It is the highest class of vertebrates, and its body is generally divided into five parts: head, neck, trunk, tail and limbs. Full of hair, raised at constant temperature, mostly viviparous, feeding young animals with milk. It was first discovered in Triassic, and the Cenozoic is extremely prosperous with many fossils. The mammalian fossils of Linqu Shanwang are famous at home and abroad for their diversity and typicality.

Figure 3. 178 Mammals

● Artiodactyl deer family

The ray triangle: the individual is small, and the lower posterior tip of the lower premolar is weak, without forming a closed inner valley. The upper molars are short and wide, and there are small folds in the posterior ridge of the original tip.

The buccal tooth band and attachment column are weak. The male has a pair of thick, short and flat "bony horns" located above the orbit. The leading edge of the corner is inclined backward, and the trailing edge is depressed forward before the base reaches the track. The base is located at the rear edge of the track. The top of the "skin bone angle" is slightly enlarged, and the surface of the angle is rough. The top of the pillow extends backward and upward, forming a "hammer-shaped" trumpet-shaped protrusion with an enlarged end. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

Fig. 3. 179 ancient deer fossils in Shanwang triangle garden (×0.04)

● Artiodactyla

Lagomeryx colberti: The angle is close to the orbit and grows almost vertically above the orbit. The horn handle is long, cylindrical, bent backward and forked into a palm shape at about two-thirds of the total length. There is no angular joint or boundary between the horn handle and the palmar angle. The palm angle is simple, and there are two main branches. One branch is single and cylindrical, extending forward and outward. The other branch is flat back and divided into two branches at a higher position, one inside and the other outside, and the branch is very short. The palm angle is very small, parallel to the horn handle. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

Fig. 3. 180 Caragana calyx (×0.3)

● carnivores

Confucius: a larger species, the horizontal branch of the mandible is thick and deep, and the lower edge is parallel to the alveolar margin. The mandibular foramen is larger. The premolars are far away from each other. The triangular base is long, the lower front tip is short, the lower original tip is very high, the lower rear tip is small, the lower heel seat is long, and the lower inner tip is obvious. The lower tip is strong and blunt, and the lower tip is small. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

Fig. 3. Right mandible and coronal view of181Kongfu bear (×0.6)

● carnivores

Ursavus orielltalis: the premolars are relatively small, the crowns of cracked teeth and their posterior buccal teeth are low, and the differentiation of each tip is weak. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

Fig. 3. Complete skeleton of182 Oriental ancestor bear (× 1)

● Chiroptera rhinoceros

Dianthus shanwang: The tooth crown is high, without mucro, and the internal tooth band is developed, without external tooth band. The premolars have higher molars than the slender rhinoceros. The reverse rotation is developed, often connected with the posterior ridge, closed depression and weak pronation. The primary cusps of molars contract strongly, the secondary cusps contract weakly, and the reverse rotation and internal rotation develop, but the reverse rotation is not connected with the posterior ridge, the lingual surface is toothless, the outer wall is convex and vertical, and the anterior cusps are weak and outward. The picture shows a female rhinoceros fossil, giving birth with an embryo. The skeleton in the small rhinoceros's stomach is clearly visible, with its front legs bent, its rear legs pedaled to the ground and its head turned to the position of labor. The pregnant period of female rhinoceros is generally 15 ~ 18 months, and only one fetus is born at a time. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

Figure 3. 183 Near Shanwang hornless rhinoceros (pregnant female rhinoceros)

● Chiroptera rhinoceros

Plesiaceratherium gr-acile: It is similar in size to rhinoceros, with large incisors, wide spacing between the two incisors, slightly larger premolars, and incomplete separation between the original ridge and the posterior ridge. The fold of anterior cusp is weak, the original cusp of molar does not shrink, the anterior cusp is strong, the anti-anterior cusp is weak, and there is no small cusp. The limbs are slender, the forelimbs have four fingers, the middle part of the carpal bone is not connected with the ulnar joint, and the metatarsal surface of the talus has three wide and prominent articular surfaces. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

Fig. 3. 184 slender rhinoceros (× 1.5)

● The morning beast of the overseas Chinese family.

Auroratherium sine-nse: The crown of the lower molar is low, the roots of the anterior and posterior teeth have healed, the lower and secondary tips are developed, and the tips are worn. Produced in Wutu Group of Early Eocene in Wutu Basin, Changle.

Fig. 3. 185, left mandible, front teeth, canine teeth and 7 canine teeth of Brilliance Beast (labial view, ×24).

● Insect-eating hybrid family, Shandong hybrid.

