British street tree
First, street trees
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Refers to the rows of trees planted on both sides of the road.
Road system is the infrastructure in the construction of modern society, and the selection and application of street trees have positive environmental and ecological effects on improving road service system and quality.
The main cultivation places of street trees are sidewalk green belt, dividing line green island, citizen square path, riverside avenue and urban and rural roads. The ideal selection standard of street tree species should be strong adaptability from the requirements of maintenance and management, less pests and diseases, and dry, beautiful and lasting from the requirements of landscape effect.
As the network and skeleton of urban green space system, road greening has become the main component of system continuity and plays an outstanding role in directly reflecting urban landscape. In the selection and application of street trees, urban roads are dominated by deciduous broad-leaved trees, which are shaded by green trees and have beautiful shapes. Suburbs and general grade highways pay more attention to maintenance cost factors such as rapid growth, pollution resistance, barren resistance and easy management. The selection and application of street trees in memorial places such as tunnels and tombs are mainly evergreen conifers, such as juniper, cypress, cedar and masson pine. Deciduous trees include willow, locust and elm. In addition, palm trees are often selected. In recent years, with the improvement of urban environmental construction standards and the implementation of greening, purification, beautification and aromatization indicators, the selection and application of evergreen broad-leaved trees and colored fragrant flower trees have made great progress and are on the rise. At present, the commonly used street trees are Platanus acerifolia, Tilia amurensis, Ulmus pumila, Aesculus aesculus, Maple, Camptotheca acuminata, Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron hybrid, Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Michelia Lechang, Ligustrum lucidum, Tung Tree, Poplar, Willow, Sophora japonica, Taxodium ascendens and Metasequoia.
The practical application of street trees should be based on the road construction standards and the specific circumstances of the surrounding environment, determine the appropriate tree species and varieties, and choose the appropriate tree body and tree shape. If there are restrictions such as power and communication lines above the planned planting belt, trees whose final growth height is lower than the elevation of overhead lines should be selected to save the cost of regular pruning. If there are enough funds, equipment and pruning technicians to maintain a high level of tree conservation, we can choose tall trees, adopt correct pruning methods and avoid the restrictions of overhead lines, so as to obtain satisfactory use results. In addition, when planting plastic, the branches of trees should be high enough so as not to hinder the normal walking of passers-by and vehicles, and not to block the sight of pedestrians and drivers, so as to avoid accidents. Especially in areas with small turning radius and poor line of sight when turning, more attention should be paid. The selection of tree size should be appropriate and should not exceed the requirements of the proportion with the architectural landscape on both sides of the street. Its size and growth form should meet the specific requirements of design and stand the test of time.
The crown shape of street trees is determined by the environment where they are planted. On the main road where overhead lines pass, regular crown shapes can be adopted to trim trees into cups or open hearts. General highway trunk roads or narrow carriageways can be dominated by natural crowns. Where there are poplar, mandarin jacket, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens and other central leading tree species, the height of lateral branches should be more than 2.5 to 3 meters, and the lower skirt branches should be thinned according to the situation, especially at bends and intersections with poor traffic sight, and more attention should be paid to broadening the horizons to avoid traffic accidents. Tree species without central leadership, such as willow, elm, locust tree, camphor tree, privet, camphor tree, etc. The height of the branch point should be controlled at 2 to 3 meters, and the crown naturally forms a sphere. Cup-trimmed street trees have a typical crown shape of "3 strands and 6 branches 12 branches", and the height of branch points of trunk should be below the overhead line, which does not hinder the passage of pedestrians and vehicles, generally 2 to 3 meters. Every year, we should adjust the growth direction of the lateral branches of the crown in time, keep the crown shape uniform and tidy, eliminate the interference to overhead lines, and take care of the safety and lighting of adjacent buildings. Open-heart pruning evolved from cup-shaped pruning, which is mostly used for self-pruning trees without spindle or terminal buds. During pruning, 3 ~ 5 main branches with different directions and uniform distribution are selected at the branch point, and 2 ~ 3 lateral branches are selected on each main branch to make the crown develop naturally, but the inner cavity is empty.
The height of street trees on the same main road should be relatively consistent, and it should be more than 3 to 3.5 meters in the area where the road surface is narrow or large vehicles pass. In a wide road or pedestrian street, it can be reduced to 2.5 to 3.0 meters, and the tree species with small branching angle can be appropriately reduced, but not less than 2 meters. The size of the tree should be as neat and uniform as possible to avoid the aesthetic effect and management inconvenience caused by uneven height and different sizes and thicknesses.
Second, the essay "Street Trees"
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Author: Zhang Xiaofeng
Said by: Selected Works of Zhang Xiaofeng.
1, original text
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Every day, every day, I see them. They have taken root-in a land that is not suitable for taking root.
