Mummies, or mummies. Ancient Egyptians buried corpses with antiseptic spices, which dried up over the years and formed mummies. The ancient Egyptians believed that after death, the soul would not die, but would still cling to the corpse or statue. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, they were all mummified as a hope and deep memory of the deceased. Mummy originally meant asphalt, referring to a dry and uncorrupted corpse. Egypt has found the largest number of mummies, the earliest time and the most complicated technology. When the Egyptians made mummies, they first took out part of the brain marrow from the nostrils of the dead body with iron hooks and injected some drugs into the brain for cleaning. Then use a sharp stone knife to cut a hole in the side abdomen, take out the internal organs completely, clean the abdomen, fill it with coconut milk wine and mashed spices, and sew it as it is. After this step is completed, the body is put into baking soda powder for 70 days, then it is washed, wrapped with linen bandage from head to toe, and coated with gum commonly used in Egypt instead of ordinary glue, and then the body is handed over to relatives, who put it in a special humanoid wooden box and keep it in the tomb, standing upright against the wall. This expensive method of disposing of corpses is generally suitable for pharaohs, dignitaries and the rich. It is much easier for the poor to make mummies. Wash the abdomen with laxatives, then soak the body in soda powder for 70 days, take it out, let the wind blow dry and bury it in a dry sand dune. The ancient Egyptians, rich or poor, were mummified after their death. This is because the ancient Egyptians believed that people were composed of body and soul, and even in the world of the underworld, the dead still needed their own bodies. A corpse is not a "useless corpse". As long as the body is well preserved, it can always be used. The soul is gradually lost with the gradual destruction of the body, and the complete destruction of the body means the complete disappearance of the soul. As long as the body is preserved and the soul has a place to live, the dead can be reincarnated. The specific production process and method are as follows: if someone dies, his body is first sent to a place called "clothing department": it is dedicated to purifying the body. After the body was washed with soda water, it was sent to a place called "Babet" (meaning pure land) or "Per-Napier" (meaning beautiful house) to complete the filling of spices. So mummies are being made. Herodotus left us detailed information about this. First, apply melted turpentine to your face to protect your facial image and prevent it from drying too fast. Second, brain pulp processing. The craftsman inserted the chisel into the left nostril, crushed the ethmoid bone, and then used tools to rotate in the brain, destroying the brain marrow. Insert a very small long-handled spoon into the brain from the nostril, dig out the brains, and finally put some drugs and spices into the empty skull. Brain marrow is generally not preserved. Third, take out the internal organs. The stomach, intestine, liver and lung were taken out through the left incision in the abdomen. Then use palm oil as cleaning solution to clean the chest and abdomen. Sometimes these organs are neatly wrapped in turpentine balls and put into the mummy's abdomen, and sometimes they are put into a small jar with a lid and then put into the abdomen. Small pots are becoming more and more complicated from the ancient kingdom to the new kingdom. At first, there were some simple pot covers, but in the Middle Kingdom, there were pot covers with heads. In the early18th century, the lid of the jar was guarded by the "son of Horace". However, it was forbidden to take out the heart in ancient Egypt. They regard the heart as a symbol of wisdom and try their best to keep it in the body. In the book of the dead in the New Kingdom, there are three people on duty who take turns guarding the heart. Fourth, dehydration. This is an important drying process. The craftsmen first wrapped the soaked alkali and other temporary fillers in cloth, and then soaked them in dry soaked alkali powder for about 40 days. After the water is drained, they take out the stuffing inside and put crushed myrrh, cinnamon, soaked alkali, sawdust and so on in cloth bags. Finally, they carefully stitched the incision and pasted a piece of skin with Horace's eyes painted on it, because the ancient Egyptians missed the strong healing and protection of this skin. Fifth, cosmetic surgery. In order to keep the mummy's skin soft, it was selectively coated with a mixture of milk, wine, spices, beeswax, turpentine and asphalt to beautify the skin. Mummy's eyes are full of linen and stones, which are very vivid. The mummy was finally coated with turpentine to prevent moisture, and the makeup artist also sprinkled a layer of carmine on the mummy's cheeks, wearing a braided wig, clothes and the best jewelry. Sixth, the bag. Egyptians thought it was dangerous to be buried, so prayers were accompanied during the whole process (usually 15 days). Every time the hand that bandages the body moves, it is accompanied by solemn prayers or magic spells, and protective strips are placed between linen bandages. They attach great importance to keeping it in their hearts. Amulets