The correct wearing and maintenance of clothing is the key to durability. For some expensive silk, woolen clothes and plush clothes, we should wear and maintain them carefully.
Silk clothes need special care. Wear it carefully, avoid sun exposure, and pay attention to prevent friction, damage and pollution. You can't use the washing machine when washing. Generally, you can wash gently with cold water by hand, and use neutral high-quality detergent such as special silk wool detergent or silk detergent. The stained part can only be lightly brushed by hand or soft brush. After washing, soak it in 3% edible white vinegar for 2 ~ 3 minutes, then clean it, dry it in the shade (the reverse side faces outwards), and iron the reverse side.
Wool and plush garments have good elasticity, but low bearing strength. Try to avoid rough and violent friction when wearing them to prevent fabrics from wearing and pilling. There are some pilling phenomena on the surface. When the pilling floats off the cloth, trim it carefully by hand, so that the pilling will fall off. Never pull hard. Once there is a hole, it should be repaired in time to avoid further expansion. Wool plush clothing products are washed according to the marked washing method, which is generally not suitable for washing. It is best to choose dry cleaners with good reputation and good washing quality for dry cleaning.
Even if the wool products that can be washed by machine or hand are marked, the washing time should be short and the washing speed should be in a moderate washing state. When washing by hand, the soaking time in cold water shall not exceed 15 minutes. Detergent and cleaning method are the same as silk clothes. After washing, it can only be squeezed dry, dried in a cool and ventilated place, leveled and shaped, and steam ironed at a temperature not exceeding 200℃.
Pay attention to anti-wear and anti-scratch when wearing leather clothes, so as not to scratch and affect the appearance; Can not be exposed to the sun or baked, because high temperature makes leather shrink and deform; After getting wet by the rain, dry it with a cloth in time to avoid hardening the leather panel. Leather clothes can only be professionally dry-cleaned, oiled and polished.
It is suggested that pure viscose fabrics should also be washed gently by hand, not by machine, because the strength of viscose fabrics decreases greatly in water and the fabrics are easily damaged when washed by machine.
Other cotton, linen and various chemical fiber garments can be washed by machine, and then put into the clothes after the detergent is fully stirred. When washing, pay attention to separate light and dark clothes to prevent pollution of different colors. When using detergent, try to avoid using detergent that has obvious whitening and bleaching effect on colored clothes to prevent clothes from fading obviously after washing.
All clothes must be washed (dry-cleaned or washed) and kept dry before storage. Light and dark clothes should be placed separately. Silk, woolen goods and leather clothes should be hung in the wardrobe, and moth-proofing agents should be put to ensure the safe storage of clothes.
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Knowledge of washing clothes
I. teaching material analysis
In daily life, everyone will encounter the situation that the clothes they wear are stained with sweat stains, vegetable juice and oil stains, and sometimes they accidentally rub ink, juice and blood, which is very annoying. These annoying stains cannot be solved by washing with soap or washing powder. Washing clothes is really learned. According to the survey, only children seldom wash their own clothes now. If his clothes are stained with ink, oil and blood, he will be at a loss. He will only ask his mother or deal with it in the usual way. In this case, in addition to children's poor independence and laziness, there is also the fact that they don't know how to remove stains. The purpose of this course is to let students know the knowledge of washing clothes, master some basic life knowledge, enrich life experience, improve their ability to solve troubles around them, and enhance their awareness of changing the quality of life with science.
The text is written according to the idea of "asking questions-experimental exploration-exchange and discussion-drawing conclusions-data analysis". The text is divided into four parts.
The first part: by asking "how to wash the stains off clothes?" This problem has aroused students' concern about "how to wash clothes". Page 22 of the text is a scene where a group of students discuss the topic of washing clothes. Its original intention is to extract some students' original knowledge and experience, arouse all students' interest in all aspects of washing clothes, and pave the way for exploring "which detergent has good effect on which dirt" later.
The second part: Through washing clothes by hand, we know that different kinds of dirt need different washing products, and further learn to carry out exploratory experiments by controlling variables. When students study the unit "Motion of Objects" in the fourth grade, they use the method of "control variables" to study what factors are related to the speed of automobile movement. This lesson continues to learn to collect evidence in this way and explain the main factors that affect the washing effect. The focus of this lesson is to learn to do exploratory experiments on decontamination of washing products, and the difficulty is to learn to control variables. In this paper, small animals are used to remind students to control the conditions when doing experiments, such as "the same dyeing with cloth", "the same amount of water", "a spoonful of soap powder, washing powder and oxalic acid crystal" and "stirring for 3 minutes". Then, by observing the changes of stains, it is concluded that soap, washing powder and oxalic acid have better degreasing or ink washing effects.
