1. Complications of neck (thyroid) surgery Category: Thyroid adenoma resection, single-leaf subtotal thyroidectomy, double-leaf subtotal thyroidectomy (hyperthyroidism), radical thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy (hyperparathyroidism) 1. Surgical death (the incidence is about 2/ 1)-mainly asphyxia, bleeding under incision and hyperthyroidism crisis 2. Anesthesia accident, Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents 3. Injury of neck blood vessels during operation, resulting in massive bleeding, shock and even death during operation 4. Injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve during operation (clamping, suturing or cutting off), resulting in hoarseness, choking in drinking water, dyspnea, permanent loss of function in severe cases, and even acute asphyxia caused by bilateral nerve injury that depends on tracheostomy for life (the incidence rate is about 2-3%, The incidence of total thyroidectomy, hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer surgery is relatively high) (transient patients can recover within 3 months to 6 months) 5. Upper laryngeal nerve injury leads to choking, aspiration and pronunciation change (the incidence rate is about .5%) < P > 6. Postoperative tracheomalacia occurs, leading to suffocation and even death (large goiter is easy to occur, The generator must undergo tracheotomy or intubation) 7. Postoperative headache (neck hyperextension cerebral circulation disorder syndrome) is caused by surgical position (the incidence rate is about 4-5%, and symptomatic pain relief can be treated) 8. Postoperative hypothyroidism is temporary or permanent (the incidence rate is < P >) 2. Complications of appendectomy 1. Anesthesia accidents, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents 2. Hemorrhage during operation leads to hemorrhagic shock (iliac vessels) Rare) 3. Intraoperative intestinal injury (ileum, colon, etc., which needs surgical repair) 4. Postoperative intra-abdominal bleeding (bleeding of mesoappendix's blood vessels and appendix stump, which needs secondary surgical treatment) 5*. Postoperative abdominal infection, with pelvic abscess being the most common, Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea (the incidence is about 2-5%) 6, abscess formation caused by the rupture of appendix stump (the incidence is about .5%) 7, postoperative portal phlebitis, liver abscess and sepsis (rare) 8, postoperative fecal fistula, abdominal sinus formation (rare) 9*, postoperative abdominal incision fat liquefaction, incision infection (the incidence is less) Repair of direct hernia by plastic surgery/repair of sliding hernia by plastic surgery/plastic surgery for recurrent hernia 1. Anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident 2. Hemorrhage during operation, resulting in hemorrhagic shock (rare) (damage to blood vessels under abdominal wall, iliac vessels, etc.) 3. Injury to intestine and bladder during operation (sliding hernia and hernia sac are easy to occur, increasing the incidence of postoperative infection) 4. Injury to important nerves during operation (under iliac abdomen, iliac vessels, etc.) Causes postoperative wound pain) 5. Injury to the spermatic cord during operation, resulting in testicular atrophy, loss of sexual function and reproductive function. 6. Postoperative scrotal hematoma and edema (which are easy to occur in patients with large hernial sac). 7. Incisional effusion, hematoma, infection and rupture, delayed healing. 8. Postoperative deep vein thrombosis (long-term bedridden). 9. Severe incision infection requires removal of hernia repair mesh. 1. Hernia recurrence (recurrence rate 2 ~) Secondary surgery is required) 11. Injury of blood vessels or nerves during operation causes permanent numbness of lower limbs and blood supply disorder of limbs < P > 4. Complications of liver surgery Operation category: resection of liver cancer, resection of hepatic hemangioma, incision and external drainage of liver abscess, incision and internal drainage of liver cyst, intrahepatic calculus, partial hepatectomy, liver trauma, liver repair or resection 1. Anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident 2. Massive bleeding during operation, hemorrhagic shock, Severe death (portal vein, inferior vena cava, hepatic artery and other important vascular injuries) 3. Tumor can't be removed 4. Biliary tract injury (postoperative bile leakage, biliary peritonitis) 5. Intestinal tract injury, intestinal leakage 6. Kidney and adrenal gland injury during operation 7. Diaphragm injury during operation, resulting in pneumothorax (requiring closed thoracic drainage) 8. Intraabdominal hemorrhage after operation. Secondary operation is needed (incidence < P > 14, subphrenic effusion, abscess and intrahepatic infection, postoperative pleural effusion 15, postoperative intra-abdominal infection, primary peritonitis (incidence about 8-2%) 16, adhesive intestinal obstruction 17, incision effusion, hematoma, infection, Delayed healing 18. Recurrence after tumor resection, distant metastasis < P > 5. Cholecystectomy, complications of bile duct stones Operation types: simple cholecystectomy cholecystectomy, common bile duct exploration, T-tube drainage, cholangioenterostomy, duodenal papillotomy, choledochal cyst resection 1. Anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident 2. Intraoperative hemorrhage, hemorrhagic shock, Severe death (portal vein injury and other important blood vessels) 3*, biliary tract injury, biliary peritonitis, biliary stricture, jaundice, cholangitis, etc. (incidence rate is about 1 ~ 2%) 4, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract injury (incidence rate

