Main characteristics: Late-maturing nucleated varieties. This kind of plant grows vigorously and has a high yield. Extremely resistant to storage and transportation. Suitable for trellis cultivation, short and medium tip pruning. Weak disease resistance, easy to suffer from black pox, white rot, anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew, sunburn. In areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 700 mm (the rainfall exceeds 500 mm in July, August and September), it is difficult to plant on a large scale. Planting this variety requires high cultivation management technology and disease control technology, otherwise it is not easy to obtain high-quality fruit. It is a late-maturing variety with the largest cultivation area in China. June is the peak month of precipitation in Guilin, with a monthly rainfall of over 300mm.
Cultivation techniques of red grapes
Hongti grape has vigorous growth, strong germination ability, strong branching ability, easy flowering and high yield. Its fruit is large, colorful, crisp and resistant to storage and transportation, and it is a precious late-maturing grape variety. After several years of introduction and cultivation, Jixian County has shown strong adaptability, easy management, good benefits and broad development prospects. According to the introduction and cultivation experience and related technical data report, this management plan is specially formulated for the reference of fruit farmers in production.
1, landscape planning
1. 1. Garden selection: Hongti vineyard should be built in sandy loam or loam plot with high organic matter content, and its PH value is neutral or slightly acidic, so it should be avoided to be built in low-lying places with accumulated water and heavy topsoil. It is suitable for land construction with irrigation and drainage conditions, convenient transportation and complete power facilities.
1.2, road planning; According to the grape area and terrain, the main road and auxiliary road are planned to facilitate the operation of the park and the transportation of goods.
1.3, water conservancy facilities, vineyards should be based on the principle of saving water and electricity, do a good job in the planning and design of irrigation canals and drainage ditches, vigorously promote port management and drip irrigation, and ensure dry energy irrigation and waterlogging drainage.
1.4. Shelf orientation design: The arrangement of grape orientation is most suitable for the east-west direction, the row spacing is 3-4m, and the shelf faces north, making full use of the light from the east, south and west to improve the fruit quality. If there is no windbreak forest on the north side, it is necessary to climb south to avoid the attack of northwest wind. For the north-south long and narrow plots, it is best to climb eastward when the north-south direction is needed.
1.5. Ditching: it is usually carried out in autumn and winter, and the width and depth of the ditch are 70x80cm. When digging ditches, the topsoil and subsoil should be separated. Pick up the stone and backfill it.
1.6. Backfilling: When filling, the trench bottom should be filled with 20cm thick straw (the straw should be cut into 20cm long sections), and the second layer should be filled with 40cm thick mixture of soil and manure. The dosage of manure is 5000 kg per 666 square meters, which should be fermented and decomposed. When it is 20cm away from the ground, sprinkle a layer of water-retaining agent in the ditch, and the dosage per mu is 1.5-2 kg. After mixing evenly, fill it with plain soil. Use the bottom as a ridge.
1.7 film mulching for furrow irrigation: furrow irrigation shall be carried out 10 day before sowing, generally twice. Fill it in the first time when the backfill is slightly lower than the ground, and fill it again in the second time when the fill is flush with the ditch. After the water seeps down, make the ditch into a ridge about 5 cm above the ground. The ridge should be all wet soil, the soil quality should be fine and the surface should be flat. Then cover the ridge with plastic film, and compact the two sides with soil (if the garden is an autumn seedling, it should be planted first and then covered with plastic film).
1.8, planting: ① seedling standard: select high-quality seedlings, and autumn seedlings are 0.
Above 5cm, the wood is full and the root system is developed; Green seedlings require three leaves and one heart, normal root system and no pests and diseases.
② The planting time of autumn seedlings is about April 10, and that of green seedlings is about May 10-25.
③ Plant spacing; The row spacing is 3-4m, the plant spacing is 70-80cm, and there are 240-270 plants per mu.
(4) Planting method: autumn seedlings are planted in front of plastic film, covered with plastic film after planting, so that the seedlings are exposed out of the film, and 20cm around the seedlings are buried with soil; When planting green seedlings, use self-made construction equipment to punch holes in the film according to the plant spacing, and the depth is the same as the height of the nutrition bag. First cut off the lower end of the nutrition bag and put it in the hole. Pour a small amount of water, take out the bag, squeeze it around, and then seal the area of 20cm around the seedlings with soil.
