Grafting method should be adopted for seedling breeding, and the rootstocks are peaches and peaches. Planting density should depend on soil, plastic methods and varieties. At present, due to the application of dwarfing agent paclobutrazol and various new technologies, the planting density has increased, the row spacing is 3 meters ×4 meters, and 55 ~ 83 plants are planted per mu. Trees should be V-shaped, with double main branches or naturally happy.
Peach trees are mostly compound flower buds, which are easy to form flowers, with large flowers and high seed setting rate of white flowers. In production, cross-pollination can obviously improve the seed setting rate, especially some varieties with pollen sterility, such as Shazaosheng, Xiahui 1 and Cangfang Zaosheng, should be matched with pollination trees to achieve high and stable yield.
Biological properties
When peach trees grow naturally, the central branches tend to disappear, and the crown is often open. Vegetative branches can grow 2 ~ 3 times a year, and secondary branches can be used to accelerate the cultivation of crown. The new branches that were picked up that year can form flower buds and bear fruit the next year. According to the arrangement and length of buds, they can be divided into long fruit branches, middle fruit branches, short fruit branches and bouquets, and virtual fruit branches. The proportion and fruiting ability of various fruiting branches vary from variety to variety. Fruiting begins in 2 ~ 3 years after planting, and enters the full fruit stage in 5 ~ 6 years. The effective production life generally does not exceed 15 years. Most varieties can self-pollinate, and many varieties are sterile, poor or unable to self-pollinate.
Peach is very fond of light, and the branches outside the crown have better light conditions, fuller buds and better fruit quality. The average monthly temperature is required to be 20 ~ 24℃ in the growing season. In winter, it usually takes 400 ~ 800 hours of low temperature (below 7.2℃) to complete the dormancy process. Therefore, varieties with long low temperature period are not suitable for planting in warm areas in winter. However, the cold resistance is weak, and the branches are easily frozen when the temperature is below -23 ~-25℃ in winter, and the flower buds will also be frozen when the temperature is around-18℃ in dormancy. Buds, flowers and young fruits can only tolerate low temperatures of -3.9℃, -2.8℃ and-1. 1℃ respectively.
Suitable for dry climate, excessive rainfall causes white branches and leaves to grow, fruit drop is aggravated, quality is reduced, and glue is easy to flow. However, long-term drought and no rain during the growing period will also affect growth and development. Peach trees have shallow root system distribution and are suitable for acidic neutral (pH 6 ~ 7) sandy soil with good drainage.
cultivation techniques
Generally by grafting propagation. Its rootstocks are peaches in the south of China and peaches in the north. It is also useful to use this rhizome or plum, plum, apricot and cherry as rhizome. Seedling raising method is still used in some production areas. Cutting propagation of yellow peach in Australia was successful. Taoyuan is not suitable for continuous cropping. The planting distance is slightly south, about 33 ~ 40 plants per mu; It is slightly sparse in the north, with about 22 ~ 27 plants per mu. Cultivation of Prunus tomentosa in mountainous areas and dwarfing with rootstocks can increase the density. Generally planted in autumn and winter, planted in northern spring. Peach trees grow vigorously, so young trees should control the application of nitrogen fertilizer to avoid unnecessary growth. After entering the full fruit stage, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be increased, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied together. In addition to applying base fertilizer every year, quick-acting topdressing should be applied after flowering, fruit expansion and harvest. When symptoms such as iron deficiency, zinc deficiency and boron deficiency are found, foliar fertilization should be carried out. Irrigation in autumn drought or spring drought in summer and frozen water in winter. Tillage is usually combined with irrigation and fertilization.
The common modeling method is natural and happy modeling to adapt to its light-loving characteristics. The pruning method depends on the variety, tree age and environmental conditions. In the growing season, summer pruning techniques such as sprouting, sprouting, coring, twisting, pruning and thinning should be adopted as far as possible to control the growth of branches, save nutrients and reduce the amount of pruning in winter. Updating the branches in time and reducing the number of peripheral branches after the full fruit period of peach trees can avoid the outward migration of some fruits and prolong the full fruit period. Proper thinning of young fruits 20 ~ 25 days after flowering is beneficial to ensure fruit quality and high and stable yield year after year.
The propagation and cultivation management of ornamental peaches are generally similar to those of fruit peaches. Most of the gardens are shaped by natural methods, and the branches inside the crown are controlled by pruning, which has good ventilation and light transmission. Picking vigorous branches in summer and pruning long branches properly in winter can promote more flowering branches and keep the crown intact and beautiful. Fertilization every year can enrich flowers and prolong the life of trees.
