Yuezhuang Village is located in the north of Linqu City, with flat terrain, deep soil layer and fertile soil. Cherry orchard in villages such as Hangshan and Liuxinggou is located in the basalt mountainous area, with the leeward facing the sun, and the late frost is less harmful, so it can discharge energy for irrigation. The active soil layer is only 40 ~ 60 cm, the organic matter content is 0.8%, the pH is pH7.0, the annual average temperature is 1 1℃, the frost-free period is about 190 days, and the annual rainfall is 550 ~ 700 mm The main varieties are Hongguang and Xianfeng, the pollination varieties are Rubins and Redmi, and the rootstock is Cole. The ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated varieties is 3∶ 1, and the plant spacing is 3m× 4m. Before planting, dig a ditch with a width of 1 m and a depth of 0.8 m, apply 2500 kg of weed straw, 5000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer and 0/00 kg of calcium superphosphate/kloc-0 to 667 m, and then cover with plastic film to dry. Spraying 0.3% urea +0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate for 3 times after germination. After the first ten days of May, 2.5 kilograms of urea was applied to the plants for half a month 1 time, and then it was watered for three times in a row.
(1) Fertilizer and water management
In September, 20 ~ 30 kg of soil mixed fertilizer was applied to 2 ~ 4-year-old trees, and as a result, 50 ~ 60 kg of soil mixed fertilizer was applied to trees. In the first half of April, the plants were applied with compound fertilizer 1 ~ 1.5 kg. After picking the fruits, apply 30-40kg of human excrement or1.5-2kg of compound fertilizer on the plants. Spraying 2% sugar +0.2% borax and 0.2% urea before and after the full flowering period, with an interval of about 7 days. Trees are covered with 20 ~ 30 cm of grass year after year, and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied.
Water it four times a year. Water before flowering, water when the fruit is big, such as sorghum, water when the fruit expands rapidly, and combine topdressing after picking.
(2) Flower and fruit management
The first two years after planting are mainly to promote the growth of trees and expand their crowns rapidly. In the third year, paclobutrazol was used to control the length and promote flowers. The first method is to apply soil underground, and irrigate with 0.5g paclobutrazol (15%) per square meter of crown projection area. 2. Spray 1 time 15% paclobutrazol 200 ~ 300 times in early June, and spray 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days.
In early and mid-May, young flourishing trees were girdled in time, and the bark width was112 ~115 of the trunk diameter. After peeling, wrap it in paper or plastic film.
When the new shoot grows to 10 ~ 15 cm, leave 5 ~ 10 cm for enucleation, and continue enucleation, so as to promote the flowering of short branches. When the length of the main branch is 1 m and the basal diameter is about 1 cm, it should be pruned 1 time every 7 days for 3-4 times, which has obvious effect on controlling the growth angle and promoting flowering.
(3) cultivating a spindle-shaped tree structure
After selecting strong seedlings for planting, leave 80 cm to dry, and sprout new buds to grow freely. Before sprouting in the next spring, cut the branches at 2/3 of the middle trunk extension, and cut the remaining branches by 2 ~ 4 buds, leaving no branches of the same age. Before germination, the central stem is carved (every three to five), and the lower buds should be deep on the top and shallow on the bottom. When pruning in the spring of the third year, the long branches of the central trunk are still shortened by 2/3, and the short branches of the same age are intercepted. Before germination, the middle trunk and main branch should be removed, and the main branch should be pulled at an angle of 80 ~ 90. When cutting in the spring of the fourth year, it should be cut short at 2.5 ~ 3 meters of the central trunk to remove the backbone branches with small upper corners, vigorous growth and easy peeling. The main branches continue to carve buds according to the situation. After the tree is completed, the height of the tree is 2.5 ~ 3 meters, and the number of main branches is 15 ~ 20, which is in the shape of a free spindle arranged spirally. In the full fruit stage, after the fruit is harvested, the perennial branches that are too dense, too strong and disturb the tree shape are thinned year by year, which improves the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown, and keeps the tree growth balanced and stable.
(4) Pest control
Spraying 5 waves of lime-sulfur mixture before germination. Spraying 1 50% carbendazim 600 times after fruit picking to control leaf diseases. From early July to mid-August, spray 1 times 1: 2: 200 times bordeaux mixture. In June-September, ship caterpillar and moth were found, and 30% Taoxiaoling 1500 times solution was sprayed.
The difference of free spindle pruning in Yuezhuang village is that the seedlings are fixed at 50 ~ 60 cm. When cutting in the spring of the following year, except for the extension branch of the central trunk, all the other branches were cut with 2 ~ 4 buds. Starting from the missing branch of the lower part of the central trunk, carve 65,438+0 buds every 65+05 ~ 20 cm, carve half a circle on the bud with a small hacksaw bar at 2 ~ 4 mm, and cut the lower part. The trunk in the middle should be cut short after the buds carved on it germinate, so as not to cause the top advantage to make the buds carved on the lower part not germinate or grow weakly after germination.
The branches sent out the year before can't be cut any more, but the buds on both sides and the buds on the back should be carved bud by bud, starting from the base of the branch and reaching about 30 cm at the top. After budding, when the new buds grow to about 1 cm, pull the branches to 90 degrees. It must be girdled in the middle and late May, and the girdling width should be115 ~1/20 of the branch diameter. Bandage after girdling, and pay attention to avoid rainy days to avoid glue leakage.
(5) Evaluation
Judging from the high-yield orchards in Linqu and Shanglin towns, Cote with vigorous root growth is used as the rootstock. Orchard plants are neat, the trees are strong, the management of soil, fertilizer and water is strengthened, the shaping and pruning are reasonable, and paclobutrazol is used to control the length and promote the flowers in a timely and moderate manner. In the first few years after planting, the branches of the same age on the trunk were pruned in spring, which affected the early fruiting of the tree. However, in the later period, the yield increased rapidly, the middle trunk of the tree was thick, and the thickness of the bearing branch (main branch) was smaller than that of the middle trunk where it sat, which made it easy to cultivate a better spindle-shaped tree structure. The main branch is horizontal, the back part is not easy to be bald, the fruit part is prevented from moving out, the tree body is compact, the ventilation is transparent, and the number of high-yield years is increased.
In addition, at the end of 1980s, fruit farmers in Yantai big cherry producing area generally had no good impression on Cote rootstock, because the root system of Cote rootstock was prone to root nodule disease, which was called root cancer disease, which easily caused tree death. In the 1990s, fruit farmers in Linqu County generally believed that Cote was a good rootstock, with vigorous root growth, strong grafted varieties and neat trees, and had never heard of the phenomenon of easily dying trees. Therefore, Yantai fruit farmers, including some technicians, should further investigate and correctly evaluate courtyard rootstocks.