According to China's Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (1989), it is the sacred duty of medical staff at all levels to prevent, control and eliminate the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases. Therefore, clinicians should do a good job in the prevention of infectious diseases while doing a good job in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Preventive measures of infectious diseases can be divided into: ① preventive measures when the epidemic situation does not appear; ② Epidemic prevention measures after the outbreak; ③ Treatment and preventive measures.
preventive measure
The most effective way to control infectious diseases lies in prevention and control, because the lack of any of the three basic conditions of infectious diseases: the source of infection, the route of transmission and the susceptible population can not cause the epidemic of infectious diseases, so the prevention of infectious diseases mainly focuses on these three aspects:
1. Control the source of infection: This is the most effective way to prevent infectious diseases. For human-borne infectious diseases, patients or pathogen carriers should be properly placed in designated isolation locations in time, temporarily isolate people, actively carry out treatment and nursing, and carry out necessary disinfection treatment on infectious secretions, excreta and utensils to prevent the spread of pathogens. However, if the source of infection is unknown, especially animals, it is not easy to get exact results because of the need for epidemiological causal inference and sufficient evidence of laboratory test results, especially in the case of sudden acute infectious diseases, it is even more difficult to locate the source of infection in a short time. However, once the source of infection is determined, effective measures should be taken to control the source of infection in time to ensure that the source of infection will not continue to spread pathogens to susceptible people.
2. Cut off the route of transmission: For infectious diseases, insect-borne diseases and parasitic diseases transmitted through digestive tract, blood and body fluids, cutting off the route of transmission is the most direct prevention method. The main way is to block, disinfect or cull the media. For example, food or drinking water contaminated by pathogens should be discarded or disinfected, rooms or utensils contaminated by pathogens should be fully disinfected, disposable medical supplies should be disinfected or burned in time after use, and measures should be taken to prevent mosquitoes and insects in the season when insect-borne infectious diseases spread. At the same time, it is also extremely necessary to intervene in health education for high-risk groups, such as advocating intravenous drug users to disinfect needles and educating people who will have high-risk sex on condom use. At present, the methods to prevent influenza A (H7N9) virus are still paying attention to basic hygiene, washing hands frequently, wearing masks and eating cooked meat-although it is the same old tune, it is still the most effective way to cut off the transmission route.
3. Protecting susceptible people: Protecting susceptible people is also an important part of infectious disease prevention, and it is often a relatively easy prevention method. For infectious diseases with preventive vaccines, vaccination is the safest way for susceptible people, such as planned immunization for infants after birth, vaccination for infectious diseases doctors, nurses, researchers engaged in infectious diseases research and poultry farmers. In history, people successfully conquered smallpox with highly effective vaccines, which proved the important role of protecting susceptible people in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. [2]
Diet therapy for preventing infectious diseases in children in spring
Before the outbreak, the first task is to do a good job in routine prevention. The main contents are as follows:
1. Units that may have pathogens in the external environment shall take measures to improve drinking water conditions and disinfect drinking water; Combined with urban and rural construction, do a good job in harmless manure, sewage discharge and garbage disposal; Establish and improve the rules and regulations of hospitals and pathogenic microorganism laboratories to prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and nosocomial infection; In medical and health institutions, we should also vigorously implement the food hygiene law and carry out disinfection, insecticidal and rodent control work. Although the above work is mainly carried out by health and epidemic prevention and environmental monitoring departments, clinicians should also actively cooperate.
2. Vaccination, also known as artificial immunity, is to inoculate biological products into the human body, so that the body can produce specific immunity to infectious diseases, thereby improving the immune level of the population and preventing the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases. [3]
3. Wash your hands frequently; Hand washing is one of the main methods to prevent infectious diseases. Wash your hands in the following situations: (1) Touch your eyes, mouth and nose; (2) When hands are polluted by respiratory secretions, such as after sneezing or coughing; (3) After touching public objects, such as elevator handrails, elevator buttons or door handles; (4) before handling food and eating; After going to the toilet. Correct hand washing steps: (1) Wash your hands after boiling water. (2) Add soap solution and wipe off the foam by hand. (3) Wash fingers, around nails, palms and back of hands for at least 20 seconds. Do not rinse. (4) Wash your hands thoroughly with clean water after washing your hands. (5) Dry your hands thoroughly with a clean towel or paper towel, or dry your hands with a hand dryer. (6) After washing your hands, you can wrap the faucet with toilet paper before turning off the water. Don't touch the tap directly. [4]
anti-epidemic measures
Refers to the measures taken to prevent the spread and calm down as soon as possible after the outbreak.
From the patient's point of view, the key lies in early detection, early diagnosis, early report and early isolation.
1. Early detection and early diagnosis: The key to early detection of patients is to improve primary health care, improve the professional level and sense of responsibility of medical staff, and popularize public health knowledge. Diagnosis can include three aspects: clinical, laboratory examination and epidemiological data. Clinically, characteristic symptoms and signs can be diagnosed early, such as Koch's spot of measles and false membrane of diphtheria. But sometimes laboratory diagnosis is needed to be more objective and correct, such as false membrane smear detection of diphtheria bacilli. In the diagnosis of infectious diseases, epidemiological data are often helpful for early diagnosis, such as patient contact history, past medical history, vaccination history and so on. In addition, age, occupation, season and other characteristics often have important reference value for early diagnosis.
2. Infectious disease report: Epidemic report is the basis of epidemic management and national legal system. Therefore, it is an important legal duty for every clinician to report infectious diseases quickly, comprehensively and accurately. Perceive tmall