What are the time, methods, skills and key points of planting tomatoes? ? ? Enter the passage? ? ?
Method for planting tomatoes in open field
The process of tomato planting
Tomato planting time
Key points of tomato planting technology
Method for planting tomatoes in hydroponics
Method for plan tomato with high yield
Hybrid methods in tomato planting. Tomato early fruit-bearing hybridization
1, in the early stage of fruit bearing, tomato should not destroy all branches as far as possible, and a certain branch area should be formed to promote root development and plant growth, and flower bud differentiation is also good.
Because the main purpose of plant prophase is to cultivate strong seedlings and promote flower bud differentiation. Premature crossing will seriously limit the growth and development of vegetables in the later stage. For example, the first ear fruit is not long enough, and it is easy to have green husk fruit and premature plant aging.
2. Don't rush to wipe the fork at the slow seedling stage and flowering stage, but promote the growth of the shoot and the development of the root system. Wipe off the fork in time when the fruit enters the stage of rapid expansion.
3. Don't hit the side branch until it is10cm. Leave 2 cm to prevent infection. Don't fight when the sun goes down in the afternoon, and don't fight too early in the morning to prevent wound infection.
Second, tomato hybridization method
1. It is mainly to pinch off all the buds at the top of the trunk when there are many height differences, so that it will not grow taller again.
Of course, for useless side branches and side branches with acceptable height, the terminal buds should also be pinched off.
2, tomato single and double pruning method. That is, each plant leaves 1-2 heads, and all the other branches are broken when they grow to 10 cm.
For early-maturing varieties (except self-capping), 3-4 ears are reserved for coring, and 6- 10 ears can be reserved for middle and late-maturing varieties as required. In this way, they won't grow any longer, and the nutrition will remain to blossom and bear fruit.
3, tomato fork pinch should be determined according to the variety, planting density, frame or frameless cultivation.
In the case of limited varieties and no-frame cultivation, two or three branches are left when each plant grows to 30 cm high, two leaves are left in the main branch after the third flower appears, and two leaves are left in the back branch of 1 flower.
4. If the scaffold is used to cultivate infinite growth varieties, there are generally two kinds of unipolar plastic surgery and bipolar plastic surgery. Unipolar plastic surgery is to leave only the main branch and remove all the side branches, while bipolar plastic surgery leaves one main branch and one side branch.
5. Double-pole plastic surgery is about 1600 plants per mu, and single-pole plastic surgery is about 3000 plants per mu. Usually leave 3 to 5 flowers, and then leave 2 pointed leaves. It is especially important to remember that you can't cross for the first time until most of the lateral branches grow to about 30 cm, otherwise the growth will be poor. The fork that grows again in the future is about 5 cm.
Third, the principle of greenhouse tomato hybridization
With the growth and development of greenhouse tomatoes, the lower old leaves will be gradually eliminated. Knocking off these leaves can, on the one hand, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions and reduce the occurrence of diseases; On the other hand, it destroys some sick old leaves and reduces the spread of diseases. At the same time, knocking out old leaves can prevent these leaves from unnecessarily consuming nutrients absorbed by roots and promote the better growth and development of plants.
Tomato planting technology tomato seed treatment
1, soak seeds in warm soup
Soaking seeds in warm soup is an effective measure to break seed dormancy, promote seed germination, sterilize and prevent diseases and enhance seed stress resistance. Specific measures are as follows:
① Soak the seeds 1-2 hours with clear water.
(2) Take out the seeds and put them in warm water at 55 degrees Celsius, keep the water temperature and soak them evenly for 65,438+05 minutes, then continue soaking for 3-4 hours to accelerate germination. When soaking seeds in warm soup, it is usually one seed and two waters. At the same time, it is necessary to continuously and quickly stir the seeds so that they are evenly heated to prevent scalding.
(3) Keep the water heated, and keep the water temperature at 55 degrees Celsius. This disinfection method can prevent tomato leaf mold, canker and early blight.
2, drug disinfection
① Soak the seeds with trisodium phosphate: soak the seeds with clear water for 3-4 hours, take them out and drain them, then soak them with 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, and then rinse them with clear water to accelerate germination. This method has obvious effect on tomato virus disease.
(2) Soaking the seeds in formalin solution: soak the pre-soaked seeds in 1% formalin solution for 15-20 minutes. When soaking the seeds, seal the container to prevent the liquid medicine from volatilizing, then take it out, wrap it with wet cloth and put it in a closed container for 2-3 hours, rinse it repeatedly with clear water, and then soak it again to accelerate germination. This method can reduce or control the occurrence of tomato early blight.
