1, foreign plant landscaping trends
Originated from the idea that human beings conquer everything, in the classical gardens of France, Italy, the Netherlands and other countries, most of the plant landscapes are regular, and plants are trimmed into various geometric shapes and bird and beast shapes to show that plants obey human will. Of course, in the overall layout, these regular plant landscapes are in harmony with the lines, shapes and even volumes of regular buildings, which have high artistic value of artificial beauty, but they lack a natural feeling and appear stiff. The second is the natural plant landscape. Due to the cultural and artistic exchanges between the East and the West, influenced by the landscape gardens in the East, especially in China, natural landscape gardens appeared in Britain, which simulated the rural scenery of natural forests, grasslands, meadows, swamps and villages, combined with topography, water bodies and roads to organize plant landscapes, reflecting the individual beauty and group beauty of plant nature, from macro seasonal changes to detailed appreciation of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and thorns. Natural plant landscape is easy to reflect a quiet, deep and lively atmosphere. With the rapid development of various disciplines and economy, people's artistic literacy has been continuously improved. In addition, they are not willing to waste a lot of money on the maintenance and management of these plastic plant landscapes. People yearn for nature and pursue colorful and ever-changing plant beauty. Therefore, it has become a new trend to advocate natural beauty and create natural plant landscape in plant landscaping. After 1960, many middle-class people in Britain moved into private houses with small gardens, so according to the owners' different hobbies and ages, they created various small garden arrangements, such as miniature rock gardens, miniature waterscape gardens, miniature terrace gardens, wall gardens, flower borders and small greenhouses. And correspondingly cultivate low-grade plant materials suitable for these miniature plant landscapes. With the improvement of residents' living standard and the increase of business demand, it has become a common practice to introduce plant landscape indoors. Shade-tolerant foliage plants and soilless culture techniques have made great progress. Whether there is a beautiful indoor and outdoor plant landscape has become one of the important conditions for rating some hotels. In order to improve the effect of business negotiation, there are specially rented office buildings, ground floor gardens, roof gardens and mezzanine gardens. Through the floor-to-ceiling glass window of the office, you can see the harmonious and quiet plant landscape around you and create a good business negotiation environment. All these reflect people's desire to return to nature, satisfy their own aesthetics in the plant landscape, eliminate fatigue and restore their spirit and physical strength in a fresh and quiet environment. To create a colorful plant landscape, we must first have rich plant materials. Some economically developed western countries, because their own plants are not enough, send people abroad to find plants and introduce them in large quantities. It was in the19th century that Britain, France, Russia, the United States, Germany and other countries introduced thousands of ornamental plants from China to serve their landscaping. Take Britain as an example. There are only 1700 native plants in Britain, but after hundreds of years of introduction, there are 50,000 living plants from all over the world in the Royal Botanical Garden.
2. Current situation of domestic plant landscaping
2 1 domestic traditional plant landscaping art theory
China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. In the process of sustainable development for thousands of years, it has bred a long-standing garden system in China, and at the same time, it continues to breed a wonderful artistic flower with garden plants as landscaping. The traditional art theory of plant landscaping in China requires plants to be natural, but it is not naturalism, but "Gu Gan, with strange names and different species, sparse branches and dense locations, or lying on the side of water and rocks, or overlooking the forest, or independent". In order to show the natural posture and lines of trees, and also to show the interest of painting, one tree, one stone and one grass often make a painting together. Due to the large proportion of garden buildings in the garden, plus rockeries and pools, plants are still in a supporting role in the garden and only play a decorative role.
2.2 Traditional methods of domestic plant landscaping
In the long-term practice, China has formed a set of traditional landscaping techniques that pay attention to the ornamental characteristics of plants. According to the characteristics of architecture and landscape environment, combined with the ecological habits and charm of plants, plant configuration is carried out. When arranging plants, the ecological characteristics and morphological characteristics of plant materials are often compared and associated individually, and it is put forward that "there are not many precious plants", flowers and trees are mainly planted alone or in clusters of 3-5 plants, and rocks and rockeries are combined to build flower beds.
