good, the stem can be fixed at 100~ 120cm, and double or n-shaped buds can be carved at 60~80cm to promote the branch culture of the lateral main branches, and the upper part is too strong and dense, which is not suitable for the direction. When the upper shoot grows to 1.5 ~ 20 cm, it is necessary to remove, control and promote the heart and maintain the dynamic balance.
When it is two years old, choose the branches with vigorous growth on the upper part as the extension branches of the central leadership. If they grow too strong, they can be cut off by 50cm. Select 4-5 branches with moderate growth in the lower part, and cultivate small side main branches, which are only long and not short, so as to ease the motivation. The remaining branches are treated as branches, and the method of leaving more branches without cutting is adopted to remove the branches that grow too fast in time. All branches are selected.
When it is three years old, the stronger branch is selected as the extension branch at the upper part of the central main branch, and 4-5 small main branches are selected at the lower part of the extension branch every year that do not overlap with the lower side branches. If it is not enough, we can use double buds or secondary buds in autumn and spring to promote branches, and flatten all the small main branches and auxiliary branches (70-90 degrees) every year, and sprout short branches to promote germination, which will bear fruit 3-3 years earlier. If the main branch at the base is too thick (when the main branch is about 1/3), the retraction should be updated in time.
The cultivation process of spindle trees follows the principle of combining winter with summer, mainly in summer. Only by making full use of measures such as branch pulling, bud wiping, bud carving, tip twisting and girdling, can the tree shape be fast, bear fruit early, be stable, and have high quality and high yield.
5. Cylindrical shape
Cylindrical shape is a small crown shape under the conditions of small plant spacing (less than 2m) and high planting density (more than11plant). The tree is dry and has no main branches. As a result, the branches are directly planted on the trunk, extending horizontally, and the crown is smaller and thinner, with similar size from top to bottom and cylindrical shape, which is convenient for upgrading in production.
6. Fan shape
Fan-shaped is a vertical flat crown, which is suitable for planting methods with smaller rows and larger plant spacing. The crown of the tree forms a flat hedge group, which makes the two sides of the crown ventilate and light. Fans are divided into two categories: trunk vertical fans and curved fans.
The vertical fan-shaped central trunk is upright and centered, with or without bedding on it, directly bearing small main branches, and the direction of the main branches extends into the row or is slightly inclined, directly bearing fruit branches, so that the crown forms a flat fan with a thickness of less than 2 m. The height of the tree is 2.5~3m, with 6~7 main branches.
The folding fan can make full use of the advantages of the hollow stem and effectively control the upper strength. When reshaping, the central trunk is pulled down to the left and right, so that the middle trunk becomes the main branch. The central trunk is cultivated every year, with a height of about 2.5m and main branches of 6~ 12.
Folding fan diagram
The above-mentioned small crown trees are commonly used at home and abroad, while small crown sparse trees and spindle trees are widely used in China.
7. "bead curtain" plastic surgery
Its basic structure is a cross-shaped open heart with four main branches. The height of the first main branch from the ground is 50~60cm, the second main branch is 80~90cm, the third main branch 10~ 120cm, and the fourth main branch 140~ 150cm. The angle of main branches is 80 ~ 90, each main branch is equipped with 4 lateral branches, and there are no backbone branches such as auxiliary lateral branches below the lateral branches, so the bearing branch group is directly planted. Results The suitable branch spacing was about 65438±00cm.