(1) noun suffix

The common monosyllabic noun suffixes in Linyi dialect are Zi, Tou, Ba and Han, and the common disyllabic suffix is Ba Zi and Tou.

Wait a minute.

There are more nouns with suffix "zi" in Linyi dialect than in Mandarin. Judging from the corresponding situation, it can be roughly divided into two categories: one is Putonghua.

Linyi dialect uses "zi" as the suffix for the words with Er Hua rhyme, while the other kind is Mandarin without suffix, and Linyi dialect has the suffix "zi". that

Some morphemes before the suffix "zi" are the same or partially the same as those in Mandarin, while others may be completely different. The suffix "zi" can refer to a person,

Of things or places and names. The suffix "zi" is the most prominent in the use of place names. Take yinan county as an example, there are 1207 natural villages in the county.

There are no fewer than 179 with the suffix "zi", accounting for more than 1 0% of the total village names. For example:

Linyi dialect of Putonghua

Raindrop, raindrop, bachelor, bachelor

Branch, branch, niece, niece

Xiao mi er Xiao mi zi Cai yuan Cai yuan

Nose, nostrils, eyes, spiders, moths, spiders

Chin chin chin chin kingfisher fishing Langzi

Shiqiaozi (place name) Xindianzi (place name)

Nouns composed of suffixes such as "Tou, Tou, Man" in Linyi dialect are often derogatory when used to refer to people. For example:

Linyi dialect of Putonghua

Fools laugh; Hanbazi

The lame is lame; Lame bazi

Stuttering; Short and thick

The blind are blind; Blind bazi

deaf-mute

(2) Verb suffix

The common verb suffixes in Linyi dialect are: "Ba, Da, You, La, Cha, Bu, Hu, He, Gu, Deng, Hou, Nong" and so on. (under the words.

Cross lines represent homophones) are described as follows.

① The affixes of "Ba, Da, You, La, Cha, Bu, Hu and He" in Linyi dialect follow monosyllabic verbs to form "V Ba,

"V-You, V-La, V-Cha, V-Bu, V-Hu, V-He" and other forms indicate the randomness or repetitiveness of the action. The comparison with Mandarin is as follows.

Linyi dialect putonghua

Tear and tear; discomfit

Wash and wash; Wash it.

Wipe it; Knead it

Pinch around; Pinch it

Take a shot; Take a picture.

Take a walk; go for a walk

Turn around; Turn around.

Draw a row; Draw it.

Pulled and pulled; Barbecue it

Check; Pick it.

Scrape, check, scrape; wipe

Beat the cloth and take a shot; Take a picture.

Pick the cloth; Pick it.

Stir/stir; Stir it

Blending/blending and blending; Mix it up.

Verbs composed of these affixes can generally be used overlapping, such as tearing, wandering, pulling, digging,

Hit the cloth, hit the cloth.

② The affixes of "drum, Deng, Hou, Nong, Yao and Leng" in Linyi dialect are followed by verbs to form "V drum, V Deng, V Hou, V Nong,

V, V side "and other forms. Unlike the previous (1) group, it generally does not overlap. For example: hold the drum, beat the drum, beat the drum, climb the drum and watch the drum.

Wait, show your face, tease, stir, curse, disperse, float, stand up.

(3) Adjective suffix

The common adjective suffixes in Linyi dialect are "don't worry, Laba worry, don't slip away, don't worry", which are often derogatory.

For example:

Sweet, black, sour, salty, silly, silly.

(4) Adverb suffix

"Price" is only used after a few adverbs, such as sky-high price, sky-high price and no price.

"One" is only used after the following words, such as: Neng, Bie, Yue and Yu.

2, infix

Linyi dialect often says that there is only one infix "bu la", which has a tone of disgust. For example, acid does not blacken, and dilution does not stain. Pronouns in Linyi dialect can be divided into personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and interrogative pronouns. This paper mainly introduces the first two questions and questions the latter one.

See the glossary for pronouns.

1, personal pronoun

Personal pronouns in Linyi are shown in the table below.

Personal category singular plural

The first person is us, me, Ann and us.

The second person calls you, you n, your group, you several, you a group, you some.

The third person called him, they and him, and he pinched several people.