One day, on a hot and melancholy afternoon, I was walking on the sidewalk, listening to my lonely footsteps shuttle. Suddenly, I saw them again. Suddenly found that there is such a complete language in the world of trees.
I stopped quietly, trying to understand a story they told:
We are a row of trees, standing in the dust of the city.
Many friends say we shouldn't stand here. In fact, we know this better than anyone. Our home is on the mountain, in the dark virgin forest. And we actually stand here, standing on the roadside of these two lanes, which is undoubtedly a kind of degeneration. Our companions are all sucking dew and playing with cool clouds. What about us? As you can see, our only decoration is a shaking ash.
Yes, our fate has been arranged. In this industrial city full of cars and chimneys, our existence is just a sad ornament. But you can save your sympathy, because this fate is actually our own choice-otherwise, we won't have to grow green leaves frequently in spring and give people shade in summer. The sacred cause is always painful, but only this kind of pain can give us depth.
As night falls, the whole city is full of complicated strings and hurried flutes, all red lights and green wine. And we are in silence, we are in the dark, we are in the loneliness that is not understood. However, we gritted our teeth hard until the flag of the morning glow, Ran Ran, rose and we stood in a row to pay tribute-in any case, someone in our city must meet the sun! If no one else greets us, we will be responsible for welcoming the light.
At this time, perhaps an early child came over and greedily breathed fresh and clean air. This is our proudest moment. Yes, maybe everyone has long been accustomed to filth, but we still stubbornly create a sense of freshness that is not cherished.
Maybe we are happiest when it rains. The news that the rain brought to our old friends brought us back to the carefree old forest in our imagination. We cried in the rain, and we always loved life there-even though we gave it up.
Standing in the dust of the city, we are a sad and happy tree.
When the story was finished, there was silence all around. A story with neither plot nor episode, but I heard them sigh deeply. I know this story touched them at least. Then, I heard another deeper sigh-I knew it was my own.
2. Text discussion
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First, the overall grasp
The image of street trees is the image of selfless devotees. Through the confession of street trees, the author expressed the mind of the devotee and praised the lofty spirit of the devotee.
"The sacred cause is always painful, but only this kind of pain can give us depth." This is a philosophy of life, and this essay is to express this philosophy.
Street trees realize that their profession is sacred. Why is it sacred? The cause that society needs and people need is a sacred cause. Residents need fresh air, pedestrians need shade, the city needs sunshine, and street trees are willing to stand in the dust of the city and engage in sacred undertakings.
Street trees realize that the sacred cause is always painful and they are willing to sacrifice themselves. Compared with their companions in the virgin forest, they abandoned superior living conditions and were always shrouded in smoke and dust. Compared with people who enjoy nightlife in the city, they are lonely, lonely and miserable. They are always worried about the pollution in the city.
Street trees realize that suffering for a sacred cause can give us depth, and they are proud and happy for their dedication.
All sacred undertakings are like this, and you need to bear sacrifices for them, but those who sacrifice their personal happiness for the happiness of the people are sacred and they are also happy. This kind of happiness is a deeper happiness.
Second, the problem research
1. What does the word "degenerate" mean?
The usage of "depravity" is inconsistent with our sense of language. How can it be called "depravity"? It is clearly written below that "this fate is actually our own choice". How can you say "degenerate"? Look it up in the dictionary, "autumn", autumn, autumn. One of the meanings of "depravity" is depravity and wandering. Street trees left home, left the virgin forest, stood in the dust of the city, and their living conditions and self-image were greatly reduced. It is in this sense that depravity is said.
2. Why do you say "our existence is just a sad embellishment"?
This sentence is written in front of "a city full of cars and chimneys". Vehicles and chimneys constantly produce smoke and dust, polluting the city. Urban residents have long been insensitive and used to filth. They don't value freshness. The feeling of the tree is very distinct. In their view, the city is full of smoke and dust, which is really sad. A row of green trees is just an ornament, which can't change the sad situation, so it's just a sad ornament.
3. The last sentence says "We are a sad and happy tree". Why are you sad? What are you worried about?
As mentioned above, "maybe everyone has long been used to pollution, but we still stubbornly create a sense of freshness that is not cherished." Pollution has seriously damaged the health of citizens. Unfortunately, people have become accustomed to it, are insensitive, and do not want to control pollution. Although street trees try their best to make them fresh, they are limited and cannot change the overall situation. They are worried about the air pollution in the city and the health of citizens.
3. Introduction by the author
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Zhang Xiaofeng 1
Date of birth: 194 1 year.
Celebrity status: the epitome of the third generation of prose writers
Famous saying: There is a kind of flower, you can't see it, but you believe it exists. There is a voice that you can't hear, but you know you understand. Life is a contract that can be stopped at any time, but love can cross life and death at the most mellow time.
