Plum planting techniques
Seedling requirements
The cultivation of plum seedlings requires pure varieties, and superior tree cuttings and plum rootstocks are used for grafting. The seedlings are robust, with full branches and axillary buds, the height of the seedlings is more than 80cm, the rhizome is more than 0.8cm thick, the main lateral roots are complete, there are many fibrous roots, there are no pests and diseases, and the stress resistance is strong.
Planting time
Generally speaking, plum blossoms are suitable for planting in spring, autumn or rainy season. According to the actual climatic conditions of Eryuan, it is suitable for planting in rainy season from July to August.
Planting measures
1. Planting density: 4m for flat land or gentle slope with good soil conditions? 4m plant spacing, planting 42 plants per mu, for sloping land, in order to improve the early yield, close planting can be planned, using 3m? 4m plant spacing, planting 55 plants per mu.
2. Preparation of planting pits: According to the requirements of standardized planting, it is necessary to draw a fixed point, that is, draw a fixed point according to the set plant spacing, and draw a line horizontally and vertically. Does the specification of the planting pit require 80cm? 80cm？ 80cm, when digging the pond, the topsoil and subsoil of the planting pit should be placed separately. When backfilling, apply 25-30 kilograms of farm manure to each pool, and backfill to about 35 cm after mixing the soil and fertilizer evenly. Then the ripe soil (topsoil) is downward, the raw soil (subsoil) is upward, and it is backfilled to 20-30 cm above the ground to prepare a round tree tray.
3. Planting method: First, determine the center of the planting pit as the planting point, and then dig a pit with a depth of 30cm and a width of 40cm. Secondly, after unbinding the selected grafted seedlings, put them upright in the planting holes, so that the roots are evenly distributed in the holes, lightly cultivate the soil on the roots, gently lift the seedlings after covering, so that the roots can stretch and fully contact with the soil, and fill the soil while stepping. Pay attention to the grafting joint exposed 5- 10cm above the ground, the tree disc is 20cm above the ground, and then cover with plastic film. If there are dead seedlings within one month, they should be replenished in time.
Soil disturbance management
1, reaming and soil improvement
That is, improving the soil outside the planting pit. Generally, base fertilizer is applied in the autumn of the second year. After digging a hole at the edge of the crown, the base fertilizer was applied, accounting for 70% of the annual fertilization. With the expansion of the crown year by year, base fertilizer is applied to the outer hole to achieve the effect of deep soil maturation.
2, intertillage management
Intertillage management mainly includes soil cultivation and root protection and intertillage weeding. Cause and effect Plum blossom has shallow root system and early defoliation, so we should pay attention to deeply turning mature soil, introducing root system into soil, thickening root soil layer, preventing exposed root from sunburn and conserving water. Generally, deep ploughing combined with soil fertility in autumn should be used to weed in time according to the local climate and the number of weeds in the soil, so as to keep the soil in the tree tray loose and grassless.
3. Reasonable intercropping
After colonization 1? It is feasible to intercrop vegetables, beans and other short-stem crops or green manure in 3 years to raise the garden.
Fertilizer and water management
1, plum fertilization
Fertilization of plum trees includes base fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer, post-flowering fertilizer, strong fruit fertilizer and post-harvest fertilizer.
(1) basal fertilizer is generally applied in autumn every year, at the latest in August, so as to facilitate root absorption. Fertilization accounts for 60% of the total annual fertilization? 70%, mainly farmyard manure, generally 50kg per plant, combined with 1kg phosphate fertilizer and 0.5kg nitrogen fertilizer, young trees can be reduced as appropriate.
(2) Pre-flowering fertilizer should be applied at the flower bud expansion stage, usually at 1 1 month? In June 5438+February, young trees were applied with 0.25kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.25kg of potassium sulfate, and decomposed cake fertilizer 1kg. Results Young trees were applied with nitrogen fertilizer 1kg, potassium fertilizer 1kg, and decomposed cake fertilizer 1.5kg, and the fertilization ratio was appropriately adjusted according to the fruit yield of the year.
(3) Post-flowering fertilizer: It is applied to plum trees with weak tree vigor and large flowers, but not to plum trees with sufficient base fertilizer and strong tree vigor. The fertilizer is mainly available nitrogen fertilizer.
(4) Fruit-strengthening fertilizer: applied during the fruit expansion period. Generally, in the first half of April, plants are applied with 2kg of phosphate fertilizer and 2 kg of potash fertilizer 1.5kg, and young trees are not applied.
(5) Fertilization after harvest: after the fruits are harvested, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are mainly applied from June to July. Young trees are applied with manure 15kg and urea 0.2kg, and the fruit trees are determined according to their age and fruit yield. Generally, 50 kilograms of manure and 0.5 kilograms of urea are applied to each tree.
2. Water management
According to the physiological water requirement of plums, irrigation should be combined with fertilization, and drainage should be paid attention to at the same time. The garden should be made into rows of deep ditches and high ridges to keep the garden well drained and free of water.
