Below, several key techniques of peach tree planting are shared with you for the reference of farmers.
I. Cultivation techniques
A. growth environment. Peach trees like temperature, and the suitable growth temperature is 18-25℃. Low temperature is easy to cause freezing injury and plant growth is poor. Moreover, high-temperature trees burn easily. Its growth and development need a relatively dry environment, good illumination and low soil moisture. If there is too much rain before the peach ripens, it is easy to cause the fruit to crack. Peach trees have poor waterlogging tolerance and are suitable for planting in soil with good drainage performance, and the soil viscosity should be moderate. If the soil viscosity is too high or too fat, peach trees are prone to gummosis. Therefore, peach trees should be planted in places with high terrain, perfect drainage, sufficient sunshine, fertile soil and loose soil.
B. variety selection. Peach trees are rich in varieties, including common peaches, nectarines and flat peaches. When selecting peach varieties, we should not only consider the maturity of peach fruit, which usually takes 60-80 days, but also consider the economic benefits of peach cultivation, and choose varieties with delicious fruit, correct shape and bright color.
C. seedling planting. Generally, peach seedlings are planted before germination. Before sowing the seedlings, the orchard should be dug deep to improve the soil. Miao Zhuang, dense fibrous roots, well-developed roots and abundant spores should be selected for seedling planting. The depth of planting ditch is maintained at 40-50 cm, the height of ridge is 20-30 cm, and the width is maintained at 50-60 cm. After planting, the soil around the seedlings should be stabilized and watered properly.
Second, management technology.
A. soil management. Mainly through intertillage, shallow tillage, deep tillage, intercropping and other ways to improve soil moisture.
(1) intertillage. In order to keep the soil loose and reduce the competition between weeds and fruit trees for fertilizer, it is necessary to carry out intertillage from time to time, and the depth of intertillage is generally 3-5 cm. Spring intertillage is beneficial to peach fruit setting, and summer intertillage can reduce nutrient consumption and properly reduce topsoil water content.
(2) shallow flip. In order to increase the number of peach tree roots and improve the ability to absorb fertilizer and water, farmers can also shallow the soil regularly. Generally, combined with fertilization in autumn, the tillage depth of the soil should be kept at 20-30 cm, and the place near the trunk should be shallow, so as not to hurt the big roots, and the periphery of the crown can be appropriately deep.
(3) deep turn. In the second year after planting, the orchard should be deeply ploughed when the base fertilizer is buried in autumn, because the depth of deep ploughing can be kept at 30-50 cm at the peak of root growth at this time, and after deep ploughing, enough water should be poured to make the soil settle and make the root system closely contact with the soil.
(4) Intercropping. In order to make full use of soil and space, short crops, such as peanuts, strawberries, soybeans, etc. , and can also be appropriately intercropped in sparsely planted peach orchards. In addition, the selection of intercropping crops requires not competing with peach trees for fertilizer, and it is best to have nitrogen fixation function.
B. topdressing management. The variety, age, yield and fertilizer and water characteristics of peach trees should be considered comprehensively when fertilizer and water management is carried out. Generally speaking, 50- 100 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.3 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 0.4 kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 0.5 kg of potash fertilizer should be fully mixed for every 50 kg of peach as ditch-buried base fertilizer, and attention should also be paid to the coordinated application of trace fertilizers such as calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc. In addition, the amount and frequency of fertilization are different with different fruit maturity. Early-maturing varieties can be topdressing twice before peach tree germination and fruit expansion; Late-maturing varieties can be topdressing three times before peach tree germination, flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion. Generally speaking, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used for peach trees before germination, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are mainly used for other topdressing periods. Specifically, we should pay attention to the following issues:
(1) nitrogen fertilizer. Peach trees are sensitive to nitrogen, so it is not appropriate to apply too much nitrogen fertilizer in young trees to avoid problems such as excessive growth of new shoots, delayed growth and physiological fruit drop. However, with the increase of peach age and yield, the amount of nitrogen topdressing needs to be increased appropriately. If the amount of nitrogen absorbed by adult peach trees is insufficient, it will easily lead to insufficient growth of new shoots and short branches, which will eventually lead to the decrease of peach fruits and the deterioration of color and quality.
(2) Phosphate fertilizer. The demand for phosphate fertilizer for peach trees is relatively small, and the main purpose of topdressing phosphate fertilizer is to pollinate and fertilize well and promote the formation of flower buds. If phosphate fertilizer is not absorbed enough, it is easy to have problems such as dim fruit color, sour taste and peel cracking.
(3) Potash fertilizer. Peach trees have a great demand for potash fertilizer. Adequate potassium fertilizer makes the fruit bigger and sweeter; Lack of potassium fertilizer can easily lead to small and deformed fruits.