⑤ Rooting powder: After planting for one week, root is irrigated with No.3 rooting powder of 10ppm. The method is to peel off the periphery of the seedling stem and water it with the prepared rooting powder solution, with 7 axils per plant. After the liquid medicine seeps down, cover it with soil and seal it tightly.
2, the establishment of scaffolding
2. 1, cement pole specification, side column height is 2.8m, middle column height is 2.5m, column side length is 12x 12cm, and 2m is reserved above the ground. The side column inclines outward by 30 degrees and is tightened with ground anchor.
2.2 Shelf layout: For orchards with a row spacing of 4m, each shelf should be provided with double rows of columns with a spacing of 5m (66 columns per mu); A garden with a row spacing of 3-3.5m can be provided with a row of columns with a column spacing of 3-4m. The columns should be 30cm inside the grape ridge, and the rows should be left and right, which is convenient for setting the shelf surface when pulling the lead wire. Keep 2 meters. The side column inclines outward by 30 degrees and is tightened with ground anchor.
2.2 Shelf layout: For orchards with a row spacing of 4m, each shelf should be provided with double rows of columns with a spacing of 5m (66 columns per mu); A garden with a row spacing of 3-3.5m can be provided with a row of columns with a column spacing of 3-4m. The columns should be 30cm inside the grape ridge, and the rows should be left and right, which is convenient for setting the shelf surface when pulling the lead wire.
2.3 Lead wire arrangement: In the first year, tie a lead wire every 50 cm from the ground on the column. Pull it up four times, horizontally pull the lead wire at the top of the cement column the following year, and then pull a lead wire every 50cm along the longitudinal direction to form a 50-60 cm net. When pulling lead wire, we must pay attention to the tension, so that the whole frame can form a joint force, in order to withstand the pressure of branches and leaves, fruits and the attack of strong phoenix.
3. High-yield cultivation techniques
3. 1 shaping and trimming:
① The characteristics of Dulonggan. The main vine is cultivated from the base of the plant and extends from the vertical frame to the shed. The main vine is arranged in parallel with the main vine, which looks like a "dragon trunk". There are two fruiting branches or fruiting mother branches on the main vine every 25cm, which are shaped like "dragon claws", hence the name.
② Cultivation method of Dulonggan: In the same year of planting, a main vine was cultivated from the ground, and the core was picked when it grew to 70cm. When the growth of seedlings is weak, the core should be removed when the height of seedlings is 50cm to increase the thickness of seedlings, and the secondary branches within 30cm from the base ground should be erased.
For secondary branches over 30cm, 3 leaves should be reserved for coring. When the elongated vines grow to 7 large leaves, the following secondary branches should be treated as above. All new branches should be cored in the middle and late August to control growth and increase lignification. When pruning in winter, pruning should be carried out according to the thickness and maturity of the main vine. Generally, the cutting thickness should reach 1cm, not less than 0.8cm, and the cutting length should be about1m. When the thickness is less than 0.8cm, 3-5 buds should be left for stubble. After the buds germinated in the following spring, the robust vines were selected as the main vines, and the inflorescences on the main vines were removed to reduce nutrient consumption. When cutting in winter, extend the length of the cutting tip according to the thickness of the cutting opening. When the thickness is greater than 1cm, the cutting length is about 2m, and/kloc-0 per lateral vine is left every 25cm, and 2-3 buds are cut short, and the rest lateral vines are all drained. Leave 4 fruiting branches per meter on the main vine. The whole plastic surgery task is basically completed.
Short shoot pruning is the main pruning method in winter, so the mother branch keeps two buds at the base. Pay attention to the culture and regeneration of fruiting branches, and leave 10- 12 new shoots per square meter in the growing season.
