The identification of bamboo species is based on its growth characteristics. It is mainly identified from its reproductive type, bamboo stem shape and bamboo basket shape characteristics. According to the type of propagation, bamboo can be divided into three types: overgrown, scattered and miscellaneous.
Cluster type: it is the bud at the base of mother bamboo that gives birth to new bamboo. Folk call it "bamboo shoots born in bamboo pockets". Such as Cizhu, Hard-headed Spring, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, and Monobamboos.
Sporadic type: bamboo is propagated from the buds on the roots of Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phyllostachys pubescens and other whips.
Mixed type: Reproduction depends on both the buds at the base of mother bamboo and the buds at the root of bamboo whip. Such as bitter bamboo, brown bamboo, arrow bamboo, square bamboo and so on.
Here are some special bamboo species.
1. green bamboo species 16 species:
1, Zizhu.
Magnetic columns are clustered. Typical representatives of bamboo are height, tube length and leaf thickness. Its biological characteristics:
(1) Growth characteristics of aboveground parts: bamboo shoots appeared from June to August, and basically stopped growing in the middle of 65438+1October. Generally 20-30 knots, 8 to 13 meters high; The longest service life is 9 years; 1-2-year-old mother bamboo has the strongest ability to shoot, and the growth rate of 3-5 generations of new bamboo shoots is high, which can cultivate big wood; Change leaves once a year; Flowering has nothing to do with age, but with water and nutrition. Before flowering, the leaves turn yellow, after flowering, the leaves gradually fall off, the collaterals die, and the material becomes brittle. 1 year-old is young bamboo, and 2-3 years old is strong bamboo; 4-5 years old bamboo. There is hair on the basket.
⑵ Growth characteristics of underground part: the stem has 6 nodes, only one of which has bamboo shoots (the connection part between the stem and the old bamboo); The underground parts are densely stacked together and do not extend to other places, which has the characteristics of arching the ground; The fibrous roots of Dendrocalamus latiflorus underground stem in Dan Cong are developed, most of which are on the surface, and the deepest part is 2m. Newborn young bamboos did not take root in that year, but formed roots in the second year, and then gradually weakened, with few living roots of 6-and 7-year-old bamboos; The stems that have lost the above-ground parts can be stored underground for more than ten years before they rot. If it is not treated in time, it will combine layers and affect the formation of bamboo shoots and the growth of bamboo forests. The connection between bamboo plants and old plants should be cut off, which is called "beating"
The fiber of Cizhu stalk is strong in toughness and long in thickness, which is a superior material for bamboo weaving crafts. Cizhu is the most important bamboo species of Qingshen, which is planted in almost every family in rural areas.
2. Single bamboo: commonly known as "bitter bamboo", it is a kind of high-quality bamboo with the longest tube (more than one meter long) in the genus Cizhu. Bamboo is delicate and its fibers are very tough. It can be spun into bamboo strips as thin as cicada wings and as thin as hair, and woven into silk and silk-like exquisite bamboo handicrafts. This kind of bamboo grows in shady mountains with fertile soil and is the best material for weaving bamboo. Besides Qingshen, Meishan and Qionglai also have some "bad karma" bamboos.
3. Four Seasons Bamboo: This is a high-quality bamboo species introduced to Qingshen in recent years. Cluster type, named after the perennial bamboo shoots. As a kind of Dendrocalamus giganteus, its biggest feature is that its stem is thick and straight, one of which weighs tens of kilograms, and its fiber is fine and fast. It is a good material for papermaking and has great economic value. At present, there are hundreds of thousands of acres of bamboo bases in towns and villages such as Qingshen Xilong, Guanjin, Osmanthus fragrans, Ginkgo biloba and Luowan. This kind of bamboo is native to Daping Township, Yuanling County, Hunan Province.
4, hard head spring: tufted, tall and straight, hard, thick and small, so it is mostly used as building materials, and is mostly used for bearing, picking and lifting things in rural areas. The planting amount is small.
5. Bamboo: also known as Torreya grandis, it is a scattered type with tall and straight stems, large diameter and hard texture. Bamboo has brown spots on its surface. It is said that the tears of Emperor Yao's two daughters spilled on the floor, hence the name "Bambusa". This kind of bamboo is mostly used as building materials, and can also be cut into strips for weaving. In ancient times, the rope for pulling boats was made of this bamboo pole. Its characteristics are that water is not easy to corrode, light in weight and strong in tension. The planting amount of Qingshen is not large. Venue: Xiangshui Valley, Hunan.