The simple explanation is as follows: (1) The singular of local personal pronouns mainly uses "I, you, he". "an, za, you n"

"53" can sometimes be singular, but "an, you n 53" is mostly used in the nominative case, such as "my mother" and "your home"; "miscellaneous"

Used of collars, with an implicit tone. (2) The second person plural generally means plural without "men". The third person plural "they" is

A new saying, mainly seen in the spoken language of people with higher education in cities, is more common, that is, "he pinched some people with these people."

2. Demonstrative pronouns

Local deixis is more complicated. Generally speaking, it can be divided into near indication, far indication and general indication.

Neighborhood means "this", such as: here, this, this, these, this family, this family, etc. There is also a chorus word "Zhang"

Far refers to the use of "that" or "pinch", such as: pinch/those, pinch/that, pinch/that, pinch/that, etc. There is also a chorus.

The word "capsule".

Generally, there are "you" and "Zeng" or "one", and their functions are both.

It means near or far finger.

There are three basic demonstrative pronouns in Yinan area: "this", "pinch" and "that". "This" means near, "pinch" and "that" mean far.

Finger, but there are also subtle differences between "pinch" and "that". Stylistically, "pinch" is the most commonly used and rustic, while "that" is.

More style, more elegance. From the functional point of view, "pinch" is mostly used to refer to things in front or near, and "that" refers to things far away.

Things. When expressing the three distances of near, middle and far, the near refers to "this", the middle refers to "pinch" and the farthest uses "that". such as

The following sentence:

I don't want this, and I don't want to pinch it. I want that.

Third, the degree representation method

1, a commonly used adverb of degree

There are several adverbs of degree in Linyi dialect that are equivalent to "hen" in Mandarin, such as "Qiao, Xiang, Gang, Bao, Strange and Evil".

Very, very ",indicating that the degree is aggravated. For example:

Joe is cold, Joe is dirty, looks good, speaks badly, tastes bitter, stinks, feels uncomfortable, feels clean, smells good, smells good, just hot,

It's just not good, it's not delicious, and it's not easy to walk.

2. Expression of adjective degree

(1) Comparative and superlative

Some monosyllabic adjectives are preceded by modifiers to form the comparative "XA" form, which indicates a deeper degree. add branches and leaves to (a tree)—add colour and emphasis to (a narration)

Language and modifier adjectives are generally relatively fixed combinations. For example:

Black, black, black, white, green and salty nasal sentences, what's the hurry? They are thin and sweet, and they are extremely cold and difficult to collapse.

If you want to express superlative adjectives, counties and cities generally take the following two forms: one is comparative "XA"

According to the formula, the overlap is "XAA", which means "very special and most". For example:

Deep black, brown, cold, white, red and salty nasal sentences, quite hard, hard.

The other is to overlap the whole comparative form "XA" into "XAXA", followed by the auxiliary word "de", such as:

It's dark and black, bitter and bitter, hard and hard, and the nasal sentences are salty.

(2) Symmetrical representation

In addition to the above statement, Linyi is also popular with a group of adjectives with vivid images and symmetrical meanings. In other words, if you look on the positive side,

Expression, use "big AA" type, if it is negative, use "fine BB" type. Take Yishui dialect as an example:

Big AA: big long, big fat, big thick, big deep, big high, big wide, big heavy, big thick, big far, big fat.

obese

Thin BB: thin short, thin, thin shallow, thin short, thin narrow, thin light, thin close, thin.

Otherwise, there are exceptions, such as: big and thin-fine and dense, big and loose-thin and tight. Other counties and cities also have the form of saying "multiple AA" and "sliding BB"

Type.

Fourth, the mood language "Koulai" and the auxiliary word "le"

1, the modal particle "Koulai"

It is frequently used and expresses various meanings.

(1) means to say hello and make a phone call to attract others' attention. For example, Zhao Koulai!

(2) sigh and admiration tone. For example, that son is so sweet!

(3) express doubts, such as: what's your name?

(4) express a clear tone, such as "his mouth is very good." "I haven't learned to speak yet!"

Another modal particle composed of "Koulai" is "Bukoulai", which expresses a helpless tone, which is equivalent to "it has to be so".