3.2, the management of the growth period
3.2. 1 Store shelves
When the average temperature of the day is stable above 10℃ (when the peach blossoms are in full bloom), remove the cold-proof soil and put the grapes on the shelves. In the second year after planting, a corner must be planted before putting it on the shelf, that is, at the base of the main vine, it bends at a 45-degree angle with the ground along the direction, so that it can be buried in the ground along the direction when it is taken off the shelf in winter to prevent the main vine from breaking.
Wipe the bud
Bud smearing is carried out twice. The first bud smearing is carried out at the early stage of germination, and it is decided not to leave any buds, such as buds within 50cm from the ground, stunted buds, double buds and triple buds, which can be smeared at one time. The second bud smearing is about 10 day after the first time. At this time, we can see the uniformity of germination, which is very important for weak buds that germinate late. Erase the buds without growth space and the adventitious buds in inappropriate positions in time, and leave two buds for each bearing mother branch, and basically leave eight growth points per meter of main vine length. Keep 10 new tips per square meter of shelf surface.
3.2.3 Thinning and ear fixation
Thinning is based on germination. Decided the branch layout, fruit-branch ratio and grape yield. Thinning is carried out more than 20 days after the leaves are unfolded. At this time, the number and size of inflorescences have been seen on the new buds. According to the ratio of branches to fruits of 3: 1, the over-dense branches and weak panicles were removed in time, and the redundant inflorescences were thinned.
3.2.4 Summer shooting management
Extension of branch pruning: when the crown is enlarged, it can be left for a long time, and when it reaches 1.5-2m 2 m, the core will be removed, so that the branches can occupy space and speed up the modeling as soon as possible. Vegetative branches: coring when growing to 10- 12 leaves, and then extending the secondary branches to keep 2-3 leaves for repeated coring to control the growth. Fruiting branches: Because the fruit setting rate of Hongti is extremely high, 10 leaves can be left for coring after flowering, and the secondary branches below the ear should be removed as soon as possible, and/kloc-0 leaves should be left above the ear for coring. Secondary shoot: Because the leaves of Gai Kureinai are small, the secondary shoot should be 1 leaf, which can increase the leaf area, improve photosynthetic products and inhibit the germination of winter buds.
3.2.5 Scientific fertilization
Fertilizer and water management in the year of planting: topdressing should be started on 10 day after planting, and 3- 4 meters should be dug around 20cm of seedlings.
-Four 20 cm deep pits. Urea per mu 12 kg is dissolved in 200 kg of water and applied. At the end of June, a pit was dug at a distance of 25-30cm from the seedlings at a rate of 0/5 kg urea per mu/kloc, and applied. In mid-July and mid-August, apply quick-acting compound fertilizer or special fertilizer for grape twice according to 18, and water it in time according to the drought. Base fertilizer: after the grapes are harvested, dig ditches between the grapes, 40 cm away from the seedlings, 60 cm wide and 70 cm deep. Apply 5000 kg of human organic fertilizer per mu, fully mix with soil, and add nitrogen 100 kg. Cover the soil with phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer and water it immediately. At the full fruit stage, pure nitrogen 43.5 kg/mu, pure phosphorus 65,438+09.6 kg/mu, pure potassium 40.8 kg/mu, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc is 65,438+0: 0.5: 65,438+0. Fertilization period should be before germination and flowering. Fruit expansion period, fruit coloring and four times application. Nitrogen fertilizer was the main fertilizer in the early stage. In the later stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were the main factors. In the growth period, 0.3% urea is sprayed 4-5 times before the beginning of July, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed 4-5 times after July. During the whole growth period, it can be sprayed 3000 times and 500 times, which can obviously promote the growth of seedlings and improve their disease resistance.
4. Flower and fruit management
4. 1 reasonable load, the output per 667 square meters should be controlled at 1500 kg, with 3 ears of fruit per square meter and 800 grams of single fruit. Results The ratio of new shoots to vegetative shoots was 1:
3. Leave 2 ears as strong branches, 1 ear as middle branches, and leave no ears as weak branches.
4.2 ear shaping, pinching off the stable tip of 1/3 before flowering. Sparse 1-2 big branches at the base of the ear make the ear plump and compact.