C. water resources management. If there is a long-term drought, timely watering can not only ensure the water demand for peach tree growth, but also adjust the temperature and humidity of soil, which is beneficial to the growth and development of root system. Timely watering before overwintering can improve soil heat capacity and reduce root freezing injury. It should be noted that peach trees are not tolerant to waterlogging, and waterlogging in orchards may cause the branches and leaves of peach trees to wither or even die, so attention should be paid to timely drainage.
D. plastic decoration. In order to put peach trees into production as soon as possible and increase the yield, it is necessary to properly control the crown of peach trees. Peach trees should be pruned reasonably because of their light-loving characteristics. The following three tree types can be used to enhance the ventilation and light transmission of peach trees.
(1) The three main branches are naturally happy. The trimmed trunk is 30-40 cm high, and three main branches with similar size and balanced growth are planted on it. The internal space of the three main branches is 15-20 cm, the main branch angle is 120 degrees, and the opening angle is 50-60 degrees. There are 2-3 lateral branches on each main branch, and the included angle with the main branch is 60 degrees, showing a tree shape that grows obliquely downward. Large, medium and small fruit branches are evenly distributed on the main branches and side branches.
(2) the shape of the trunk. Pruning to form a tree with a height of 40-50 cm, a height of 2.5-3 m and a strong central trunk. Young peach trees grow vigorously, and generally adopt light pruning and long planting. Pruning of peach trees should be properly emphasized in the full fruit period, and the cultivation and growth of fruiting branches should be emphasized to stabilize the growth form of trees. When pruning, branches should be prevented from crossing between plants.
(3) The two main branches are happy. Prune to form a trunk with a height of 30-40 cm, and two main branches are adjacent to it. The opening angle of the main branch is 40-50 degrees, and the extension direction is perpendicular to the row direction. Only large, medium and small fruit branches are arranged on the main branches, and no side branches are arranged. The height of the tree is 2-2.5 meters.
E. thinning the fruit. Peach trees have many buds. Although all kinds of branches can blossom and bear fruit, in order to ensure the quality of fruit, it is necessary to thin the fruit in time. Generally speaking, fruits and vegetables that are timely within 2 weeks after flowering can be interplanted according to the ratio of 1:20- 1:30.
Third, disease control.
Common diseases of peach trees include peach brown rot, peach leaf shrinkage and bacterial perforation. These diseases have a great influence on the yield and quality of peach trees and fruits. Below, the manifestations and prevention methods of these three diseases are introduced.
(1) peach brown rot. Brown rot of peach trees is closely related to environmental factors such as low temperature and rain. The main symptoms of the disease are: brown spots gradually appear on the surface of peach trees, which will gradually spread and rot in rainy season. Generally, this disease is easy to occur in young and mature peach fruits.
Prevention and control method: 1. Clear the garden during the dormant period of peach trees in winter, and timely treat and burn the diseased branches and dead fruits in the garden; Dig deep into the soil and apply fertilizers such as phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer reasonably to improve the disease resistance of peach trees. 2. Chemical control: spraying chemicals before the germination of peach trees, and selecting 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times; Spray 1 time after peach blossoms bear fruit to ensure the normal growth of peach trees and improve the disease resistance of trees.
(2) Peach leaves atrophy. After the onset, the front leaves of peach trees gradually became fat, wrinkled, pale purple or yellow-green, and hoarfrost appeared in the affected area.
Prevention and control methods: Before the germination stage of peach trees, 5 Be stone sulfur mixture was used for prevention and control to enhance the disease resistance of peach trees. After peach trees germinate, spraying 2-4 times of stone sulfur mixture can effectively control the occurrence of peach leaf shrinkage disease.
(3) bacterial perforation. At the beginning of the disease, peach leaves will appear small spots with water stains and pale yellow halo. In the middle stage of the disease, the leaves will gradually dry up until they fall off. Ulcer spots appeared in young fruits, yellow mucus appeared in the affected parts, and the fruits cracked and gradually fell off.
Control method: 1. Prune branches reasonably to ensure ventilation and light transmission of peach trees; Apply more organic fertilizer to ensure that peach trees have sufficient nutrition and enhance the overall growth ability. 2. After the peach trees germinate, 1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder can be sprayed, and after the peach trees spread their leaves, 2-4 times of sulfur mixture can be sprayed in time.
Peach tree is a fruit tree with high economic value. Before cultivation, the suitable peach varieties should be selected according to the local geographical environment and market conditions. Attention should be paid to seedling planting, fertilizer and water management, pruning, disease prevention and control, etc. Thereby improving the fruit setting rate and fruit quality of peach trees and increasing economic benefits.