Reasonable tree shape is the basis of high yield, stable yield and high quality of fruit trees. Ficus carica likes light, so the tree shape should be non-central trunk or plane shape, but a certain amount of branches and leaves should be maintained, and the main branches and big branches should not be exposed to direct light, otherwise it is easy to get sunburn and cracks on the branches when it is serious. The common fig trees in China are cluster-shaped, hi-shaped, natural round-headed and cup-shaped, and there are sawtooth-shaped and X-shaped trees abroad. The main tree shape and modeling points are introduced as follows.
1. plex
The crown is relatively short, with no obvious trunk, and 3~5 main branches are directly extracted from the ground or soil, forming a tufted state. The fruiting mother branches of young trees are directly led out from the base, and the fruiting mother branches of adult trees are led out from the selected main branches and then become new fruiting mother branches.
The tree shape is easy to prune, which is suitable for windy areas and areas that need cold protection. Because the trees are short, they are also suitable for close planting gardens. However, insufficient light in trees affects fruit development and quality improvement. This tree is suitable for varieties with many branches and weak cold resistance. In those places that need to be buried for cold protection in winter, before the cold comes, most branches are cut off and buried, and the tree can be used for pruning in spring. Therefore, in a sense, this cultivation system of figs is somewhat similar to perennial fruit trees.
Key points of plastic surgery: in the year of seedling planting, the plants should be cut into 10~ 15cm to promote the basal branches and bear fruit in that year. After that, 3~5 branches were selected as the main branches for culture, and the lateral branches and fruiting branches were cultured in turn.
2. Natural happy shapes
Similar to the happy shape of other trees such as peaches. The crown is large, the trunk is low, and there is no central leading trunk. There are 3~4 main branches distributed on the trunk, and each main branch has 2~3 side branches. The tree has strong fruiting ability, easy control of tree potential and easy pruning. The canopy has good ventilation and light transmission, high fruit yield and good quality, which is suitable for strong trees and strong branches. This tree is not suitable for windy areas. In addition, because of the large canopy, harvesting is not convenient.
Key points of plastic surgery: in the year of seedling planting, the plant should stay 40~60cm to grow strong branches. In the growing season, 3-4 branches with ideal orientation, angle and growth potential should be selected as the main branches for culture. In the winter of that year, short branches of about 60cm should be left for cutting, and lateral buds or external buds should be left under the cutting mouth. After germination in the second year, crown expansion should be carried out, and lateral branches should be selected from the branches sprouting on the main branches for culture. In the future, bearing branches will be cultivated on the main branches and side branches every year.
3. Single line shape
One-shaped trees are widely used in Japan at present, especially suitable for protected cultivation, but they need scaffolding, which is similar to the hedge form of grapes. Its tree structure (as shown in figure 1) is mainly characterized in that: the trunk is short, and the two main branches extend forward nearly horizontally along the planting row direction with their backs to the ground, and the extension heads of the main branches need to be tied with plastic ropes and fixed on the brackets; Leave a fruiting mother branch on the horizontal main branch every 20 cm or so; Results 1~2 fruiting branches were extracted after cutting the mother branches, and then they were vertically tied to the upper iron wire, so that the fruiting parts were on the same vertical plane and the fruit matured from bottom to top. Tree-shaped fruiting branches have high density, high yield and convenient harvesting management, which is suitable for varieties with strong tree potential and strong and soft branches, such as Masitao powder. Choosing this tree-shaped fig orchard requires that the row spacing of planting plants be 3~5m×2~2.5m, that is, the row spacing is greater than the row spacing.
Figure 1 fig-shaped pruning and its distribution pattern of fruiting branches
Key points of plastic surgery: plant in the spring of that year and leave about 45cm to dry. After germination, when the new shoots grow to 15~20cm, two new shoots extending along the row direction and making an angle of about 20 with the row direction are selected as main branches, and their extension direction and opening angle can be fixed by bamboo poles or branches, and the two main branches should be kept as balanced as possible. When pruning in the winter of that year, about 2/3 of the branches were left for short cutting, and the cut was full of buds. Before germination in the next spring, the original bamboo poles and other frame materials were removed, and the No.8 iron wire for guiding and binding the main branch was erected along the line, with a height of 40~50cm, and the main branch was tied to the iron wire. After the buds on the main branch germinate, select the bearing mother branch every 20cm (about 40cm on the same side) and wipe off the buds of other branches. If the tip of the extension tip of the main branch hangs down, it is supported by a vertical column. When the new fruiting branches grow vertically to about 1m, the second layer of iron wire will be erected to tie the fruiting branches and keep the tree tidy. When pruning in winter, the main branches should be shortened appropriately to extend the branches, and other upright branches should be shortened by 2~3 buds, and the cut buds generally leave outer buds. When pruning in the winter of the third year, the extension branches of the main branches are controlled by retraction. Results One strong branch with short weight was selected in the branch group, and other branches with excessive density could be thinned appropriately. The medium and short branches can be extended by 20~30cm to facilitate the harvest in Xia Guo. After 4 years, the extension head of the bearing branch group kept 1~2 buds, and the short branches were pruned repeatedly. In order to prevent the fruiting mother branch from being far away from the main branch, it can be retracted and updated appropriately.