2.3 Domestic understanding of plant landscaping
China has two views and practices on garden plants. First, attach importance to garden buildings, rockeries, sculptures, fountains, squares and so on. And ignore the plants. It is considered that the traditional classical gardens in China are natural landscape gardens with freehand brushwork, and the landscape is the skeleton of the garden. It is natural to dig lakes and build mountains, and plants are just hairs. Some people are eager for success in building gardens, but it takes a long time for plants to see the effect. However, digging lakes and piling mountains, building roads, pavilions, terraces and pavilions can get immediate results, which also encourages the tendency to despise plant landscaping and makes the already limited green area not fully utilized. Some rockeries are stacked on real mountains, and the rockeries are stacked higher and higher, so they can't be stacked. Some stones of different textures and colors are staggered and roughly piled together, just like swords and swords. Regrettably, some new parks with a large proportion of plant landscape built after the founding of the People's Republic of China have also been built on a large scale, with platforms, pavilions and pavilions, and the building volume has become larger and larger, expanding the original single building into a complex and reducing the green area. The most intolerable thing is to build a large number of high-rise buildings around the scenic spots at will, destroying the garden landscape. In recent years, fountains have mushroomed, some pursue high spraying, some choose sites at will, and even set up fountains in lakes with good landscape, destroying the beautiful reflection in the lakes. Another view is that garden construction should focus on plant landscape, which is the most beautiful and living picture with less investment. Since China implemented the policy of opening to the outside world, many people have had the opportunity to understand the level of plant landscape in garden construction in western countries, and deeply feel that relying on the original traditional classical gardens in China can no longer meet the current needs of tourists to enjoy and improve the environmental and ecological effects. Therefore, many people of insight call for attaching importance to plant landscape in garden construction, and the view of plant landscaping is more and more accepted by people. In recent years, many local garden units have actively built forest parks, some have begun to try plant community design, and the corresponding departments have also set up nature reserves and scenic spots. On the other hand, garden workers and environmental protection workers cooperate with each other and do a lot of research on the role of plants in anti-pollution, anti-drug abuse and improving the environment. However, there is still a big gap compared with the level of foreign gardens. First of all, the species of plants used in landscape plants in China are very poor. For example, there are nearly a thousand species of ornamental plants in foreign parks, but there are only over 300 species in Guangzhou, over 200 species in Hangzhou and Shanghai, over 65,438+000 species in Beijing and less than 100 species in Lanzhou. There are no more than 5,000 living plants in China Botanical Garden, which is out of proportion to China's status as a resource-rich country. Secondly, the level of ornamental gardening is low, especially in breeding and cultivation and maintenance. Some flowers with China as the distribution center, such as azalea, primrose, camellia, clove, lily, rose, cuiju, etc. , not only failed to make good use of them, but also cultivated excellent varieties, and some even degenerated to be unsuitable for use. Finally, the scientificity and artistry of plant landscaping are far from each other. We can't be satisfied with the existing traditional plant species and planting methods. We should learn from plant classification, plant ecology and other disciplines to improve the scientific and artistic nature of plant landscaping.
2.4 Problems of Plant Landscape in Domestic Residential Areas
2.4. 1 ignoring the "people-oriented" in greening design. Due to the influence of business, domestic real estate developers always use the so-called "image project" to deceive residents who are relatively lacking in garden knowledge, but fail to achieve "people-oriented". At the gate of the community or in an obvious place, plant landscaping does not consider the scientific and artistic nature of plant landscaping, but the gold content of plant landscaping. For example, many buildings spend a lot of money to introduce a large number of expensive large canary seaweed and other big trees and famous trees to improve the gold content of plant landscaping in the community, while the green space next to the house is just an understatement, and a lawn is slightly dotted with plastic shrubs, which is basically not a plant landscaping. The green space next to the house has the closest relationship with the residents, is the outdoor space that residents use most frequently, is the place that residents must pass through every day, is semi-private, is most loved and cared for by residents, and needs richer and more beautiful plant landscape.
2.4.2 Soft landscape and hard landscape are seriously out of balance, ignoring ecological effects. Landscape architects or decision makers in many residential areas do not have a strong sense of landscape plants. In the pitiful green space, plants are not the main landscaping, but simply add lifeless landscapes such as pavilions and rockeries. They did not rationally allocate plants and design landscaping from the perspective of protecting the environment and improving the ecology. Instead of considering the diversified functions of urban green space, we should pay attention to beauty and cost to obtain higher charging standards, and pay attention to the rich expression of hard landscape on drawings, so as to confuse the public and cater to the real estate developers' mentality of pursuing speed, innovation and transcendence. One-sided pursuit of hard landscape makes people's expected natural environment and quiet and pleasant community atmosphere not fully reflected.