Luchenus erinaceanus: Figure 3. 186 is a right mandible fossil with canine teeth and buccal teeth, which was found in Eocene in Wutu, Changle. The lower molars obviously become smaller one by one backward, which is quite clear. The largest upper buccal tooth is obviously accompanied by a pointed ridge, and the secondary apical development. Produced in Wutu Group of Early Eocene in Wutu Basin, Changle.

Fig. 3. 186 shows the canine teeth and buccal teeth in the right mandible of the hedgehog Shandong (coronal view, × 10).

Insect-eating half monkey hedgehog Qilu hedgehog.

Chiroptera: Figure 3. 187 is a small hedgehog-shaped animal, the mandible fossil of Chiroptera. Pre-polarization of lower canine teeth; The lower molar triangle inclines slightly forward. Produced in Wutu Group of Early Eocene in Wutu Basin, Changle.

Fig. 3. 187 The right mandible of Qilu Wei has canine teeth and buccal teeth (coronal plane, × 17).

Changle, Changle, insectivora.

Changle shrew: Figure 3. 188 shows the fossil of the right mandible of Changle shrew, with incisors, canine teeth and buccal teeth, with strong upper canine teeth; The central edge of the upper molar is clear and the small tip is developed. Produced in Wutu Group of Early Eocene in Wutu Basin, Changle.

Fig. 3. 188 The right mandible of the deep dive Changle shrew has second and third incisors, canine teeth and buccal teeth (m3 missing) (coronal plane, ×9).

● Rodents Tarzan rats of the rodent family.

Changtai mountain rat: The mandibular teeth are short and the masseter fossa extends forward. The crown of the lower molar is low, the anterior tooth band is long, and the lower posterior tip is the most obvious cusp. The rear arm of the lower origin forms the rear edge of the tripod. Produced in Wutu Group of Early Eocene in Wutu Basin, Changle.

Fig. 3. 189 left mandibular incisors and molars of Changle Taishan rats (coronal plane, ×4.2).

● Full-toothed crowned beast, five pictures of crowned beast.

Wutucoryphodon xianwui: The left and right mandibles come from the same tuberculosis. The buccal teeth of the left mandible were damaged and the right buccal teeth were well preserved. The lower premolar consists of triangular V-shaped ridge and small heel seat. The included angle of triangular V-shaped ridge decreases gradually from front to back, and the heel seat increases gradually from front to back. The anterior and posterior teeth bands of lower premolars are obvious. Produced in Wutu Group of Early Eocene in Wutu Basin, Changle.

Fig. 3. The right mandible of190 crested tooth beast has buccal teeth (coronal view, ×0.6).

● Artiodactyla Wutu pig

Utuyus Primir-Ise: A pig-shaped animal with mound-shaped teeth. Having an initial lower front tip, a second tip and a heel seat; The lower molar is a mound-shaped tooth, without lower posterior ridge and secondary ridge. The horizontal branches of mandible deepen from front to back, and the dendrites are obviously higher than the chewing surface of teeth. Produced in Wutu Group of Early Eocene in Wutu Basin, Changle.

Fig. 3. 19 1 Primula The left mandible of five pigs has buccal teeth and lips (side view, × 1.6).

Fig. 3. 192 diatom rat in Shandong (×0.38)

Rodents, diatoms and rodents, diatoms and rodents

Diatom shantun-gensis: a medium-sized rodent with a smooth enamel layer on its front teeth; Buccal teeth have low crown, square shape, similar size and long root. The premolars are molars, the upper and lower molars are double ridges, and the upper premolars have a small ridge in front of and outside the anterior ridge. The anterior crest of the lower premolar consists of three distinct tips, and the middle part protrudes forward. The outline of the skull is similar to that of a mouse. The mandibular horn process is large and in the same plane as the vertical branch. Skeleton is a structure that adapts to the scurrying of the ground and has a long tail. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

● Chiroptera Chiroptera

Qufu double-ridged tapir: The individual is larger. The lower edge of mandible is straight, the lower original ridge is parallel to the lower posterior ridge, and the lower buccal teeth are narrow and long. The lower molar has no internal and external dental bands; The lower edge of mandible is straight; The lower buccal teeth are narrower and longer, and the lower original ridge is parallel to the next ridge. Produced in Guanzhuang Group of Eocene in Qufu.

Fig. 3. 193 right mandible of Qufu double ridge dental press (chewing surface view, × 1)

● Chiroptera

Shanwangia unexctuta: This species is a fairly large bat, with a total length of about 100 mm ... the head is small, the tail vertebra is about 9 ~ 10, the forelimbs are particularly large, and the front fingers have claws. Most scales are similar to the clawed flying bats of Eocene in Wyoming, North America. Produced in Miocene Shanwang Formation in Linqu.

Fig. 3. 194 unexpected Shanwang bat (×0.4)