③ Use 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution soaking seeds 15? Thirty minutes can effectively reduce the occurrence of tomato mosaic virus disease and early blight.
④ Soaking seeds with 1000mg/kg agricultural streptomycin solution for 30 minutes has a good effect on controlling bacterial wilt.
Tomato seedling raising technology
1, determine the sowing amount.
Generally, each gram of tomato seeds contains about 300 seeds. According to the planting density, the dosage of seeds is generally 20-30 grams per 667 square meters. Each square meter of seedbed can sow 10- 15g. If the germination rate of seeds is lower than 85%, the sowing amount should be increased appropriately. Seeds should be soaked in warm water for 6-8 hours to make them fully expand, and then placed at 25-28 degrees Celsius for 2-3 days. Seeds soaked in chemicals can germinate directly by washing with clear water. In the process of accelerating germination, it is necessary to provide suitable temperature, moisture and air. Therefore, it is necessary to check and turn the seeds frequently to make them loose, and wash them with clean water 1-2 times a day to update the air and keep the humidity. It is best to use a thermostat to accelerate germination. After the seeds germinate, the seedlings emerge quickly and neatly after sowing, which is conducive to cultivating strong seedlings.
Step 2 prepare the seedbed
Before sowing tomatoes, prepare enough seedbeds according to the planting plan. In order to prevent the harm of germs, the seedbed should be chemically disinfected before sowing. In most parts of China, especially in the north, it is necessary to irrigate the seedbed with sufficient water before sowing, and the suitable irrigation amount is the bed soil moisture content of 8- 10 cm deep. Generally, no irrigation is needed before transplanting seedlings. In the south or in areas with high groundwater level, only a small ditch is opened on the bed surface before sowing, and small water is poured with a kettle. Sow seeds after water permeates, and then spray a proper amount of water with a watering can according to the growth of seedlings to prevent soil hardening. After the bottom water is infiltrated, spread a thin layer of sieved fine soil on the bed surface. Seedbeds are divided into cold beds and hotbeds. Cold bed is a kind of nursery greenhouse or nursery shed, and it is a way to heat seedlings by sunlight. Hotbed is a way to increase the temperature of seedbed by artificial heating equipment on the basis of cold bed.
3. Determine the sowing date
According to the planting season, climatic conditions, cultivation methods, seedling facilities and other factors, determine the appropriate sowing date. For example, in spring open cultivation, Beijing usually sows seedlings from mid-February to early March. Autumn planting in the open field is the best in places south of the Yangtze River, such as Shanghai and Nanjing, from late July to early August, while sowing in eastern Sichuan in early July has a higher yield. The output is also high. In some areas where tomato diseases occur seriously, higher yield can also be obtained by appropriately delaying sowing date 1-2 months, and then taking measures such as close planting, early coring and increasing fertilizer and water.
4. Sowing method
There are usually broadcast, broadcast, and on-demand. Immediately after sowing, cover the soil with sieved fine soil. The thickness of covering soil is about 0. 8- 1。 0 cm, the thickness should be consistent. After sowing, 8 grams of 50% carbendazim wettable powder per square meter of seedbed was mixed with fine soil and sprinkled on the bed surface to prevent seedling damping-off. In winter and spring, seedbeds should be covered with plastic film. In summer and autumn, the bed surface of seedbed should be covered with sunshade net or straw. When 70% of seedlings are covered with soil, the cover should be removed.
5. Management in case of emergency
Generally, the seedbed has high temperature and good heat preservation conditions. Seeds germinate first, and they can emerge 2-3 days after sowing, otherwise it will take 5 days or more.
6, seedling management
The seedling management of tomato planting is mainly the control of temperature and light.
① seedbed management from sowing to emergence: this period refers to the period from sowing to the complete development of two cotyledons. The seedling raising period of tomato cultivated in the open field in spring is arranged in the cold season, and the bed temperature must be controlled at 25-28 degrees Celsius during the day and 15- 18 degrees Celsius at night. If seedlings are raised in cold beds or hotbeds, solar energy should be fully used to raise the bed temperature during this period, and mulch should be used to maintain a higher bed temperature. Before emergence, the film is generally not uncovered, and the window is opened for ventilation. When new shoots begin to emerge from the topsoil, if the top shell phenomenon is found due to the thin covering soil, it should be covered again immediately 1 time. See the table below for temperature management during seedling raising in winter and spring.