Pruning of plums
(1) shape: plum trees generally adopt natural joy shape or evacuation layered shape.
1, the shaping and pruning methods of natural happy shapes:
(1) Fix the trunk: After planting, cut the trunk by about 60cm to fix the trunk.
(2) Selection of main branch: Select the first main branch in the plastic belt 30cm below the incision, with the distance of 15? 20cm away from the second main branch, distance 15? Leave the third main branch for 20cm, the three main branches grow healthily and are evenly distributed in three directions, and the rest branches are cut off.
(3) Leave lateral branches: generally, leave 2 branches for each main branch. 3 Strong branches as side branches, pay attention to staggered branches, make full use of space and increase bearing area.
2. take time to shape by layers: leave 5? Seven main branches are distributed in layers on the central trunk, divided into 3? Arrange four floors, and control the height of the tree at 3? 4m .
(2) Pruning: including winter pruning and summer pruning (pruning in growth period).
1. Winter pruning: after defoliation and before flower bud germination, the methods include short pruning, branch thinning, long spreading, shrinkage pruning, opening angle, etc. Plum trees mainly bear short fruit branches, so when pruning in winter, they should be cut as little as possible, and cut lightly to make them longer, so as to form short fruit branches and bear fruit early.
2. Pruning in summer: sprout, twist and bend branches in spring and summer, and pay attention to timely and moderate pruning.
3. Pruning methods of plum trees with different ages:
(1) Pruning of young trees: focus on cultivating backbone branches, balance tree vigor, do not prune too much, lightly prune and keep dense branches, keep more auxiliary branches, and increase the number of branches and leaves as much as possible.
(2) Pruning of adult trees: keep the growth of main branches and pay attention to the proper collocation of auxiliary branches. Mature trees tend to produce thick branches from the hidden buds below the main branches. If the branches are balanced and strong, they should be screened out as soon as possible to reduce nutrient consumption and disturb the tree shape. If the backbone branches are aging or missing, appropriate strong branches can be left as branches for renewal or cultivation, and it is appropriate to pick the core and twist the tip in May to facilitate the formation of short fruit branches in that year.
(3) Regeneration of old trees: For plum trees with the potential of old trees, some lateral branches and secondary main branches should be drained during the year to make them ventilated and light-permeable, so as to promote the budding of hidden buds into growing branches, and then new lateral branches and branch groups should be re-cultivated.
(4) Let the trees be pruned: improve the tree structure, make the branches younger, enhance the growth of the main lateral branches, and cultivate the inner bearing branches. The first pruning of laissez-faire trees should be done immediately after fruit picking. The specific method is: thinning a part of the middle and upper part of the crown to make it produce dense branches, and the rest is not finely pruned. For the wound formed by cutting off the big branches, it must be shaved, disinfected and coated with medicine. Continue to screen out big branches in the following year, 2? After 3 years, the shoots were cut off and the updated shoot group was taken back. For the exposed part of the main branch, the hidden buds are used to produce strong branches, and new branch groups are cultivated in appropriate positions.
Plum pest control
In rainy season, plum trees are prone to scab, anthracnose, leaf spot and leaf shrinkage. Pests mainly include aphids, longicorn beetles and mustard beetles. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen prevention and control.
(1) disease control
1, physical control
(1) Strengthen the cultivation management, strengthen the tree vigor and improve the disease resistance of plum trees.
(2) Cut off diseased branches in time and destroy them centrally.
(3) reasonable pruning, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, ditching and drainage, and reducing humidity.
2. Chemical control
(1) Chemical pesticides or biological pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue are selected for control. Generally, sulfur mixture and Bordeaux mixture can be used for prevention and treatment, and carbendazim or 70% thiophanate methyl spray can be used for prevention and treatment at the initial stage of the disease.
(2) Pest control
1, control of longicorn beetles
(1) When pruning, cut off the leaves of insect branches and concentrate on destruction.
(2) Artificial killing of longicorn beetles.
(3) The trunk is painted white to prevent longicorn adults from laying eggs.
(4) A cotton ball soaked with dichlorvos solution is stuffed at the insect excrement discharge place, and then the larvae are sealed and poisoned.
2, aphid control
(1) When pruning, cut off the leaves of insect branches and concentrate on destruction.
(2) Use yellow boards to trap and kill aphids.
(3) Pay attention to protecting natural enemies.
(4) Spraying 10% primary purification 1500 times solution at the early stage of leaf development.
3. scale insects
(1) Brush off the overwintering adults on the branches with a stiff brush or a steel wire brush during the dormancy period of fruit trees, cut off the severely damaged branches, and then spray acaricide or kill them quickly.
(2) Protect and utilize natural enemies.
(3) In the dispersion and transfer period before nymph secretes wax powder scale insects, chemical agents have better control effect. Commonly used chemicals are: Kung Fu EC or 20% sodium prochloraz 3000-4000 times solution; 40% omethoate or 50% dichlorvos 800- 1000 times solution.
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