Star anise is a precious economic tree species in the southern subtropical region of my country. It has high economic value and a wide range of uses. It is an excellent condiment and has medicinal effects such as carminative, stomachic, expectorant, and cough relieving. Developed as a dual-purpose economic tree species for fruit and wood. Through multiple resources, I have integrated technical measures for planting octagonal trees, which are summarized as follows.
1. Seed selection and seed treatment
To select excellent varieties, generally choose strong mother trees that are 20 to 50 years old, grow vigorously, and have high yields over the years as seed collection objects. The anise fruits can be harvested in mid-to-late October when the fruits turn from green to yellow and the fruit petals have not yet cracked. And remove small fruits, achenes, and irregular fruits, and select trees and fruits. Improved seeds and strong seedlings are the basis for achieving high yields in star anise afforestation. Fruits collected too early or too late will have poor seed quality and are not suitable for sowing. The recovered fruits are spread indoors to dry and turned over 1 to 2 times a day to prevent them from heating up. After 3 to 4 days, the fruit corners will gradually crack and can be collected. You can also use a knife or thin wood chipper to peel the seeds (do not damage the seed coat). In frost-free areas, it is advisable to sow seeds as soon as they are collected. If you choose to sow in spring, you should do a good job of heat preservation and moisturizing. It is generally better to choose fine sand for sand storage [2]; if it is used far away, use fine sand: seeds. The ratio of 5:1 is put into boxes and shipped to the destination, then poured out and placed indoors to dry in the shade. Use sand storage method to keep warm and moisturize. When the temperature rises to 10~15°C, sowing and seedling cultivation can be carried out.
2. Land preparation for sowing
It is better to choose yellow mud mountainous land with good drainage and fertile and deep soil for the nursery. Leave about 30 cm of sidewalk between the borders. During land preparation, dig a border of 17~20 cm high, 18~20 cm deep and 1 m wide. Apply turf marl or compost at 22.5~25.0 t/hm2. Generally, for areas without frost, it is better to sow from December to January of the following year; for areas with frost, it should wait until the temperature rises to above 12 ℃ for 2-2 days. It is better to sow in March. It is advisable to choose the drilling method, with a seeding furrow spacing of 2 to 3 cm, a depth of 3 to 4 cm, and a row spacing of 15 to 20 cm. The seeding rate is generally 90 to 120 kg/hm2. After sowing, cover with burned turf mud and mix with 1.5 cm of yellow fine mud, then cover with a layer of thatch and soak with water.
3 Cultivate strong seedlings
Generally, the seeds will germinate and emerge about 20 days after sowing. At this time, the covering of thatch can be removed and a shade shed with a height in the north and a low in the south can be built. Generally, the height of the low side is 70 cm and the height of the high side is 1 m. Pick up the fallen grass and sprinkle it with water frequently, usually in the morning and evening to keep the border surface moist. During the growth of seedlings, soil should be loosened, fertilized, weeded, and pests and diseases prevented in a timely manner. Generally, urea or dilute human excrement can be used for top dressing. The first fertilizer is applied when the seedling height reaches 2~3 cm, the second fertilizer is applied at 10~12 cm, and the third fertilizer is applied at 15~20 cm. The amount of urea used in top dressing is: for the first time, use 200 g of urea fertilizer to dissolve 50 kg of water and apply it to the seedlings; for the second time, use 300 g of urea; for the third time, use 500 g of urea. The amount of water for the second to third times is the same as the first time. 1 time. In the spring of the following year, the diameter of the seedlings in the ground is 0.4 cm and the height is 40 cm. Before the new top buds sprout, the seedlings can be drenched and then taken out of the nursery for planting.
4. Selection and cleaning of planting sites
For afforestation of octagonal trees, the northern slopes of hilly and mountainous areas with undulating terrain and shelter from the wind should be selected, and the soil layer should be deep, fertile and loose, and drainage and irrigation water should be more convenient. plot. Generally, star anise species can use their shading effect under natural miscellaneous trees. Therefore, when clearing forest land, only shrubs, vines and understory trees, etc. are cleared, and unified planning is carried out to carry out strip land preparation or full land reclamation. The main root of the octagonal tree is not deep, and the lateral roots are mostly distributed within 50 cm in the soil layer. It is a shallow-rooted tree species with brittle branches. According to the characteristics of high-yield flax cultivation technology, it is not suitable to plant octagonal trees in places hit by strong winds.