6. Phyllostachys pubescens, also known as Phyllostachys pubescens, is a representative of scattered bamboo. The stem is tall, straight and hard. With a diameter of about 20 cm, it is a good material for building; Bamboo head is a good material for carving handicrafts; Bamboo shoots are the most delicious dishes, called "Yunnan slices". Qingshen is planted in Zhongyan Temple and Deyun Temple. It is abundant in Changning, Chishui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan and other places in Sichuan.
7. Phyllostachys pubescens: a kind of Phyllostachys pubescens, named after the hard "thorns" on the stems and branches. Tufted, tall and stout (diameter 10 cm or more), thick meat, small space, hairless bamboo shoots and few leaves. Mostly used in building materials. Qingshen Bamboo Art City, Tian Miao and other places have a small amount of cultivation.
8. Phyllostachys pubescens: scattered, slender and hard, shaped like a steel pipe, with few leaves and strong bamboo toughness. Most of them are used as materials for making bamboo furniture, and can be used as paper-making materials when growing in a large area. In the past, there was a piece of water bamboo in Luowan, Qingshen, called "Bamboo Sea".
9. Musk bamboo: sparse, rare bamboo species. Culms and branches are named in black; The shell of bamboo shoots is reddish brown, and it will be finished in a year. It is the best material for making flutes and flute instruments. Qingshen is rare in some places.
10, white powder bamboo: cluster, kind bamboo, long stalk section, shaped like "bitter kindness", named after a thin layer of white powder on the surface of bamboo stalk.
The ornamental bamboos introduced by Qingshen "Bamboo Art City" are:
1 1, Arhat Bamboo: clustered, with low stems, a big head and a small upper body, and several sections of the head are like "Arhat Bamboo", hence the name. Can be used as handicraft material.
12, Zhu: cluster-shaped, some tall, some short, pale yellow stems with thick and thin green lines on them, named after the shape of "".
13, Pteris: tufted, with thin and short stems and tiny branches and leaves, named after the shape of Pteris.
14, Chimonobambusa: mixed type, named after the bamboo pole is about square. The face is pale yellow, and there is a circle of small thorns on the node ring, so it is also called "thorn bamboo". Can be use as a raw material for handicraft processing. This kind of bamboo is very rare. There is a precious "Chimonobambusa" in Fengli Village, Zhayang Township, Tuorong County, Fujian Province.
15, brown bamboo: mixed type, its stems are like bamboo, not bamboo, its skin is black and its heart is solid, and there are white mane lines in the meat.
16, Phyllostachys pubescens: mixed, thin, straight, hard, with wide leaves and strong reproductive ability, it was used as an arrow handle in ancient times. Qingshen people often put leaves in bamboo hats for rain or sun protection, hence the name "bamboo hats".
2. 1 1 species of modern exotic bamboo:
1, Juzhu: also known as Penglai banana, an evergreen vine of Araceae, with bamboo-like stems, heart-shaped young leaves, deeply parted old leaves and veins on the back of turtles, which is beautiful and elegant and has high ornamental value. Originally from Central America, it has been introduced to China (1published in China Flower News in 998).
2. Five-colored bamboo: This kind of bamboo has five colors of yellow, blue, white, green and gray from head to toe, just as the painter painted it from top to bottom with colorful pens, which is extremely beautiful. It looks like bamboo, but the bamboo branches are thin and short, the bamboo shoots are hard and the fibers are crisp. On Shangtu Mountain in Taiyin Village, Zhaili Township, Guangze County, Fujian Province, 46 colorful bamboos are scattered in a Shan Ye in Li Yihua, Fiona Fang.
3. Electric Bamboo: There is a kind of bamboo in North America that people and animals can't get close to. When they get close to it, they will be numb and even knocked down. People call it electric bamboo.
4. Rice-producing bamboo: a kind of rice-producing bamboo, which grows on the mountain in Gouping Township, Lueyang County, Shaanxi Province. Each bamboo bead can grow to 10 to 20 ears, and there are about 12 grains of rice on each ear. Bamboo rice is nutritious, and the ground powder is similar to flour, which can be made into noodles, steamed bread, steamed buns and so on. Sweet and delicious. The appearance of bamboo and rice is oats, and the maturity is the same as that of rice and wheat. Appraised by relevant departments, it is considered to be a delicious woody grain with great development prospects.