are generally made of scarab-shaped or heart-shaped green stones with the words "Preserve the heart of the deceased so that it will not produce anything harmful to its owner". Other amulets were placed near the mummy's body or wrapped in linen. Seventh, the mummy greeted his card. The time is usually 70 days. After that, Anubis secretly returned the mummy to his family for burial. Mummies are bodies preserved with spices. The ancient Egyptians believed that life would continue after death, and a complete corpse was a necessary place for the soul to inhabit the afterlife. Therefore, they are equally concerned about preserving their health after death and keeping healthy before death. Mummification is a unique tradition in ancient Egypt, and it is also a special legacy left by ancient Egyptian civilization to future generations. Mummification technology is gradually accumulated and perfected in long-term practice. The ancient Egyptians left no record of mummification methods for future generations. Herodotus and Theodore Ju Lushi once talked about what they heard in their works. The detailed research and chemical analysis results confirmed their statement. Mummification mainly uses sodium oxide produced in parts of Egypt, especially in Netron depression, to completely dry the body. The producer first sucks out the brain marrow through the nasal cavity and injects drugs to clean the brain. Then make an incision in the abdomen and take out organs such as lung, stomach and intestine, leaving only the heart and kidney in the body. Then wash the body cavity with coconut wine and mashed spices, fill it with resin, linen impregnated with resin and sawdust, and sew it as it is. The test questions should be completely buried in sodium oxide and dried. After 70 days, the producer took out the body, cleaned it, coated it with ointment and spices, wrapped it tightly with a lot of linen, and then coated it with resin. When dressing, start with fingers, toes, even limbs and the whole body. At the same time, special attention should be paid to prevent nails from falling off. The incision in the abdomen is covered with a dish, which symbolizes Horace's "perfect eyes". Mummies wrapped in this way maintain their shape before dehydration. Some mummies have a head and a special mask, which vividly shows the face of the deceased before his death. The dressing technique of mummies reached its peak in the 22nd dynasty. At that time, the internal organs of the body were put back into the body after treatment. After drying, the internal organs taken from the corpse are also wrapped in linen, put into special jars or boxes, and stored in the tomb. Amulets and dung beetle statues (or scarabs) are usually placed on mummies and bandages to protect themselves. A dung beetles statue on the chest is engraved with a prayer, begging the soul not to testify against the dead on the scales of the underworld trial. The lungs, liver, stomach and intestines taken out of the body were protected by Horace's four sons. These are closely related to the religious beliefs of ancient Egyptians. The whole mummification process lasted for 70 days, and it was expensive. In addition, there are various drugs, spices, evil spirits, amulets and so on. , only wrapped a corpse, sometimes with 1000 meters of high quality linen. Therefore, only kings, royalty, nobles and the rich can afford it, and the poor can only be simple and even sloppy. Herodotus talked about two other cheaper mummification methods. Although it is difficult to ensure physical integrity, it can give spiritual comfort to the poor. Moreover, perhaps it is because of these cheap mummification methods that the tradition of mummification can be spread and continued. It was not until the 4th century AD that Christianity ruled Egypt that the custom of mummies was abolished. There was a group of people in ancient Egypt who made mummies as their profession. They have mastered this technology and passed it on from generation to generation. In ancient Egypt, mummification and related necessities undoubtedly formed a very important and large-scale industrial system. The existence of this industry shows that ancient Egyptians have mastered scientific knowledge in physics, chemistry and medicine. The sodium oxide they used as a desiccant was a mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, salt and sodium sulfide according to modern scientific analysis, indicating that the chemical action of these substances was known at that time. The custom of mummifying in ancient Egypt gave them an opportunity to understand the structure of the human body. This had an important influence on the development of ancient Egyptian medicine, especially physiology and anatomy. This custom, coupled with favorable climatic conditions, has enabled hundreds of corpses to be preserved for thousands of years, many of which can be accurately dated. Today, experts can get a glimpse of people's physical condition and the prevalence of diseases through mummies. Mummification in ancient Egypt is the scene of cutting open the dead body, which is very common in society, so that Ptolemaic doctors and anatomists can successfully carry out the first systematic human anatomy in Egypt. At that time, in Greece and other parts of the world, autopsy was absolutely intolerable by religious concepts and public opinion.