5. Planting and afforestation
Star anise saplings like shade and can be planted under residual forests, miscellaneous trees and shrubs. The best time for afforestation of anise is before and after the Great Cold. For fruit forests, the general plant-row spacing is 4 m to 5 m or 3 m to 4 m, and the planting density is 750 plants/hm2. Dig a pit 30 cm deep and 40 cm wide, and apply 0.5~1.0 kg of compound fertilizer/hole; for leaf forest, the plant row spacing is generally 1.5 m to 1.5 m, and the planting density is 45,000 plants/hm2. good. Generally, 2 to 4 days before the seedlings emerge, only 1/3 of the leaves are left and the rest are cut off. It is best to plant the seedlings on the same day. If the seedlings cannot be planted immediately, the roots should be dipped in yellow mud in time and transported to the afforestation site for afforestation. In order to improve the survival rate of afforestation, it is best to carry out afforestation on cloudy and rainy days, and the survival rate can reach 85%~90%. The depth of planting is preferably from the soil surface to 2~3 cm above the root neck.
6 Forest Management
6.1 Young Forest Tree Management
The first is pruning and shaping.
Pruning and shaping can generally be carried out when the height of the young forest is 1.5 to 2.0 m to promote branching. The number of branches should be maintained at 2 to 3 per plant. Leggy branches, cross branches and cross branches that disrupt the tree shape and grow vigorously should be cut off from the base. Branches growing upright on the backbone branches, dead branches, overly dense branches, diseased branches, weak branches, etc. The second is to do a good job of shading and moisturizing. An important task in the management of young anise forests is to cover most of the exposed open space. Natural plants such as weed bushes and mixed wood forests can be used as shade trees to achieve balanced soil temperature, keep the forest land moist, prevent sunburn, and reduce Soil erosion and other purposes.
6.2 Forest management
The first is pruning and shaping. Prune sparse branches less or not at all. Prune appropriately the inner branches with few or too dense fruits or those in the lower part of the crown. Lightly prune outer branches or branches in the middle and upper part of the crown. Prune heavily the diseased branches with many dry branches and abnormal growth and development. . The work of cutting off the top buds and removing the top buds can generally be carried out 3 to 4 years after planting, and the leaves can be harvested and steamed for oil after 4 to 5 years. The second is reclamation. Reclamation can change the soil structure where star anise is planted to replenish moisture in the soil and promote the normal differentiation of flower buds and the growth and development of young fruits. Reclamation is generally carried out once every 3 to 4 years.
7 Scientific Fertilization
The best time to fertilize anise is February and June every year. Spring fertilizer can promote shoot growth, and summer fertilizer can promote vigorous growth of anise. Fertilization is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and compound fertilizer can be applied to young forests over three years old. For one to two-year-old trees, apply 50-150 g/plant of urea every year. For three-year-old trees, apply 100-200 g/plant of compound fertilizer and urea each time. 150~250 g/plant. Years of experience have proven that generally fertilized star anise forests in young forests bear fruit 2 to 3 years earlier than those without fertilization. For fruit trees, special anise fertilizer should be used for fertilization. Apply it twice a year, which can increase yield by 25% to 44%. It is suitable for star anise trees that are seven years old or older. Apply 0.5~1.0 kg/plant each time. In addition, compound fertilizer should be applied 1 to 2 times a year, and the amount of fertilizer applied each time is 0.5 to 1.0 kg/plant. The use of special fertilizer and compound fertilizer adopts the method of applying soil in trenches, and the yield increase effect is obvious.
8. Prevention and control of diseases, insect pests and weeds
Common diseases and insect pests of octagonal anise include anise anthracnose, octagonal heartworm, octagonal leaf beetle, etc. [3]. In the prevention and control of octagonal anthracnose, in order to effectively reduce To determine the source of the disease, infected branches and leaves can be completely removed and burned intensively. In the early stage of the disease, spray 0.5% Bordeaux mixture for prevention and control. In order to improve the disease resistance of the anise tree itself, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers or farmyard manure should be applied. For the prevention and control of Anise worms, leafhopper powder emulsifiable concentrate or 203 emulsifiable concentrate can be sprayed with water. After spraying, the worms will be frightened and fall along the threads, and then spray the worms on the ground once more. For the control of star anise leaf beetle, 80% trichlorfon or 80% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate can be sprayed with water [4]. Weeds easily consume nutrients and water in the soil, so the star anise garden should be cultivated and weeded at least 1 to 2 times a year. , can be carried out in January-February and May-June respectively. For areas with mild weed damage, manual weeding can be used; for woodlands with large areas of damage, chemical weeding with glyphosate can be used directly, taking care not to damage the anise saplings.