14, postoperative stone recurrence (recurrence rate of intrahepatic bile duct stones is about 2 ~ 3%), the above two need choledochoscopy or. Stone may still remain in the end 14, stress ulcer, biliary bleeding 15, post-cholecystectomy syndrome (long-term diarrhea, pain symptoms are not relieved) 16, adhesive intestinal obstruction 17, incision effusion, hematoma, infection, delayed healing, Incisional hernia 18. The operative mortality of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC) is about 25-3% < P > VI. Surgical complications of portal hypertension Surgical categories: splenectomy, transesophageal anastomosis, portal vein bypass shunt, splenorenal shunt * Surgery can only reduce the chance of gastrointestinal bleeding. Untreatable liver disease 1. Anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident 2. Surgical death (the incidence rate is about 3-5%) 3. Hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock during operation, and serious death (portal vein, inferior vena cava and other important vascular injuries) 4. Intraoperative biliary tract injury (bile leakage and biliary peritonitis after operation) 5. Pancreatic tail injury during splenectomy during operation (pancreatic fistula and infection after operation, and serious death). Intestinal injury, gastrointestinal leakage, postoperative abdominal bleeding, requiring a second operation (caused by the patient's decreased coagulation function), postoperative portal vein pressure drop is not ideal, < P > recent upper gastrointestinal bleeding, increased mortality, and long-term gastrointestinal bleeding (the incidence is about 1-2%), postoperative subphrenic effusion, infection (common after splenectomy), postoperative portal vein thrombosis, fever and fever. Severe death 11, spleen fever after splenectomy 12, esophagogastrostomy fistula, bleeding, esophageal stenosis, mediastinal and thoracic infection 13, postoperative artificial intravascular thrombosis 14, postoperative hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic coma, severe death 15, postoperative hepatorenal syndrome, renal failure, severe death 16, postoperative hepatopulmonary syndrome, respiratory failure, severe death 17, postoperative Multiple organ failure, etc., leading to death 18, postoperative intractable ascites 19, adhesive intestinal obstruction 2, incision effusion, hematoma, dehiscence, infection leading to delayed healing, incision hernia, etc. 21, postoperative deep vein, mesenteric vein, splenic vein thrombosis 22, gastrointestinal dysfunction, intractable gastric retention < P > VII. Complications of spleen surgery 1, anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident 2, intraoperative massive bleeding, blood loss. Severe death (splenic artery and vein injury) 3. Pancreatic tail injury during operation (pancreatic leakage and infection increase after operation, and severe death) 4. Gastrointestinal tract injury during operation-gastric leakage and intestinal leakage 5. Abdominal hemorrhage after operation, requiring secondary operation 6. Acute pancreatitis after operation (incidence rate is about 1-2%) 7. Mesenteric thrombosis after operation 8. Dangerous infection after splenectomy (OPSI). Children are more common) 9. Splenic fever after splenectomy 1, subphrenic effusion, hematoma, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion, infection 11, intra-abdominal infection 12, residual spleen infection, infarction 13, decreased immune function after splenectomy 14, adhesive intestinal obstruction 15, wound effusion, hematoma, dehiscence, delayed healing caused by infection, incision hernia 16, and residual spleen after operation (easy to occur in ITP patients) Causes treatment failure < P > VIII. Complications of pancreatic surgery Operation category: pancreatectomy, drainage in pancreatic cyst, pancreatoduodenectomy, cholangioenterostomy, pancreatectomy, anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident, intraoperative hemorrhage, hemorrhagic shock, and severe death (mesenteric blood vessels, portal vein, inferior vena cava and other important vascular injuries). 3. Injury of peripheral organs during operation. Including spleen, gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, kidney, adrenal gland, etc. 4. Postoperative bleeding requires a second operation (intra-abdominal bleeding or anastomotic bleeding) 5. Postoperative pancreatic fistula-pancreatic skin fistula (the incidence after pancreaticoduodenectomy is about 1-2%, and the mortality is about 1%) 6. Postoperative biliary fistula 7. Postoperative gastrointestinal anastomotic fistula and duodenal fistula 8. Postoperative abdominal infection 9. Postoperative gastric emptying disorder. Abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, postoperative portal vein thrombosis, pancreatic encephalopathy (the incidence of acute pancreatitis is about 1-2%), postoperative stress ulcer, < P > gastrointestinal bleeding, postoperative adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), postoperative diabetes mellitus, postoperative digestive and absorption dysfunction, leading to intractable diarrhea, etc. Causes massive bleeding in the digestive tract, etc. 17. Postoperative pancreatic hydrothorax and ascites 18. Incisional effusion, hematoma, dehiscence and infection lead to delayed healing, incisional hernia