For example, "if you insist that I go, I won't go!" ""If she insists on going with him, she can't go! "

2. The auxiliary word "le"

The auxiliary word le in Linyi dialect can be divided into 1 and le 2. "le 1" is used after the verb to indicate the completion of the action;

"Le 2" is used at the end of a sentence, which is a modal particle and has the function of a sentence. In putonghua, both "le 1" and "le 2" are pronounced [l .],

Homophones, but Linyi dialect is pronounced differently. Read [l] "le 1" and [l ɑ] "le 2" and write. If you move,

If the word is located at the end of the sentence, it is "le 1" and "le 2" combined into one. Read [l ɑ]. For example:

Have a meal; Three people came; He went.

The Special Usage of verb (abbreviation of verb) "Zhe"

The word "zhe" in Linyi dialect has some special uses besides Mandarin.

1, used after verb words, indicates that another action will be taken after an action is completed or after it reaches a certain state in the future.

Work. "zhe" is sometimes followed by adverbs of time "zai", "JIU" and the second verb, and sometimes not. Even if there is no second one.

The verb "zhe" actually implies a second action, which can be supplemented according to the context. It means "" ...

We'll talk about it later. "For example:

Have a meal before you go; Buy it and say it; Let's go! -Wait till I lock the door.

2. Hypothetically, it is equivalent to "if ...". For example:

If you don't have enough money, I will help you.

Leave me alone, I won't suffer this crime (if it were me, I wouldn't suffer this crime).

If someone else is waiting, no one will touch him. If it was someone else, no one would touch him. )

Sixth, complement

1, possible complement

(1) There are two representations of positive Linyi dialect, one is: verb+complement+modal particle+la; The other is: neng+verb+complement+pull.

The comparison with Putonghua is as follows:

① Verb+complement+modal particle+la ② neng+verb+complement+la Putonghua

I can afford it. I can afford it. Affordable.

Move it. Can move. Can move.

Go up. Can go up. You can go up and down.

(2) The common forms of denying Putonghua are "verb+bu+complement" and "verb+bu". Linyi dialect has only the first type.

Like Putonghua, there is no second statement, and it is replaced by the form of "can't+verb". For example:

Linyi dialect putonghua

You can't go to that place. You can't go to that place

You can't say that. You can't say that.

You can't underestimate him. You can't underestimate him.

2. Position complement

Location complement refers to the structure of "verb+zai/Dao/Jin+location phrase". The prepositions "zai" and "trend" are often used in Linyi dialect.

Verbs such as "Dao" and "Jin" are omitted, and verbs are directly combined with locative nouns. Sometimes, you can use "put aside" instead of "in,

To ". For example:

Linyi dialect: books on the table; The book is on the table; The flowerpot is on the windowsill; The flowerpot is on the windowsill.

Mandarin: the book is on the table; The flowerpot is on the windowsill.

Seven. Comparative sentence

The comparative sentences in Linyi dialect are basically the same everywhere, but Yishui, Yinan in the east and Pingyi in the west are not exactly the same.

1, in Yishui area, the comparative preposition "bi" is called "Bei". For example:

How old is he?

He is not the richest man in the village.

You didn't get more attention from him.

It means that one party is not as good as the other. Linyi people often say "don't follow", "don't give", "don't hide" and "don't rush", for example:

He doesn't follow/give/hide/chase you (he is not as tall as you).

Will you come with me/don't give it to me/don't hide from me/don't drive me away (you might as well come with me).

Play with dragons and tigers, not dirt.

Playing with guns and shooting birds is not the same thing as picking up dung and grass.

Linyi also has a structure of "noun+adjective/verb+verb+noun", which is quite different from Mandarin. The comparison is as follows:

The weather is getting colder every day.

He is not as tall as you.

Speaking of cold, don't start from the northeast (speaking of cold, there is nothing colder than the northeast).

If you love your grandson, try to save money.

It is better to plant wheat early than to make manure later.

Help when you are poor and help when you are rich.

Eight, complex sentences and related words

The complex sentences in Linyi dialect are also different from those in Mandarin. Divided into three categories.

1, coordinate relationship

The common one is "one door is dominant"

"Although ...", for example:

Say good to eat; Eat what you say; Let's talk and eat.

2, choose the relationship

The common words are "either ... or ..." or "either ... or ...", which is equivalent to "or ... or" in Mandarin.

……"。 For example:

Either you go, or I go, or we both go; You either agree, disagree or abstain.

Step 3 weigh the relationship

Common words are "willing ... and ...", "even ... not ...", "Let ... be better than ..." and so on, for example:

I would rather go than ask you to go; Even if I go, I can't ask you to go; Let him go. I'll go too.