4.3 fruit thinning, the fruit withers about 10 days, and the fruit is thinned in time for small grains with poor fruit setting. Leave about 60 grains per ear, which can make each grain have the same size and uniform coloring. Improve the commodity value of fruits.
4.4 Hormone treatment: 15- 20 days after flower withering, the ear after flower thinning is treated with swelling agent. The swelling agent can be diluted 100 times, and the ear can be dipped in medicine. Every fruit should be fully medicated, which can generally increase the fruit by 3-5 grams, and the effect is very obvious.
4.5 Bagging: When the fruit grains reach the size of soybean grains (about 20 days after flowering), the fruit grains treated with swelling agent are sprayed with thiophanate methyl once, and after the liquid medicine is dried, the ears are covered with self-made newspaper bags, and the fruit bags are taken off a few days before picking, so that the ears can be prevented from being damaged by pests and diseases, and the commodity can be improved.
4.6 defoliation, laying reflective film, picking bags, laying reflective film under the shelf, picking leaves around the ear, fully coloring the ear and fruit particles, improving the sugar content of the fruit particles, and making the berries full of color, flavor and flavor.
5, pest control
This variety is prone to downy mildew, white rot and black pox. Prevention and control work should focus on prevention. Comprehensive prevention and control. After emergence in spring, spray 5-degree sulfur mixture once to kill overwintering bacteria and reduce pathogen base.
Spraying 1-2 times of 1000 times of thiophanate methyl or 500 times of mancozeb to control black pox, leaf spot and gray mold when the new branches are 20 cm long,
40% omethoate to control green blindness of bedbugs. Spraying 500 times chlorothalonil once 5 days after flowering is effective in preventing and treating black pox.
During the growth period, it is generally used once every 10 day to control downy mildew, white rot and anthracnose. Gray mold, mainly choose:
The effects of carbendazim 600 times, Phytophthora 400 times, mancozeb 500 times, Bordeaux mixture 1: 0.5: 200 times and rice enrichment 1000 times are very obvious. When entering the rainy season, attention should be paid to the alternate use of systemic fungicide and protective fungicides, and the foliar spraying should be even and meticulous, so that it can be sprayed before the rain and then after the rain, and the effect is good. In addition, cultivation management should be strengthened and the application of organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be increased. Keep the fruit reasonably, and overload is strictly prohibited. The surface of the frame is ventilated and transparent, which enhances the disease resistance of the leaves.
Step 6 keep out the cold
The method of covering soil and burying vines should be adopted for cold protection, and the time should be chosen from after winter cutting to before soil freezing. The method is: after cutting in winter, remove the litter in the garden, and disinfect the seedlings and frame materials with 3-degree lime-sulfur mixture. When the soil is covered in layers, the soil is used as a soil pillow at the base of the seedlings, and the seedlings are crushed along the ridge. Take fine soil from the root 1 m to cover the seedlings, and the burial thickness should be 20cm higher than that of the seedlings. Don't bury the soil with clods to prevent the cold, so as to avoid the gap between clods causing the seedlings to dry. Fill the soil ditch between rows after burying the strips to prevent the roots from freezing. Finally, pour antifreeze between rows. Water it thoroughly when watering, and check it at any time in the future. Bury the cracks and cover the soil to repair them in time to ensure the safe overwintering of seedlings.
Grape is a perennial deciduous vine, and Qingti is a Eurasian species, which originated in the United States and is also called seedless Thomson. It has the characteristics of large ear, single ear weight, large fruit grain, single fruit weight, thin skin, green color, hard and crisp meat, sweet and delicious, seedless and resistant to storage and transportation. It is the first-class product in fresh grapes and is known as the trump card of American freshness. In order to obtain high quality, high yield and high efficiency, the following technical links must be grasped in field cultivation management.
First, the requirements of grapes on environmental conditions
1. temperature
Grape populations have different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. Generally, after defoliation, it can pass the natural dormancy of 0-5℃ in about 1 month. In early spring, the average temperature reached above 10℃, and hybrids from Europe, Asia, Europe and America began to sprout. With the increase of temperature, the growth of sprouted shoots will be accelerated, and the most suitable temperature for shoot growth and flower bud differentiation is 25-32℃. Higher daytime temperature and lower nighttime temperature can ensure the good growth and ripening of fruits.
lamplight
Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.