19. Recurrence after tumor resection, Distant metastasis < P > IX. Complications of gastroduodenal surgery Operation category: subtotal gastrectomy (gastroduodenal ulcer) radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer palliative gastrectomy for gastric cancer Total gastrectomy 1. Anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident 2. Hemorrhage during operation, hemorrhagic shock, severe death (abdominal artery, mesenteric blood vessels, splenic artery and vein, portal vein and other important vascular injuries) 3. The tumor cannot be removed. Only short-circuit surgery can be performed. 4. Tumors invade surrounding organs and need to be combined with cholecystectomy, partial pancreas, colon or liver. 5. Common bile duct injury, resulting in biliary peritonitis, postoperative bile duct stenosis, jaundice, liver failure. 6. Pancreatic injury, resulting in postoperative pancreatic fistula. 7. Postoperative intra-abdominal bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding or anastomotic bleeding, Requires a second operation (the incidence is about 1-2%) 8. Postoperative duodenal stump rupture (the incidence is about 1-5%) 9. Postoperative gastrointestinal anastomotic leakage or gastric stump leakage 1. Postoperative gastric emptying disorder, postoperative abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting 11, postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction 12, input loop and output loop obstruction, Stenotic intestinal obstruction 13, postoperative dumping syndrome 14, alkaline reflux gastritis (Billoroth II type is common) 15, anastomotic ulcer (incidence rate is about 2-3%) < P > 16, gastric stump cancer 17, fatty diarrhea 18, incision effusion, hematoma, dehiscence, infection leading to delayed healing, incision hernia 19, recurrence after tumor resection, distant metastasis 2. Anemia 21. Increased incidence of cholelithiasis in the long term < P > 1. Complications of colorectal surgery: radical resection of colon cancer, palliative resection of colon cancer, short-circuit operation, radical resection of rectal cancer via abdomen and perineum, radical resection of rectal cancer via abdomen, anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident, intraoperative hemorrhage, hemorrhagic shock, and severe death (injury of important blood vessels such as anterior sacral vein, iliac blood vessel and mesentery) 3. The tumor cannot be removed. Only short-circuit surgery can be performed. 4. The tumor invades the surrounding organs, and it is necessary to remove the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, stomach, small intestine or liver. 5. Damage to the common bile duct, resulting in biliary peritonitis, postoperative bile duct stenosis, jaundice, liver failure. 6. Pancreatic injury, resulting in postoperative pancreatic fistula. 7. Spleen injury, Splenectomy is required. 8. Ureteral injury (the incidence of transabdominal perineal radical resection of rectal cancer is about 1-2%). 9. Bladder and urethra injury (the incidence of transabdominal perineal radical resection of rectal cancer is about 3-5%). 1. Pelvic nerve injury leads to postoperative urination and sexual dysfunction (the incidence of transabdominal radical resection of vulvar rectal cancer is about 25-1%). 11. Postoperative intra-abdominal bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding. Second operation is needed (the incidence rate is about 1-2%). 12. Postoperative anastomotic leakage leads to fecal peritonitis, with severe death (the incidence rate is about 2-3%) < P > 13. Postoperative abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting 14. Urinary retention (the incidence rate is about 5% in men and 3% in women) 15. Postoperative adhesive intestinal obstruction 16. Incisional hernia (delayed healing of perineal incision after radical resection of abdominal perineal rectal cancer) 17. Complications of enterostomy (mucositis, peripheral dermatitis, stenosis, intestinal prolapse, hernia formation or intestinal necrosis and retraction) 18. Recurrence after tumor resection, Distant metastasis 19. Changes in defecation habits after operation (diarrhea, constipation, fecal incontinence, etc.) < P > 11. High ligation and stripping of varicose veins of great saphenous vein 1. Anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident, death 2. Hemorrhage shock and death 3. Incomplete stripping of varicose veins, early recurrence 4. Hemorrhage and hematoma (mostly in groin area or upper thigh) 5. In severe cases, pulmonary embolism and death (the incidence rate is 2-3%) 6. Postoperative limb swelling 7. Postoperative symptoms are not relieved or the condition is aggravated 8. Incisional effusion and infection lead to delayed healing 9. Skin sensory dysfunction of lower limbs 1. Long-term recurrence 11. Pigmentation and skin ulcer of the affected limb cannot be cured < P > 12. Postoperative complications of retroperitoneal tumor 1. Anesthesia accident, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accident 2. Massive bleeding during operation. Severe death (abdominal aorta, iliac blood vessels, mesenteric blood vessels, portal vein, inferior vena cava, splenic arteriovenous and other important blood vessels) 3. Postoperative bleeding requires secondary surgery 4. Injury to pancreatic-pancreatic skin fistula 5. Injury to biliary tract-biliary fistula 6. Injury to gastrointestinal-intestinal fistula 7. Injury to spleen and diaphragm. Injury to uterus, ovary, fallopian tube 8, kidney, ureter and bladder in women. Severe death 1, postoperative gastric emptying disorder, postoperative abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting 11, postoperative stress ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding 12, postoperative adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 13, incision effusion, hematoma, dehiscence, infection leading to delayed healing, incision hernia 14, recurrence after tumor resection, distant metastasis.