5. Wave bamboo: A strange special-shaped bamboo was found on Pingfeng Mountain in Taojiang County, Hunan Province. The bead height of this kind of bamboo is only 2-3 meters, each bamboo node is irregular and wavy, and the amplitude flows up and down by 2-3 cm. The bamboo poles under the branches are convex, the node length is five-sixth shorter than that of the common southern bamboo, and the branches are dense, like an angle of about 25 degrees. This is a good ornamental bamboo, which can be used to make handicrafts.
6. Solid bamboo: This kind of bamboo fiber is long, delicate, tough and elastic. It is a good raw material for papermaking and a rare material for handmade bamboo ware industry.
7. Bamboo that can overflow wine: In the Mongolian Lala forest in Tanzania, Africa, there is a kind of bamboo that can overflow wine. This kind of bamboo is short, flexible and changeable, and is regarded as a treasure by local people. When people want to drink, they cut some bamboo back, cut off the bamboo tip and insert it into the wine bottle. In less than one night, the bottle will be filled with white wine with a concentration of about 30 degrees. This wine is mellow and delicious, and has the functions of strengthening the body and bones, relieving summer heat and clearing the heart.
8. Silver-chain bamboo: There is a kind of bamboo in Fujian, and its bamboo joints are only two or three inches long. Because it is very short, connected with each other, growing under a big tree, just like a silver chain hanging on a tree, it is beautiful and unique, so it is called "silver chain bamboo". It is a natural work of art that does not need much processing.
9. Inverted bamboo: In Meihuashan Nature Reserve, longyan temple, Fujian, a kind of inverted bamboo (scattered) is amazing. Distributed in high-altitude valley rocks. The bamboo pole is very thin, about as thick as the mother's finger, 4-5 meters high and the leaves are very thin. Bamboo must stand upright like inverted bamboo, hence the name inverted bamboo. At present, this kind of inverted bamboo has been found in Qingshui Rock, Ganlong Village, longyan temple and Wan 'an Town, Yanshi Town, xinluo district.
10, sweet bamboo: it grows on the rocky side of the Amazon River and has thick leaves. In spring, bamboo leaves begin to turn green and cicada sounds, and it tastes sweet, not much worse than honey.
1 1, hypnotic bamboo: born at the foot of the Alps, with thick leaves and large crowns, people or animals will feel sleepy as soon as they get close. If they eat bamboo leaves by mistake, they will sleep for a day and a night.
Bamboo and its distribution in the world
Bamboo originated in the tropics but still has strong adaptability, and it is distributed from the tropics to the temperate zone. Some species can be distributed in cold regions and the upper part of mountains up to 4500m above sea level. There are no natural bamboo species in Europe, but they are naturally distributed in other continents, but most of them are concentrated in tropical and subtropical humid and warm areas. Globally, the geographical distribution of bamboo can be divided into three regions.
Asia-Pacific Bamboo Region This region is the largest bamboo region, bordering Singapore at 42 south latitude in the south, 51n in the middle of Sakhalin Island in the north, the Pacific Islands in the east and the southwest Indian Ocean in the west. There are about 40 to 50 genera and nearly 900 species of bamboo. Southeast Asia in this region is the origin center of bamboo in the world, and it is also one of its modern distribution centers. Especially in the south-central area of China, there are a lot of bamboo species with high economic value, which are extremely rich in bamboo species and complex in floristic geographical elements.
There are about 270 species belonging to the genus 18, spanning South America, from southern Argentina at 47 south latitude to eastern United States at 40 north latitude. Bamboo is far less important in American cultural development, production and life than in Asia.
Bamboo is rarely distributed in Africa, ranging from 22 in southern Sudan to 6° N in the east. Among them, the flora of bamboo plants in Africa is poor, and there are not many native bamboo species, but they form a large area of bamboo forests or mixed forests with other tree species, while Madagascar Island in East Africa has 40 species of 1 1, which is far more abundant than Africa.
Bamboo Resources in China
China is the most important bamboo producing country in the world, ranking first in terms of bamboo species, area, storage and bamboo and bamboo shoot output. There are more than 500 known bamboo species belonging to 39 genera, and the total bamboo forest area is about 4.2 million hm2. Bamboo forest resources are concentrated in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian, Guangdong and mountainous areas of western Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing, Yunnan and other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, among which Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Hunan are the most, accounting for 60.7% of the total bamboo forest area in China.