2.4.3 Ignore the humanistic environment and the beauty of artistic conception. The greatest advantage of plant landscaping in China's classical gardens is to fully combine the human environment and pursue the beauty of artistic conception. However, many real estate enterprises are not equipped with landscaping professionals, and decision makers pursue formal beauty, color block pattern beauty, plane effect and renderings quality in residential area landscaping. Therefore, in order to cater to their own tastes, many landscape designers do not do any research on the local human environment when designing plant landscapes for residential areas, completely ignore the factors of the human environment, ignore the beauty of garden artistic conception, and deliberately pursue the beauty of form and color blocks. In order to draw good plane renderings and three-dimensional renderings, designers even prefer to put down their professional knowledge and learn computer drawing software all the time.
2.4.4 Lack of characteristics of plant landscaping in residential areas There is a phenomenon of following the trend in plant landscaping design in residential areas, which does not pay attention to the characteristics of plant landscaping. In 1990s, a large number of lawns were used for plant landscaping in Dalian, which set off a nationwide lawn plant landscaping wind. Later, it was found that a large number of lawns were difficult to maintain and the ecological benefits were not ideal. Some people began to use a large number of patterned color blocks to plant landscaping. As a result, there is another pattern wind blowing across the country, which leads to a shortage of pattern color block factories nationwide. With the introduction of ecological landscape, dense forest fever and sparse forest fever reappear, and plant landscaping lacks characteristics.
3. Development trend of plant landscaping in residential areas
3 1 Humanization of Plant Landscape in Residential Area
The so-called humanization is the people-oriented design concept. People are the main body of residential areas, and everything in residential areas is built and changed around people's needs. Civilized and rational society pays more and more attention to people's needs and health. Plant landscaping must meet the needs of residents and continue to develop in a more humane direction. People enter the green space for leisure, sports and communication. Therefore, the environmental atmosphere created by plant landscaping in residential green space should be full of life breath, so that the landscape can be used by people. It can be said that the perfect combination of plant landscaping and human needs is the highest realm of plant landscaping.
3.2 Ecological Plant Landscape in Residential Area
The ecological environment is the sum of the whole external world with human beings as the main body, and it is the synthesis of the material basis, energy basis, living space basis and social and economic activities basis on which human beings depend for survival and development. 2 1 century is an ecological era that pays attention to the harmonious development of human beings and the environment. People began to pay more attention to the ecological benefits of greening in residential areas, which promoted the development of plant landscaping in a more ecological direction to meet people's requirements for higher community functions. The ecological benefits of plant landscaping are mainly realized by planting trees, flowers and vegetation. Therefore, plant landscaping should be based on plant characteristics and special ecological environment. Plant landscaping in residential areas should pay attention to the establishment of multi-layer structure plant communities of trees, shrubs and grasses, maximize the green amount per unit area, give play to ecological benefits and functions, and increase ecological functions. While emphasizing the plane layout, the greening of residential areas should also pay attention to the layered structure collocation of trees, shrubs, ground cover plants and grass in vertical space, which is not only beneficial to the stress resistance of plants, but also can achieve diversified ecological effects. The overall layout should be consistent with the overall large-scale spatial environment, forming the characteristics of a balanced ecosystem. Lianas and all kinds of flowers are often used for greening and coloring walls and balconies, and they are decorated with all kinds of flower landscaping forms to enrich the spatial landscape of residential areas and create comfortable, pleasant, natural and harmonious living spaces.
3.3 Three-dimensional plant landscaping, especially roof garden greening.
The visual effect brought by roof greening is lush green grass, lush flowers and trees, lush all the year round, fresh and pleasant. Its greening function is also multifaceted: it can improve the indoor temperature of roof houses and obviously improve the heat insulation effect of roofs; Protect buildings from high temperature, ultraviolet rays, etc. , which is conducive to prolonging their life; Roof greening can also purify the air, adjust the urban climate and alleviate the heat island effect. There is no doubt that roof greening, known as the "fifth facade" of buildings, is an important part of urban three-dimensional greening and a great leap forward in urban environmental landscape.
3.4 gardening
Gardening here does not mean pruning plants in French, Italian and Dutch classical gardens into various geometric shapes and bird and beast shapes to show that plants also obey people's will, but refers to cultivating a large number of excellent varieties for plant landscaping by using horticultural techniques such as introduction and domestication, or using horticultural facilities to cooperate with plant landscaping.