Step 3: Moisture
Adequate water supply is needed in the early spring germination period, new shoot growth period and young fruit expansion period, so that the soil water content is about 70%, and it is better to reach about 60% before and after berry maturity.
4. Land
Grapes are very adaptable to soil. Except marshland and heavy saline-alkali land, other types of soil can be planted, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable.
Second, the improvement and improvement of pollution-free grape planting technology
1. Carefully select the land and intensively cultivate it.
Choose a zone with large area, dry energy irrigation, waterlogging drainage, good soil fertility, no pollution, good ventilation and good lighting conditions. Dig deep into the soil to make it loose and ventilated.
2. Apply sufficient base fertilizer
About 150 tons of decomposed farmyard manure and 3750 kilograms of calcium superphosphate per hectare are mixed and applied into the planting ditch, and mixed evenly.
3. Adopt water-saving technology
All the water used in the garden is drip irrigation, combined with the comprehensive water-saving technology of fastening plastic film and covering soil with plastic film, which can save 60%-70% of water and keep the soil loose, not hardened and not growing grass. The combination of drip irrigation and fertilization can ensure timely and appropriate fertilization of grapes, ensure high efficiency and save labor.
4. Choose the main varieties
There are many grape varieties of different qualities. Through the experiment, we chose Qingti as the main planting variety, which has early maturity, strong tree potential and good commodity. Through scientific management, it can be listed before the May 1 Golden Week, which is in the off-season and peak season of fruit consumption, and the economic benefits are extremely remarkable.
5. Reasonable close planting
Reasonable close planting can improve the utilization rate of light energy and increase the yield per unit area.
Accelerate germination in advance
In the middle and late days of June 5438+ 10 every year, the branches can germinate in advance by coating them with 20% lime nitrogen solution and buckling the arch shed.
7. Prune flowers and fruits reasonably
Adopt a single main vine hedge frame, with 5-6 branches per plant and 4 fruit clusters, with the quality of each fruit cluster controlled within the range of 500-700g and the yield per mu controlled within the range of 2200-2500kg.
8. Fruit processing
Treating grapes with gibberellin at full flowering stage can increase fruit size, obviously improve quality and increase yield.
9. Bagging materials
Bagging grapes in time can avoid scratches, sunburn and germs, and can also avoid the damage of insects and birds and the residue of direct spraying pesticides.
10. Pest control
(1) Establish a regular forecast system for field pests and diseases, investigate the occurrence of pests and diseases in time, carefully record them, find out their occurrence regularity, prevent them early, reduce the use of pesticides, and take comprehensive control measures combining biological control, physical control and chemical control to do a good job in pollution-free grape production.
(2) Biological control
Clean up the site, remove weeds and reduce intermediate hosts; Control soil moisture, maintain good tree potential, and enhance the ability to resist pests and diseases; Apply completely decomposed compost to prevent pests and weeds. , reduce pests and diseases; Improve soil, reasonably apply inorganic fertilizer, increase organic fertilizer, especially potassium fertilizer and trace elements, strengthen seedlings, improve resistance, control secondary branches, improve field ventilation conditions and reduce diseases.
(3) Physical prevention and control
Using insecticidal lamp can effectively kill common pests, such as moths and scarabs.
(4) Drug control
After pruning every year, spray Bomeirui sulfur mixture on the branches to prevent grape powdery mildew and black pox; In mid-March, spray 2000 times of burning louse clear emulsifiable concentrate twice to control the harm of whitefly to tender branches and leaves and reduce the spread of virus diseases; Spraying 200 times and a half doses of Bordeaux mixture in the young fruit stage to control black pox, downy mildew and anthracnose; Don't spray medicine 20 days before grapes ripen; Try not to use or use less chemically synthesized pesticides with residual toxicity, and the best time and concentration of pesticides to achieve control effect, but the residual toxicity must be lower than the pollution-free standard.
1 1. Harvest in time.
The fruit has bright color, suitable sugar-acid ratio and good taste, that is, it can be harvested when the maturity is about 80%.