(2) Seedbed management from seedling emergence to seedling separation: during this period, it is mainly to adjust the temperature and humidity of the seedbed, interplant and cover the soil in time, improve the lighting conditions and prevent seedling diseases. After the two cotyledons of seedlings are fully unfolded, the bed temperature should be appropriately reduced, which can be controlled at 20-25 degrees Celsius during the day and at 10- 15 degrees Celsius at night to prevent excessive growth. 4-5 days before seedling separation, in order to adapt to the lower temperature of seedling separation bed, improve the survival rate after transplanting and promote seedling delay, the bed temperature can be reduced by 2-3 degrees Celsius at this time. Cold bed seedling, especially in hotbeds and greenhouses, should gradually increase the ventilation openings to extend the daytime ventilation time, and the lawn film or thin straw mat should be gradually uncovered early and covered late to extend the illumination time. Sheath blight or damping-off disease that is easy to occur at seedling stage is often caused by mulching plastic film and film on seedbed. Being in bad weather for a long time without proper ventilation makes the air humidity in the seedbed increase gradually. During the period, special attention should be paid to protecting cotyledons, improving light conditions, waiting for damaged seedlings, managing water and fertilizer well and covering soil reasonably.
Control method of tomato diseases and insect pests 1, tomato flower skin
Tomato skin is a physiological disease, also known as tendon rot, stripe rot or band rot, which mainly harms fruits. Let me introduce it to you. There are two common types:
Browning type: occurred in young fruit stage, mainly damaging 1 ~ 2 ears. During the fruit expansion period, local browning occurred on the fruit surface, and the fruit surface was uneven, and some fruits became brown and hard or had necrotic spots. When the diseased fruit is cut open, it can be found that the vascular bundles in the peel are brown and necrotic, the stone becomes hard or the flesh turns brown, which loses commercial value. ※.
White deformation: it mainly occurs in the period when green ripe fruits turn red. Its symptoms are uneven coloring of fruits, little change in the shape of light fruits, green protrusions near the fruit stalks for heavy fruits, slight depressions in the red parts, and uneven bright red and green. ※.
The symptoms of tomato muscle rot are generally not seen on stems and leaves, but when the stems are cut 70 cm away from the roots, it can be seen that the conducting tissues of the stems are brown and damaged, which leads to the above symptoms in fruits, which is different from viral diseases.
The cause of the disease is physiological diseases, and the degree of harm depends on the variety (Wanda Red Tomato, which is not easy to infect), sunshine hours, light intensity and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil.
The prevention and control methods are mainly to work hard on management, appropriately increase light, scientifically determine sowing date and sowing date, and adopt formula fertilization. Those with the above symptoms can be sprayed with multi-element fertilizer.
2. tomatoes are empty
Tomato hollow fruit refers to the fruit with a hole between the peel and the pulp jelly. Although empty fruit has little effect on tomato yield, it will seriously affect its commodity and reduce economic benefits, which can not but attract attention in production.
Tomato hollow fruit is a physiological disease, and varieties with less hollow fruit are prone to occur. There are many reasons for the formation of empty fruit of tomato, such as improper spraying time of hormone, insufficient illumination, insufficient watering at full flowering stage, too much fruit left, poor nutrient supply and so on. The growth of tomato varieties is different, so it is necessary to pinch the tips in time according to the characteristics of each variety to make the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the plants develop in a balanced way.
3. Tomato bacterial spot disease
Bacterial leaf spot of tomato is also called bacterial leaf spot and bacterial leaf spot. Generally, the production will be reduced by 10 ~ 30%, and it can reach more than 50% in severe cases.
Hazard characteristics Bacterial spot disease of tomato mainly harms leaves, stems, flowers, petioles and fruits.
① Leaf diseases: dark brown to black irregular spots with a diameter of 2 ~ 4 mm, with or without yellow halo around the spots.
② Petiole and stem: The symptoms are similar, producing dark spots, but there is no yellow halo around the diseased spots. Disease spots are easy to connect into patches, and in severe cases, a section of stem can be blackened.
(3) Bud injury: Many black spots are formed on the sepals. When they are connected together, the sepals are dry and cannot bloom normally.
(4) Young fruit: The early small spots are slightly convex, and when the fruit is close to maturity, it often stays green around the diseased spots for a long time. The pulp near the focus is slightly depressed, the focus is black around, and the middle is shallow and slightly depressed.
