The subject is the object of the predicate, which means "what" or "who". Generally, it is acted by nouns, pronouns, indefinite pronouns or words or phrases equivalent to nouns, and there are clauses. Most subjects are at the beginning of a sentence. For example:

Tell "who"

We work in a big factory.

Say "what"

The classroom is very big.

Numeral as subject

Three is enough. Three people is enough.

Infinitive as subject

Operating on the blind is one of Dr. Orbis' jobs.

Clause as subject

What we need is food. What we need most is food.

▲ In the sentence pattern of "You ……", the position of the subject is in the middle. For example:

There are some bottles of milk in the box.

▲ In individual sentence patterns, the subject comes after the whole sentence and then comes before it as a formal subject. For example:

It is very interesting to play this game called "trick or treat".

It took two workers about three months to build the house.

2. Predication

Predicates are used to explain the subject's "what to do", "what to be" or "how to do it". Predicate must be a verb, and predicate and subject must be consistent in "person" and "number". For example:

He is very generous.

She looks very smart and cool.

We have finished the work.

He can speak German.

3. Predicate

Predicate describes the subject "what" or "how", which is acted by nouns, adjectives, prepositions, adverbs, infinitives and words or phrases equivalent to nouns, and is located after the copula.

Adjective as predicative

You look younger than before.

Nouns as predicative

My father is a teacher.

Adverb as predicative

Everybody's here.

Preposition phrase as predicative

They are in the theater.

Infinitive as predicative

My job is to teach them English.

Gerund as predicative

Her job is to train nurses.

Clause as predicative

This is the reason why he didn't come to school yesterday.

4. Objectives

▲ Object is the object of action, which is acted by nouns, pronouns, infinitives or words or phrases or clauses equivalent to nouns. It explains what the subject is together with the predicate verb, usually after the predicate verb. Sometimes, there are double objects. For example:

Noun as object

He never forgives others' mistakes.

Pronouns as objects

He often helps me.

Infinitive as object

He likes sleeping outdoors.

Gerund as object

Americans like to live in China.

Clause as object

I believe they can finish the work in time.

▲ Direct object and indirect object

When transitive verbs are used as predicates, they should be followed by objects, which can be divided into direct objects and indirect objects. The direct object is the object of the transitive verb. However, some verbs need indirect objects besides direct objects. Indirect objects indicate who the action is for, so they can only be nouns or pronouns. For example:

We brought them some food.

Direct object between subject and predicate

Indirect objects can be placed after direct objects, but to or for must be added.

5. Complement of the object

In some English sentences, only the object cannot express the complete meaning, and the complement of the object must be added after the object to express the complete meaning. We call "object+object complement" a compound object. The meaning expressed by the compound object is equivalent to a huge sum of money. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, present participles and past participles can all be used as object complements. For example:

Nouns as object complements

If you let me go, I will make you king.

Adjective as object complement

Don't get your hands dirty

Adverbs as object complements

When we arrived, we found Li Ming out.

Preposition phrase as object complement

Please make yourself at home.

Omit the infinitive of to as the object complement.

I saw a girl walk into the building.

Infinitive with to as object complement

The boy ordered the dog to lie down.

Present participle as object complement

The boss made them work all day.

Past participle as object complement

He broke his leg yesterday.

In English, the common structures of "object+object complement" are:

▲ "object+noun". Verbs commonly used to change the structure are: call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave, etc.

We call him Jack.

They elected Li Lei as their monitor.

▲ "object+adjective". Common verbs are thinking, believing, leaving, rushing, making, staying, turning, wishing and wanting. For example:

Do you think his idea is wrong?

We must keep the classroom clean.

We can't leave him alone.

Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?

▲ "object+adverb". Adverbs, as object complements, often indicate the state of the object and have the logical relationship between subject and table. Common adverbs are: Xia, Shang, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere, etc. For example:

Let him in/out.

Mr. Li drove us home.

We found him out when we got there.

▲ "object+prepositional phrase". Preposition phrases, as object complements, often indicate the state of their logical subjects (that is, objects), which has the relationship between subject and table. For example:

We found everything in good order.

We regard him as our good friend.

He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.

▲ "object+infinitive". There are three infinitives as object complements:

A needs an infinitive with to.

The cool lake attracted us to swim.

Ask infinitive, but it doesn't mean let, let, see, listen, see, etc.

The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.

I often hear him reading English in his room.

C word help can be followed by to or without to.

She sometimes helps her mother with housework.

▲ "object+present participle". The present participle is used as an object complement, and the object in this sentence pattern is the logical subject of the present participle, which has a subject-predicate relationship.

I saw them playing on the playground.

I heard Mary singing in the classroom.

▲ "object+past participle". There is a passive relationship between the object and the object complement, and the past participle indicates passivity and completion.

My bike was stolen.

The teacher explained over and over again in order to make himself understood.

▲ Formal object+adjective

We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.

▲ object +what clause

You can call me whatever you like.

Mr. Li made the factory what it is today.

This mountain village is different from ten years ago.

6.attributive

▲ Attributive is used to modify nouns or pronouns. Adjectives, pronouns, numerals, nouns, prepositional phrases, infinitives or words or phrases equivalent to adjectives can all act as attributes. Because it modifies nouns or pronouns, both nouns and pronouns can be used as subjects, predications or objects, so the position of attributes is very flexible. Where there are nouns and pronouns, there are attributes. For example:

Adjectives as attributes

This black bike is mine.

Pronouns as attributes

What's your name?

Nouns as attributes

They made some paper flowers.

Preposition phrase as attribute

The boy in the room is in Class Three, Grade One.

An infinitive as a phrase

I have a lot of food and drink.

Clause as an attribute

The tall boy standing there is Peter.

▲ In English, not all attributes are placed in front of the modified word, but some are placed behind the modified word, so it is called "post-attribute".

▲ The attributive in indefinite pronouns that modifies something, something, something, something, anyone, someone, anyone, anyone must be postpositioned. For example:

Let's eat something from England.

If you don't know the answer, ask someone else.

Do you have anything important to tell me?

▲ Preposition phrases should be postpositioned when used as attributes. For example:

Do you know the boy behind the tree?

The students in the room are all my friends.

I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.

▲ When the infinitive of the verb is used as an attribute, it should be postpositioned.

How about something to drink?

I don't have time to travel to China, whether in autumn or spring.

When the infinitive is the subject, the verb after to must be a transitive verb or a phrase equivalent to a transitive verb. If the phrase is tense, then prepositions or adverbs with verbs are essential.

Do you have any music to listen to?

▲ Individual locative words such as nearby, below and downstairs should be used as attributes. For example:

We are at the top of the mountain. Can you see the village below?

The people downstairs are listening to a report?

They sent the boy to a nearby hospital at once.

7. Adverbial

Adverbials are used to modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs. The time, place, purpose, way and degree of behavior are generally represented by adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, clauses or words or phrases equivalent to adverbs. Adverbials are usually placed at the end of sentences, but sometimes they can also be placed at the beginning and in sentences. For example:

He did it carefully.

They miss me very much.

Without his help, we can't solve the problem.

I must study hard in order to catch up with my classmates.

When I was young, I was a good swimmer.