The third part: Through the cleaning experiment of all kinds of dirt, the law of "which cleaning product can remove which dirt is good" is compared. In this paper, six common stains of students are selected. Instead of asking each group to do it, I hope that each group will choose a kind of dirt, try it with soap, washing powder and oxalic acid respectively, and then summarize it in the class, so as to discover more knowledge about washing clothes.
Part IV: Explain the truth of soap degreasing to students through a piece of information and cartoons. And with the help of the bird's beak, I told the students that although the ingredients of various stains are very different, they can be washed as long as they react with different washing products, and there is a lot of knowledge in washing clothes!
Second, the teaching objectives
Process and method
● Learn to conduct exploratory experiments by controlling variables.
● Be able to master the commonly used speckle removal methods by consulting teachers or parents and consulting materials.
scientific knowledge
● Know that washing products can change dirt.
● Know that different pollutants need different washing products to clean.
Emotions, attitudes and values
● Recognize the importance of controlling variables.
● Experience the pleasure of improving the quality of life with the learned scientific knowledge.
Third, teaching preparation.
Teachers prepare: beaker, spoon, water, broken soap (or prepared strong soapy water), washing powder, oxalic acid, vegetable oil, old newspapers (keep clean and easy to clean).
Students prepare: the same texture of cloth (light color), chopsticks, bring your own "soil."
Fourth, suggestions on teaching activities.
1. New lessons can be imported in the following ways.
The first method: situational method who created the problem. The teacher can take a dress with dirt on the collar, oil stains on the skirt, ink stains on the sleeves and blood stains on the skirt and say in dismay, "Today, the teacher cleaned the clothes and accidentally got dirty. You see, this collar is stained with dirt, this skirt is stained with oil, this sleeve is stained with ink and this skirt is stained with blood. Hey (sigh), what should I do? "
The second method: teachers and students talk. Teachers can ask students, "Do you wash clothes at home? Most students don't wash clothes. Do you know how mom washes clothes? If the clothes are stained with oil stains, juice, ink, blood, etc. What does mother do? "
2. Experiment to explore links can take the following steps.
First of all, let the students guess which detergent works well for which stain? And fill in the table with the results of the guess. Secondly, organize students to discuss how to control the experimental conditions. For example, choose the size of the stain on the cloth, the amount of water to soak the cloth, and the amount of soap, washing powder and oxalic acid to pour in ... Through discussion, students must be clear: in this comparative experiment, other conditions are the same, only the washing products are different. Only when students understand the control conditions can the experiment be scientific and standardized. It is suggested that the dirt selected in the first experiment should be common, such as oil stains, which can be washed off with soap or washing powder, and then ink or blood stains are selected. Neither soap nor washing powder can be washed clean, but oxalic acid works very well. In this way, the difficulty of the experiment will gradually increase, and students' interest will gradually increase. Finally, the observed phenomena are filled in the table, and the results are compared with the guesses, so as to understand some scientific facts. It is suggested to fill in the experimental records as follows:
┌———————————┬———————┬———————┬———————┐
Fatty soap powder, washing powder, oxalic acid crystal
│ ├———┬———┼———┬———┼———┬———┤
│ │ Guess │ │ Result │ │ Guess │ │ Result │
├———————————┼———┼———┼———┼———┼———┼———┤
│││││││││││││││││││││││││││││947
├———————————┼———┼———┼———┼———┼———┼———┤
││││││││││││││││││││││││││
├———————————┼———┼———┼———┼———┼———┼———┤
││││││││││││││││││││││││││
└———————————┴———┴———┴———┴———┴———┴———┘
3. Group experiment exploration. It is suggested that different people choose different stains, such as ball-point pen oil stains, blue ink stains, red ink stains and blood stains. , still follow the above methods to control the experimental conditions to explore. Finally, the whole class reports the experimental results and fills in the following table.