Pseudomonas syringae is the pathogen of tomato bacterial spot disease. Pathogens can overwinter on tomato plants, seeds, sick people, soil and weeds, survive on dry seeds for 20 years, and can spread with seeds over a long distance. Sowing infected seeds will make the seedlings sick. After the seedlings get sick, they will be introduced into the field and spread through rain, insects and agricultural operations, causing an epidemic. As long as 10% plants get sick first in the field, they can spread to the whole plot. When the temperature is below 25℃ and the relative humidity is above 80%, the disease is favorable.
Prevention and cure method
① Agricultural prevention and control: strengthen quarantine to prevent infected seeds from being introduced into non-epidemic areas, select disease-resistant and disease-tolerant varieties, establish disease-free fields, use disease-free seedlings, rotate non-solanaceae vegetable crops for more than three years, pay attention to avoid the spread of diseases in agricultural operations such as pruning, harrowing and harvesting, and use drip irrigation or furrow irrigation in arid areas to avoid sprinkler irrigation as much as possible.
② Seed treatment: soak the seeds in warm water at 55℃ for 30 minutes, or use 0. 6% acetic acid solution for 24 hours, or 5% hydrochloric acid for 5 ~ 10 hours, or 1. Soak the seeds with 05% sodium hypochlorite for 20 ~ 40 minutes. After soaking the seeds, rinse the liquid medicine with clear water, dry it a little and then accelerate germination.
③ chemical control: at the initial stage of the disease, 77% keduo wettable powder was used with 400 ~ 500 times solution and 53. 600 times of 8% kocide 2000 dry suspension, 500 times of 20% thiabendazole suspension, 300 times of 14% copper complex solution or 0. 3%~0。 5% copper hydroxide solution for prevention and control, every 65438 00 days or so, a total of 3 ~ 4 times.
4. Green-backed fruit
The harmful symptoms after the fruit turns red, the green area or plaque remains on the shoulder or near the pedicel of the fruit, and the fruit will never turn red. The fruit is red and green, the flesh in the green area is hard, and the fruit tastes sour and tastes bad.
The cause of the disease is that tomato plants grow too vigorously because of partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially when nitrogen fertilizer is more than potassium fertilizer and boron-deficient soil is dry.
Prevention and control methods During the fruit expansion period, timely supplement potassium and spray compound microelement fertilizer containing potassium and boron.
5. Brown fruit
Harmful symptoms The fruit turns red when it matures, but brown is exposed in the red, which makes the fruit brown, the fruit looks dirty, the brightness is poor, and the commodity is obviously low.
Pathogenesis High temperature and weak light are the root genes that produce dark brown fruits. When the fruit ripening temperature is lower than 24℃, chlorophyll will increase and lycopene synthesis will be delayed, resulting in dark brown fruit, partial or excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, lack of potassium and boron. In the greenhouse of crop rotation and soil salinity evolution, if you go to excessive fertilization again, it is easy to cause the fruit to be dark brown.
The prevention and control method is to punish fruit ripening and stop sudden dryness or excessive dryness. Or excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer to prevent excessive growth of nutrients.
6. Umbilical rotten fruit
The harmful symptoms occur in the young fruit period from table tennis to egg size. At first, the top of the fruit (navel) was dark green or dark gray, and soon it became dark black. The pulp loses water, and the top is flat or sunken. Lesions sometimes have concentric wheel marks. Peel and pulp are elastic and generally do not rot. When the atmosphere is humid, the diseased fruit will rot.
The cause of this disease is direct. The reason is calcium deficiency. Fourthly, the punishment fruit treated with growth regulators is prone to umbilical rot.
Prevention and control methods ① Stop using excessive nitrogen and potassium fertilizers and apply a large amount of quick-acting fertilizers at the same time; (2) prevent soil from being stuffy and increase irrigation; (3) after entering the fruiting period, spray 0 every 7 days. 1%~0。 3% calcium chloride aqueous solution can also be sprayed with calcium fertilizers such as Lvfenwei No.3 one after another.
7. Burn fruit in the sun
The burnt part of the harmful symptom fruit is a large piece of chlorosis and white spots, with bright leathery appearance and depression. In the later stage, the lesion turned yellow, and the appearance sometimes appeared wrinkles, dried up and hardened, and the pulp was necrotic and brown.
The control methods are reasonable close planting, excessive pruning and branching. Choose inflorescence. When tying vines with pruning, arrange inflorescence inside the bracket and cover it with your own leaves. When topping, leave two leaves on the last ear to shade the sun, ventilate in time, lower the room temperature, and cover with a sunshade net to block the strong light.
The cause of the disease is that the fruit is burned by direct sunlight and the temperature of the department is too high.
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