Pests and diseases and their control
The common diseases with great harm are peach leaf shrinkage, anthracnose, brown rot, gummosis and perforation; Pests include longicorn beetles, aphids, coccidiosis, floating dust, peach moth, thorn moth, pear moth, peach aphid, mulberry termite, thorn moth and so on. Bagging is often used in southern China.
1. Four major diseases of peach: peach leaf shrinking pathogen overwinters on bud scales and bark, invades leaves and new shoots before and after leaf opening in early spring, causing them to deform, dry up and fall off, and can also harm fruits. The prevention and control method is to spray Bomei 5-degree stone sulfur mixture when the peach buds are swollen but have not yet blossomed, and spray 0.3-degree stone flow mixture after the leaves are unfolded in severe cases. At the same time, the diseased leaves are removed in time and the diseased branches are burned to reduce the source of the disease. Bacterial perforation often occurs in spring and summer, causing leaf perforation and falling off. Control method: spray 1: 1: 100 times bordeaux mixture in early spring germination period. When spraying, it should be noted that the spraying period is 7- 10 days from the spraying period of Shishu mixture, and it is appropriate to spray 65% zineb 400-500 times on the leaves to avoid phytotoxicity. Anthracnose harms fruits and branches, which can occur from April to July, and is easy to break out in rainy weather after flowering. It can be combined with spraying to control defoliation and peach scab. Peach scab mainly harms fruits. Spraying 0.3-0.4 degree lime-sulfur mixture, 25% carbendazim 400-500 times solution or 75% thiophanate 1000 times solution on young fruits can effectively control the disease.
2. Peach gummosis: it is a disease caused by fungal infection and physiological reasons, which mainly damages the trunk and main branches, causes gummosis and weakens the tree. Sticky soil, too much nitrogen fertilizer, continuous cropping, poor drainage, excessive pruning in summer, insect damage, etc. will all aggravate gum flow. Prevention and control methods: mainly from strengthening management, strengthening tree potential and protecting trees.
3. Red-necked Anoplophora longicorn: overwintering in the trunk cavity with larvae, endangering trunk and root neck, weakening tree vigor or causing tree death. Prevention and control methods: Before adults lay eggs in late May, the trunk and branches of main branches can be painted white (whitening agent is made of quicklime and water according to the ratio of L: 3-5, adding a small amount of salt can increase the adhesion, and adding a small amount of sulfur mixture residue can improve the insect control effect) to reduce egg laying. At the same time, killing adults artificially. Check the trunk frequently during the growth period, and when the larvae are found to be harmful, hook killing or drug killing is feasible.
4. Carposina persicae and Carposina persicae: Both of them are harmful to fruits, and the latter is also harmful to peach buds. The larvae can be killed by spraying 1000 times 50% molluscicide EC at the peak of spawning, and spraying again every 10- 15 days. It can also be bagged for protection after spraying.
5. Myzus persicae: It occurs for many generations a year. With the germination of peach trees, eggs hatch, which is harmful to flowers and young leaves. After June, they will move to other hosts for the summer, and then move back to peach trees to lay eggs for the winter before the leaves fall. Prevention and control methods; Good results can be obtained by spraying 50% methamidophos acetate EC 500- 1000 times or 10% cypermethrin EC 1000- 1300 times during the incubation period of spring eggs. Myzus persicae, which is resistant to organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides, is particularly effective when spraying 10% imidacloprid 3000-4000 times. When the damage is serious, it can be sprayed again when the peach aphid moves back to the peach tree in autumn.
6. Mulberry geometrid: It occurs 2-3 generations a year in the Yangtze River basin. Early and middle May is the peak of incubation. If the nymph sucks juice on the branches, it will weaken the tree, and when it is serious, the branches will die, which is generally more harmful on the 2-3 year-old branches. Nymphs secrete wax after the second instar and are resistant to drugs. Control method: In addition to controlling other diseases, spray Bubomei 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination and Bubomei 0.3-0.4-degree sulfur mixture before nymph infection, or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution or 25% chlorpyrifos 1000- 1500 times solution.
7. Cicada: Adults overwinter in weeds and clods. After peach trees germinate, they climb trees to harm young leaves and feed on juice. It can be combined with the prevention and control of aphid picking in the pre-flowering period and after the full flowering period, and sprayed with drugs such as acephate. In addition, spraying 50% dichlorvos EC or 25% chlorpyrifos 1000- 1500 times during the incubation period of the first generation of eggs (around the middle and late May) also has a good effect.