┌——————┬———————————┬——————┬———————————┐
Dirt, best detergent, dirt, best detergent
├——————┼———————————┼——————┼———————————┤
Oil stain, ballpoint pen oil
├——————┼———————————┼——————┼———————————┤
Vegetable juice watercolor pigment
├——————┼———————————┼——————┼———————————┤
Fruit juice, blue and black ink
└——————┴———————————┴——————┴———————————┘
The "dirty" in the table can be selected according to the actual situation, and washing products can also be selected. But remind teachers not to choose organic solvents as much as possible. If students ask, you can simply tell them the truth, but tell them not to use gasoline, alcohol and other washing dirt casually when adults are away.
4. Data analysis. Conditional schools can use modern information technology to make the decontamination principle of soap or washing powder into multimedia courseware with illustrations and wonderful explanations, which will definitely push this lesson to a climax. If there are no conditions, the teacher can draw cartoons on the blackboard in the lower left corner of page 23 of the textbook. Oil, water and soap should be represented in three different colors. It will be very effective to draw while talking. If it is really difficult, students can learn the text by themselves and understand the principle of decontamination.
Finally, the teacher should guide the students to understand that no matter which washing product is chosen for washing, the purpose is to make the dirt change and dissolve into the water to achieve the purpose of decontamination.
After class, students can be arranged to do an interesting activity: apply lipstick to the five fingertips of one hand and rub each other with their thumbs to make the lipstick evenly applied. Dip one finger into washing liquid at a time, such as soap, detergent (for kitchen use), shampoo, laundry detergent, etc. Then use the other hand to wipe the lipstick on each fingertip with a cotton swab, and each wipe can be timed for 3 seconds. Then rinse with water. Judge which washing liquid has the strongest decontamination ability (lipstick stain removal ability) and which washing liquid has the weakest decontamination ability.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) reference materials
[Soap with decontamination ability] It is common sense to use soap for washing clothes. But how does soap decontaminate? Chemists call higher fatty acid salts soap. The main component of the soap we use every day is the sodium salt of hard fatty acid, also called sodium soap. The molecules of soap have one characteristic: one end of the molecule is hydrophilic and the other end is lipophilic. If the clothes are stained with oil, soak them, rub them with soap and gently rub them. The lipophilic part of the soap will "hold together" with the oil, and merge with each other to form a tiny "micelle" with a hydrophilic appearance. In this way, the oil stain is surrounded by soap and water, gradually dissolved into water from clothes, and then washed with clear water, and the oil stain is washed away by soap molecules. When washing clothes, gentle rubbing can help soap molecules to better contact with oil stains, increase the chance of "catching oil stains" from clothes, make the adhesion between oil stains and clothing fibers smaller and smaller, and finally follow soap molecules into the water. At the same time, when rubbing, the air also comes to help, which makes many bubbles appear in the soap solution, which makes the soap solution "expand" and increases the surface area and surface tension of the soap solution. It seems that the Monkey King has become a lot of the Monkey King. Oil, dust, sweat and other dirt are all "caught" from clothes. With Shui Piao, clothes are naturally clean.
[Washing powder with enzyme has a good washing effect] Synthetic detergent is a substance with hydrophilic groups and water-increasing groups in its molecules synthesized according to the principle of soap decontamination. It is divided into solid washing powder and liquid detergent. According to different needs, synthetic detergents with different properties, different uses and different varieties can be made by using different proportions and additives. There are all kinds of washing powders in the market, but detergent with enzyme is the best, especially suitable for clothes stained with protein dirt such as blood stains, sweat stains and milk stains. Enzyme washing powder has a particularly strong decontamination ability, because protease, an active enzyme that can decompose protein, is added to the washing powder. When protease encounters dirt containing protein, such as blood and milk ulceration, it can decompose protein and dissolve it in the washing liquid, thus achieving the purpose of removing dirt. Although the active enzyme in enzyme-added washing powder has strong detergency, it is very delicate. Generally it is most active at 50℃. If the temperature is too low or too high, the activity of the enzyme will fail. Therefore, washing clothes with enzyme washing powder, it is best to use warm water at 40℃ ~ 50℃.