4.x-shaped pruning
X-shaped pruning is similar to the cross shape on other fruit trees (as shown in Figure 2). The stem is about 50cm high, and four branches with balanced growth and staggered directions are selected as the main branches. As a result, the mother branches are arranged about 20 cm and the distance on the same side is 40 cm. The technique of heavy and short cutting is adopted year after year to prevent the fruiting part from moving out, and the crown diameter is kept at about 2 m. This pruning method is suitable for varieties with low fruiting part, such as Masitao powder, which are closely planted in protected areas.
Fig. 2 x-shaped pruning of fig
Key points of plastic surgery: annual seedlings should be fixed at about 50cm. After new shoots grow, branches with appropriate branching potential and direction should be selected as the main branches of culture, and the remaining branches and buds should be erased as soon as possible. If the first cut branch is too strong and the next branch is weak, the strength can be properly controlled to promote weakness and balance the branch potential, or 1~2 branches can be cut, and then four main branches can be re-selected from below. From summer to autumn, it is necessary to lure and bind the branches so that the opening angle of the main branches is about 45. When pruning in winter, the main branches should be cut to about 80cm, and the outer buds should be left first to maintain growth and promote crown expansion. After growing in the spring of the following year, the branches with upright back were erased from the main branches, and the fruiting branches drawn from the side were selected as side branches every 20cm for culture. Cultivate four side branches on each main branch, and plant bearing mother branches on the side branches. When pruning after three years, the method of heavy and short cutting is adopted, and each bearing branch retains 1~2 buds to ensure that one bearing branch can grow and bear fruit normally in the next year. After several years, if the fruiting branches are aging, they can be retracted and updated appropriately.
(2) Pruning technology
1. Winter pruning
According to the growth and fruiting characteristics and pruning reaction of different varieties, fig varieties can be divided into two types: pruning-resistant and pruning-resistant.
(1) Trim type is not tolerated.
This kind of variety has no obvious top advantage, strong branching, large branching amount and many branches, such as Guo Zi 1, Tuantuan, Lviskia, Celeste and so on. If you cut it again, there will be more new branches, less fruits, poor illumination and low yield. In addition, Xia Guo-based varieties, because summer fruits are born at the top of branches, should not be cut short and heavy, otherwise the yield will be affected. However, in order to update the result branch group, it is necessary to shrink or refine the branches appropriately.
(2) Pruning resistance type
This variety, either because of its strong fruiting ability, can still bear fruit even if all the aboveground parts are cut off, or because of its weak branching ability, heavy and short cutting can stimulate branches and promote tree growth, such as Blank, Brown Turkey, Mastaofen and Penglai persimmon. As far as the degree of cutting is concerned, the main branches and lateral branches of young trees, flourishing trees and adult trees can be cut in the middle, and the fruiting branches can be cut repeatedly. In addition, when pruning, dead branches, pests and branches that disturb the tree shape should be removed in time.
2. Pruning in growing season
The main task of fig pruning in growing season is to remove tillers, sprouting branches and long branches in time, cultivate tree structure and keep ventilation and light transmission. Because the branches of fig are easily damaged by Apriona germari, it stimulates the bud germination at the base. At the same time, because some fig varieties, such as Mas peach powder, are soft, easy to bend or even sag, the top growth is inhibited and the basal bud germination is increased. If it cannot be removed in time, it will definitely affect the whole tree structure culture. Therefore, while preventing insects in the orchard, we should wipe off the extra branches and buds during the growing season, and pay attention to setting up support for varieties such as Mastaofen to prevent trees from lodging. In addition, for varieties with weak branching ability but vigorous growth, such as Penglai persimmon, before and after the new shoots spread 20~25 leaves in July and August, they should be picked in time to control vigorous growth, promote branching, increase the number of branches and increase yield. Every September, the vigorous branches of varieties with weak cold resistance, such as Masitao powder, which have not stopped growing in time, should be pruned to promote the maturity of their lower branches and enhance their overwintering performance.