English is a language of Indo-European Germanic language family, which consists of 26 letters. English letters originated from Latin letters, which originated from Greek letters, which evolved from Phoenician letters. English is the official language designated internationally (as the mother tongue) and the most extensive first language in the world. English has about 490,000 words and 300,000 technical terms, making it the language with the largest vocabulary. It is also the official language of the European Union, many international organizations and Commonwealth countries, and the number of native speakers ranks third in the world, second only to Chinese and Spanish.

Due to contact with many national languages in history, vocabulary has changed from unitary to pluralistic, grammar has changed from "more inflections" to "less inflections", and pronunciation has changed regularly. 19 From the 20th century, the leading position of Britain and America in world culture, economy, military affairs, politics and science made English an international language. Nowadays, English is used as a medium of communication in many international situations.

English is widely used in Australia, Canada, the United States, Ireland, New Zealand, Britain and English-speaking countries in the Caribbean, and is used as a mother tongue or a second language in every country in the world.

Almost all Germanic etymological words (including all basic words, such as pronouns and conjunctions) are relatively short and informal. Words from French or Latin usually represent more elegance or show more professional attainments and appear more knowledgeable. However, excessive use of Guladin etymology will be considered pretentious or ostentatious, while excessive use of Germanic etymology will give people the impression of vulgarity, illiteracy and low status. George Orwell's article Politics and English describes this in detail.

When English users choose words, they can usually choose from synonyms of German etymology, French etymology and Guladin etymology, such as "sigte", "vision", "freedom" and "liberté". There are subtle differences between these synonyms, and users can freely choose combinations to express different opinions.

In daily life, some words used are Germanic etymologies. Most words from French and Guledin are usually used in more formal speeches and articles, such as court speeches or encyclopedias. Many terms in medicine and chemistry also originated from French or Latin.

English is famous for its huge vocabulary, and it is easy to introduce technical terms and enter new words in daily use. In addition, slang gives new meanings to old words. This flexibility is very obvious, and it is usually necessary to correctly distinguish between formal usage and daily general usage; Primary education teachers in Britain and the United States generally remind students of words that are widely used in daily life but are not correct in formal occasions. Please see: Sociolinguistics.

Throughout the Middle Ages, French loanwords from France gave people a sense of formality and majesty (which most Europeans in this period thought), which had a great influence on English. This influence can be found in modern English. Therefore, today people generally feel very formal about words from French with a long history. For example, most people who speak modern English think that "cordial reception" is more formal than "warm welcome" (the former comes from French). For example, words representing animals and words representing animal meat are rarely made separately. Such as beef and pork (from French b? Uf and porc).

English loanwords have a wide etymology. Influenced by old French, English vocabulary can be roughly divided into Germanic etymology (mostly from old English) and Latin etymology (mostly from French and Latin).

English is written in Latin alphabet, also known as "Roman alphabet". The spelling system or correct spelling of words is inherited according to historical traditions, not strictly according to pronunciation rules. Therefore, the pronunciation and spelling of English words are often very different, and word spelling is one of the most difficult words in all alphabet languages. The scientific research between phonetics and spelling is called the rules of phonics, also known as phonetics. Latin alphabet, Slavic alphabet and Arabic alphabet are called the three major alphabet systems in the world.

The basic pronunciation of these 26 letters is as follows:

The basic pronunciation of 26 letters is as follows:

A short vowel, low in front of the tongue, with the gums between half-open and half-open (the width of the index finger and middle finger can be accommodated between the upper and lower teeth), and the lips are not round.

B b vocal cords vibrate, lips are closed, and air flows out of the mouth, but the blasting force is not strong.

C c vocal cords do not vibrate, the base of the tongue is backward, and an obstruction is formed with the soft palate. The airflow breaks through the obstruction of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and generate comes out of the mouth, exhaling forcefully.

D d vocal cords vibrate, and the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming an obstruction. The airflow bursts out of the mouth through the obstruction of the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, and the exhalation is weak.

E e is a short vowel, with the tongue in a moderate forward position, the gums between half closed and half open (one middle finger can be accommodated between the teeth), and the lips are not round.

F f vocal cords do not vibrate, and the lower lip is slightly close to the upper teeth, forming a gap. Air flows through the gap between lips and teeth, forming friction, coming out of the mouth and exhaling strongly.