Personal life:
Zhang Xiaofeng, pen name Xiaofeng, was born in 194 1, and his ancestral home was Tongshan, Jiangsu, and Jinhua, Zhejiang. After he was eight years old, he went to Taiwan Province, graduated from Soochow University in Taiwan Province Province, taught there and elsewhere, and is now a professor at Yangming Medical College in Taiwan Province Province. She is deeply religious and loves writing. Thirty or forty kinds of novels, essays and plays are reprinted once and translated into various languages. He became famous for his prose in the mid-1960s, and 1977 was selected as one of the top ten prose writers in Taiwan Province Province. The editor said, "Her works are China's, homesick, modern and extremely human." . Yu Guangzhong once called his article "combining rigidity with softness" and was listed as "the third generation famous essayist". Some people call it "the pen is like the heat of the sun, the frost and snow are innocent, the writing is like the fragrance of cold plum, and the words are like knocking on the ice." Be highly praised. His works are full of humanistic spirit and patriotic homesickness. In recent years, due to his deep belief in Christianity, he has shown strong religious feelings. He once edited Tribune Supplement, China Modern Literature Series Prose and China Modern Literature Series Prose Volume. His works have won Taiwan Province Zhongshan Literature Award, Screenwriter Jinding Award, Hong Kong Christian Literature Award and Taiwan Province Literature and Prose Award.
Zhang Xiaofeng's prose works not only lament the nothingness of life, but also do not indulge in the obscurity of words. Between the lines, there is a plain and unyielding heroic spirit and chivalrous style, and there is no lack of delicate tenderness of women's elegance and sadness. In Zhang Xiaofeng's articles, there are heroic teenagers who mourn for the ages on an independent mountain top, Mei Fei who stands in the dense plum blossoms, and a girl who stays quietly at the end of the red carpet ... In her works, you can read the historical biography of the Han Dynasty, poems and songs of the Tang Dynasty, essays of the Song Dynasty and operas of the Yuan Dynasty. Her writing makes good use of intellectuality to enhance sensibility, and also extends herself to the self in the field of vision. She has a pair of discerning eyes to see through ordinary life and taste beauty, elegance and gentleness from trivial life. At the same time, he also made great contributions in the field of drama. From 197 1 to 1977, Zhang Xiaofeng wrote eight plays, such as Painting Love, The Fifth Wall, Wu Lingren, He, The Third Harm, and Cooking. She not only wrote the script, but also took part in the performance herself. Her plays are strongly "modern".
Novel authors: White Handkerchief, Red Handkerchief, Mei Zhu Lan Ju; Science fiction: Panduna; Prose: First snow, loneliness and affection, she once taught me. Often, I will think of that mountain, that car, that green book container, love, drinking and pecking, clothes, shoes and socks, nostalgia for spring, and love after walking down the red carpet.
Zhang Xiaofeng's classic prose is:
The first snow at the other end of the carpet was lonely and affectionate.
She once taught me that I often think of that mountain and that car.
Large family wine, green books, letters and love goods.
Drink pecks, dress shoes, and recall the past in spring.
Flowers notes after walking the red carpet, Christmas life rubbings.
Yin Da's mother's down jacket is a gorgeous piece of soil.
All kinds of sentient beings go all the way to Mei Fei.
Fu for the ancients
The magic season that makes people shine.
Back home, halo, rainy days.
Autumn, autumn, thin tides, small candlelight.
Go home. I like it. I have
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Meet me at the first festival.
On the moon, Que also described her feelings.
Contradiction (1) Contradiction (2) Contradiction (3)
Just because you are young, a good word.
what are you going to do？ Look back at the wind and smoke in your beautiful watershed.
In the forest under your nose. Who dares?
The second chapter is the moment to thank.
Thank you for Yu Xiang's story line, teacher, can you? Primitive desire
Mistakes, rivers, flies, fighting, beauty and words.
It is commendable to admire "joy and admiration".
Download address of Zhang Xiaofeng's collected works:/down/book/j/200604/1923.html.
Book Catalogue: Portfolio+
90-year prose anthology, Sanxian, Song of the Earth, novel classroom, Zhang Xiaofeng Modern Chinese Literature Department, Modern Chinese Literature Department (2): Taiwan Province Province, 1989-2003? Prose volume, heart, anthology, what? She? Yu Xiang, rebirth, the end of the carpet, if you have a song, safety, love, the world of love, blood flute, your silhouette is beautiful, you haven't loved it yet, I am here, and I know who you are. Sankoh has something to say: Grandma's cornucopia, the prayer room in the zoo, question novels, selected works of Zhang Xiaofeng, from your beautiful watershed, the first poem, the fifth wall, the temperature of this coffee is just right, cooking and marrying, painting love for you. Street Tree was selected as a junior high school Chinese textbook.
From 197 1 to 1977, Zhang Xiaofeng wrote eight plays, such as Painting Love, The Fifth Wall, Wu Lingren, He, The Third Harm, and Cooking. She not only wrote the script, but also took part in the performance herself. Her plays are strongly "modern".