(1) generally add -s at the end of words, for example: book→books, girl→girls, boy→boys, pen → pens, doctor → doctors, boy → boys.
(2) Add -es to the words ending in S, X, ch and sh, for example: bus→bus, class→classes, box→box, watch→watches, brush→brush.
(3) add s to nouns ending in ce, se, ze and (d) ge, such as orange-orange.
(4) The word ending with the consonant y is changed from "y" to "i" and then -es is added, for example: city → cities, factors, country → countries, family → families. However, it should be noted that only s is added to the plural form of nouns ending in vowels and y, such as: boy→boys, day→days.
(5) Most words ending in O are added with -es. For example: hero→heroes, potato→potatos, tomato→tomatos, but words with two vowels at the end only add-S. For example: zoo→zoos, radio→radios, and some foreign words only add -s, such as: photo→photos, piano→pianos.
(6) For words ending in F or fe, change F to V and then add -es, for example, knife → knife, leaf → leaf, half → half.
The pronunciation of the plural suffix s (or es) is shown in the following table.
Pronunciation method of plural suffix s (or es)
situation
pronounce
Explanatory words
After removing consonants such as [p][t][k][f]
. [s]
Cups, hats, cakes
After [s][z][t][ ][f]
. [iz]
Glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches, faces.
After voiced consonants, such as [b][d][ g][v]
. [z]
Bed, dog, city, knife
(7) A few nouns have irregular plural forms, such as: man→men, woman→women, tooth→ tooth, foot→ foot, child→ child, mouse→ mouse.
Pay attention to the compound words with man and woman, and their plural forms are also -men and -women. For example, one Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Be a man, a woman, etc. As attributes, their singular and plural numbers depend on the singular and plural numbers of nouns they modify, such as male workers and female teachers.
Some nouns are singular and plural, such as Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer and fish. But when fish represents different kinds of fish, plural suffixes can be added.