G g vocal cords vibrate, the back of the tongue is raised, and obstruction is formed with the soft palate. The airflow breaks through the obstruction of the back of the tongue and soft palate, and generate comes out of the mouth, and the exhalation is weaker than that of C.

H h airflow comes out of the mouth through glottic friction, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

Ii ii short vowels, high and forward tongue, half closed gums, not round lips.

J j vocal cords vibrate, and the tip of the tongue clings to the back of the upper gum, forming an obstacle. The tongue is convex, the lips are separated and slightly trumpet-shaped. The airflow passes through the obstruction of the tip of the tongue and the back of the upper gum, and the explosion and friction occur almost simultaneously, with a certain length.

K k vocal cords don't vibrate, the back of the tongue is raised, which forms an obstacle with the soft palate. The airflow breaks through the obstacle of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and generate comes out of the mouth and exhales strongly.

The vocal cords vibrate, the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, and the airflow comes out from both sides of the tongue body through the mouth, which has a certain length.

M m vocal cords vibrate, the lips close, forming obstruction, the tongue naturally stretches horizontally, the soft palate droops, and the airflow exhales from the lungs, passes through the trachea, and comes out of the nasal cavity for a certain length.

N n vocal cords vibrate, the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, the soft palate droops, forming obstruction, and the airflow comes out of the nasal cavity for a certain length.

O o short vowel, behind the tongue, the gums are almost completely open and the lips are round.

P p The vocal cords don't vibrate, the lips are closed, and air flows out of the mouth.

Pronounced as kw. Note that the consonant letter q cannot form a pronunciation unit alone, and it is always written in conjunction with the vowel letter u.

R r The tip of the tongue is raised, close to the back of the upper gum, and the tongue body contracts backwards. Air flows through the friction between the tip of the tongue and the back of the upper gum, and comes out of the mouth. The lips are round and slightly convex, and the vocal cords vibrate.

S s vocal cords do not vibrate, and the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming a gap. Air flows through the gap between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, forming friction, and then comes out of the mouth, accompanied by strong exhalation.

T t vocal cords do not vibrate, and the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming an obstruction. The airflow breaks through the obstruction of the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, and generate comes out of the mouth, and exhales forcefully.

U u short vowel, the tongue position is nearly low, the gums are between half-open and half-open, and the lips are not round.

V v vocal cords vibrate, and the lower lip touches the upper teeth, forming a gap. Air flows through the gap between the lips and teeth, forming friction, coming out of the mouth and exhaling weakly.

W w vocal cords vibrate, the lips are slightly convex, the back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate, and air flows out from the gap between the lips through the mouth, but the upper teeth cannot touch the lower lip.

X x is pronounced ks.

Y y vocal cords vibrate, the front of the tongue rises to the hard palate, and soon slides to the vowels immediately behind.

Z z vocal cords vibrate, and the tip of the tongue clings to the upper gum, forming a gap. Air flows through the gap between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum to form friction, and comes out of the mouth with weak breath.

There are some words in English that need to be marked with various phonetic symbols to prompt pronunciation. Most of these words are imported from French, such as:

Dull voice, long vowel, low tongue position, wide open gums and round lips.

Long vowels, high and forward tongue, tight gums and round lips.

Soft voice, vocal cords do not vibrate, the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming a gap. Air flows through the gap between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum to form friction, and comes out of the mouth with strong exhalation.

A treble consists of two tones. The first sound is the pre-vowel, which is equivalent to the short vowel E. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue ends near the lower tooth and slides to the second sound near the short vowel I, and the pronunciation ends when the second sound is not reached. During the sliding process, the jaw is closed upward and the tongue is slightly raised. The gums are half open and half closed, from large to small, and the volume is from strong to weak.

Dull voice, short vowels, moderate forward tongue position, semi-closed gums (one middle finger can be accommodated between teeth), and non-round lips.

The pronunciation symbol placed on a vowel indicates that this vowel is pronounced separately from the previous vowel. Short vowel, the tongue is in a moderate forward position, the gums are between half closed and half open (one middle finger can be accommodated between the teeth), and the lips are not round.

Long notes, short vowels, the tongue is moderately forward, the gums are half closed (one middle finger can be accommodated between the teeth), and the lips are not round.