[Tips for removing stains in laundry] (1) Red ink stains on clothes: wash new stains with cold water first, then soak them in warm soapy water for a while, and then rinse them with clear water; Old stains can be washed with detergent first, and then rubbed off with 10% alcohol solution. (2) Ink stains: Rice grains and detergent can be evenly mixed, coated on the dirty parts and rubbed, and then rinsed with clean water; It can also be rubbed repeatedly with a solution of one part alcohol and two parts soap, which also has good results. (3) ballpoint pen oil stain: First of all, it depends on what material the clothes are made of. The general practice is to put a towel on the dirty place and gently brush the alcohol with a small bristle brush. After the stain dissolves and spreads, soak the clothes in cold water, and then brush them lightly with soap. Repeat this for two or three times, and the ballpoint pen oil can be basically removed. (4) Moldy spots: Wipe with 2% soap alcohol solution, then wipe with 3% ~ 5% sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide bleach, and finally wash. (5) Sweat stains: clothes stained with sweat stains are prone to yellow spots after a long time. If you sweat, you can soak your clothes in 5% salt water for a while and then rub them clean slowly. (6) Stains on sweaters: Dissolve neutral soap solution with boiling water and add a tablespoon of borax. When the temperature drops to 60'C, soak the woolen sweater in soapy liquid for three or four hours, then gently knead it in warm water of 40' C ~ 50' C, and finally rinse it with warm water. (7) Blood stains: newly infected blood stains can be soaked in cold water for a few minutes, and then washed with soap or alcohol. If there is, you can remove the old traces with lemon juice and salt water, or wipe them with white radish, but never wash them with hot water. You can also wash the blood stains to light brown with clear water, then with glycerin soap, and finally with warm water. (8) Oil stains on the chimney: Clothes stained with oil stains on the chimney should be immediately scrubbed with gasoline (from the outside to the inside to prevent the stains from expanding) or washed with warm soap solution. (9) Color marks on wax paper and carbon paper: wash with washing powder first, then with gasoline, and finally wipe with alcohol. (10) coffee stains: coffee stains that are not too thick can be washed by soaking soap or washing powder in hot water; For espresso, sprinkle a little glycerin on the egg yolk, mix it, smear it on the stain, dry it slightly and wash it with soap and hot water. (1 1) Egg stains: Clothes, especially the tablecloth on the dining table, are often stained with eggs. First soak the tablecloth in cold water, then wipe it with cotton cloth dipped in a little salt, and finally wash it with warm water. (12) lipstick stains: The lipstick dyed on light-colored clothes can be soaked in gasoline first, and then scrubbed with soapy water to wash it off. (13) Gum stain: Gum stain on clothes, walls or other articles. Coat the cotton cloth or cloth towel with white vinegar, and use it to scrub the stain, then it can be cleaned. (14) tung oil stain: soak tung oil stain with gasoline first, and then scrub it with bean curd residue. (15) Plaster: Wash it off with warm white wine. (16) Iodine pollution: Wash it off with flour. (17) Mercury pollution: wash with vinegar.
[Oxalic acid rust removal] Wet clothes with iron clips will produce rust spots on clothes, which cannot be washed off with soap or washing powder. To deal with this nasty rust, you can ask oxalic acid for help. Oxalic acid is a white crystal, much like white sugar. Before washing, 1 part benzoic acid was dissolved in 20 parts water to prepare oxalic acid solution. Then, drop it on the rust spot of the clothes, and after washing and rinsing, the rust will disappear. Oxalic acid can remove rust because it has strong reducing ability. Iron in rust is trivalent iron, which is insoluble in water, but it will be reduced to divalent iron when it comes into contact with oxalic acid, and can be dissolved in water. Oxalic acid can also treat iron in blue ink. If you accidentally get blue ink on your clothes, you have to wash it with clear water quickly. If it takes a long time, it is very accurate to wash them off. Because there is a compound called ferrous tannic acid in blue ink, it will be oxidized to black ferrous tannic acid when it meets oxygen in the air. Iron tannic acid is insoluble in water, so ink stains can't be washed off with clean water. If iron tannic acid is reduced with oxalic acid and dissolved in water, the ink stains on clothes can be washed away. Oxalic acid helps to wash away rust and blue ink, but it can also corrode clothes and wash away the color of clothes. Therefore, before washing stains with oxalic acid solution, it is best to try it in inconspicuous places such as the corners of clothes to see if it fades. In addition, after washing the ink with oxalic acid, wash it with clear water several times to prevent excess oxalic acid from staying on the clothes.
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