Distribution map of bamboo resources in China Due to the changes of climate, soil and topography in China and the differences of biological characteristics of bamboo species, the distribution of bamboo in China has obvious zonality and regionality. Mr. Xue Jiru and others divided the bamboo forest in China into five bamboo areas.
(a) scattered bamboo forest areas in the north
Including southeastern Gansu, northern Sichuan, southwestern Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, southern Shandong and southwestern Hebei. Located between 30 and 40 north latitude, the annual average temperature is 12℃- 17℃, the monthly average temperature is 65438+2℃-4℃, and the annual precipitation is 600- 1200mm. There are about 29 species 10 genera of bamboo plants in this area. Bamboo in this area is mainly scattered bamboo such as Phyllostachys pubescens. According to the horizontal distribution of bamboo, this area can be divided into three natural sub-regions: ① the bamboo area in the upper reaches of Huaihe River and Hanshui River basin with humid climate in the north subtropical zone; ② Bamboo areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River with warm temperate and semi-humid climate; ③ Warm temperate and semi-arid climate in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia bamboo region.
(2) Miscellaneous bamboo areas in the south of the Yangtze River
This area includes southeastern Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, southern Anhui and northwestern Fujian, which is about 25-30 north latitude. Annual average temperature 15℃-20℃, monthly average temperature 65438+4℃-8℃, annual precipitation 1200-2000mm. This area is characterized by the mixed distribution of scattered bamboos and clustered bamboos, and it is the largest bamboo forest area in China, with the richest bamboo resources, of which the area of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is 2.8 million hm. This area is the largest area of artificial bamboo forest and the highest bamboo yield in China, especially Phyllostachys pubescens, which is the central area of Phyllostachys pubescens distribution in China and the bamboo industry is relatively developed.
(3) Southwest alpine bamboo area
It mainly includes southeastern Tibet, northwestern and northeastern Yunnan, western and southern Sichuan in Hengduan Mountain area. The area is located between north latitude10-20, with annual average temperature of 8℃- 12℃, monthly average temperature of 1℃ and annual precipitation of 800- 1000 mm. In this area, the staple foods of giant pandas, such as arrow bamboo and Yushan bamboo, are mainly scattered alpine bamboos, which are generally distributed at an altitude of 1500-3600m or higher.
(d) Southern bamboo areas
According to the difference of bamboo species composition and living conditions, it is divided into two subregions. Located in the north latitude10-20 n, the annual average temperature is 20℃-22℃, the monthly average temperature is 65438+8℃, and the annual precipitation is10-20 n-2000mm.
1. South China Sub-region includes Taiwan Province Province, Fujian coastal area, south of Nanling in Guangdong and southeast of Guangxi, and is located in subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest belt and tropical monsoon rain forest belt. The main bamboo species are bamboos, which are the distribution centers of the genera with the largest variety and quantity, as well as Schizophyllum. There are also bamboo species of Phyllostachys in eastern Fujian.
The southwest sub-region includes western Guangxi, southern Guizhou and Yunnan Province. Bamboo species mainly include Dendrocalamus giganteus, Diabolo and Thai bamboo, especially Dendrocalamus giganteus, which is the distribution center of the genus.
(5) Qiongdian Climbing Bamboo Area.
Including south-central Hainan Island, southern and western Yunnan, Chayu and Medog in southeastern Tibet. The main feature of bamboos in this area is that there are many kinds of climbing bamboos, mainly including Dendrocalamus giganteus, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Dendrocalamus giganteus and so on.
For thousands of years, artificial introduction and cultivation have been carried out in various parts of China, and large-scale introduction of "Southern Bamboo Moving to the North" has been carried out, and 40,000 hectares of bamboo forests have been newly developed in the Yellow River Basin. In addition, in recent decades, China has also introduced some bamboo species from some countries in Southeast Asia and Japan, enriching the bamboo species resources in China.
Bamboo is the shortest bamboo species in Gramineae, with a height of 10 ~ 15cm, and the largest bamboo species is more than 40 meters high. Mature bamboo produces transverse branches with sword-shaped leaves and petioles, and the leaves of young plants come directly from the stems. Although the stems of some species grow rapidly (0.3 meters per day), most species will bloom and bear fruit after 12 to 120 years. Bamboo flowers and seeds only once in its life.