The pronunciation symbol placed on a vowel indicates that this vowel is pronounced separately from the previous vowel. Long vowels, high and forward tongue, tight gums and round lips.

Read ny.

A phonetic symbol placed on a vowel letter indicates that the vowel is pronounced separately from the previous vowel letter. Short vowel, behind the tongue, the gums are nearly fully open and the lips are round.

A long note consists of two sounds. The first sound is a middle vowel. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is close to the lower teeth and slides towards the second short vowel oo. The pronunciation is over before the second sound arrives. The gums are half-open to slightly less than half-closed, from large to small, and the volume is from strong to weak.

Long vowels, high and forward tongue, tight gums and round lips.

There are some words that obviously don't follow the natural pronunciation of English, and phonetic symbols are generally preserved in these words. For example, if the sharp sound on e is removed, according to the rules of English pronunciation, e will not be pronounced. For example, resume stands for abstraction, with three syllables, resume stands for continuation, and there are two syllables. As a letter representing a relatively open syllable, E is silent.

English grammar is based on Germanic etymology. Although some scholars in18th century and19th century tried to apply French and ancient Latin grammar to English, they failed. Compared with all other Indo-European languages, the inflectional changes of English are not so complicated, and almost all the yin-yang changes have been lost. Basically, apart from personal pronouns, English has lost the distinction between sex and case. It emphasizes a relatively fixed word order, which means that English is developing in the direction of analytical language (for example, cat tail can be written as cat tail instead of cat's tail, where cats directly use root prototype instead of genus).

The basic word order of English is SVO, and it is basically impossible to change the word order at will, except in a few poems; On the other hand, sometimes English uses the word order of OSV. As follows:

There are birds flying in the sky.

The literal translation of this sentence is: there, yes, birds, flying, (preposition), (definite article), the sky.

Jennifer saw brittney.

Jennifer, Sue, Britney Spears.

The twists and turns that still exist in English are:

He is Fred's best friend. The possessive case that constitutes a singular noun or a plural noun that does not end in s

The third person singular of verbs: Alfredo's works. Constitute noun plural

Past tense: Fred worked. -ed, but there are also irregular changes.

Present participle (expressing progressive tense): Fred is working. -ing (if the last syllable of a verb is a closed syllable at the end of a consonant, the last consonant must be connected, such as running).

Past participle: The car was stolen. -en； Fred has talked to the police. -ed, but there are also irregular changes.

Gerund: Work is good for the soul. Means "action": fighting | out | building

Fred has two blue eyes. -s (if the suffix of a noun is s, x or sh, you need to add -es, such as box and plate).

Comparative score: Fred Birica is clever. Add -er at the end of adjectives and more(3+) before polysyllabic words, such as "more difficult".

Top class: Fred has the fastest car. Add -est at the end of adjectives and most before polysyllabic (3+) words, such as "the most difficult".

Compared with other Indo-European languages, although the number of inflections in English is greatly reduced, there are still a considerable number of irregular and strong changes in nouns and verbs.

All the words in English can be divided into eleven categories, and each category has its specific position and function in the sentence.

The top ten parts of speech are:

Noun: a word indicating the name of a person or thing.

Adjective: a word that expresses the characteristics of a person or thing.

Adverb: A word that modifies verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Pronouns: words that replace nouns, adjectives and numerals.

Numbers: words indicating quantity and order.

Verb: a word that indicates action and state. Verb inflections change the most, 16 tense. In grammar, tenses or tenses indicate the relationship between the time when an action occurs and the time when it is spoken. Generally, it is divided into past tense, present tense and future tense, and is usually used with the changes of progressive tense and perfect tense indicating the progress or termination of actions.

Tense, together with mood, voice, aspect and verb form, can show at least five grammatical features.

Some languages have no temporal changes, such as analyzing Chinese in the language, but there are time adverbs or time auxiliary words to help when necessary. In some languages, such as Japanese, morphological changes of adjectives and descriptive verbs can express the concept of tense. In some languages, such as Russian, a verb can indicate the change of tense and aspect.

Article (art.): Used with nouns to explain the function of people or things.

Preposition: usually placed before nouns and pronouns, indicating the relationship between nouns and pronouns and other words.

Conj。 Words that connect words, phrases and sentences.

Interjection (int. ): words that express the speaker's feelings or tone.

Onomatopoeic words: words that imitate sounds.

I hope it can help you solve the problem.